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Retain: Journal of Research in English Language Teaching
ISSN : 23562617     EISSN : 30322839     DOI : https://doi.org/10.26740/rt.v13i02
Core Subject : Education,
RETAIN publishes articles within the scope of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. RETAIN publishes articles within the scope of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics.
Articles 947 Documents
THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE TO TEACH WRITING OF NARRATIVE TEXT TO THE ELEVENTH GRADE
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
Publisher : RETAIN

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Abstract

THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE TO TEACH WRITING OF NARRATIVE TEXT TO THE ELEVENTH GRADE Enty Novilasari English Departement, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya ndtired@gmail.com Himmawan Adi Nugroho, S.Pd., M.Pd English Departement, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya himmawan_95@yahoo.co.id Abstrak Bahasa Inggris adalah salah satu bahasa penting di dunia ini . Ini adalah salah satu dari banyak alasan mengapa kita harus belajar bahasa Inggris dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita adalah untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang baik karena banyak perusahaan raksasa berasal dari negara-negara asing . Ini berarti salah satu persyaratan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang baik adalah menguasai bahasa Inggris yang dianggap sebagai bahasa internasional . Ada empat dasar-dasar keterampilan bagi kita untuk menguasai bahasa Inggris. Salah satu keterampilan penting adalah menulis. Menulis dianggap sebagai keterampilan yang sulit , terutama bagi siswa yang belajar bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua. Hal ini didukung oleh Richard dan Renandya ( 2002) yang menyatakan bahwa menulis adalah keterampilan yang paling sulit bagi pembelajar bahasa kedua. Oleh karena itu guru harus memberikan teknik alternatif untuk membantu siswa dalam menulis. Karena kasus itu, teknik pemetaan pikiran dapat menjadi alat untuk membantu siswa mengatur ide-ide sebelum mereka melakukan proses penulisan mereka. Mind Mapping adalah sebuah organizer yang merupakan representasi visual dengan tema sentral dikelilingi oleh cabang , tema , gambar , gambar , pikiran , pola , dan ide-ide yang diambil dari informasi yang diberikan selama kuliah kelas ( Trevino , 2005). Dalam penulisan mengajar ada empat langkah yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan pemetaan pikiran : penjelasan guru , memberikan topik ; membuat pemetaan pikiran ; dan proses menulis . Dan langkah-langkah yang diterapkan dalam kegiatan siswa selama proses belajar-mengajar . Penelitian ini dilakukan di MAN 2 Gresik . Subyek penelitian ini adalah 25 siswa kelas XI - A1 . Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang menggambarkan pelaksanaan pemetaan pikiran untuk mengajar menulis teks narasi Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini , penggunaan teknik pemetaan pikiran adalah sebagai bantuan untuk mengatur ide-ide siswa sebelum melakukan proses penulisan . Guru menjelaskan bagaimana menggunakan pemetaan pikiran sebelum kegiatan . Para siswa menggunakannya dalam kelompok dan secara individu sebelum proses penulisan mereka . Guru telah mengingatkan siswa struktur generik dan fitur bahasa teks narasi tetapi tampak beberapa siswa lupa itu . Kemudian , ia mencoba menjelaskan lagi . Selama proses belajar-mengajar , para siswa tampak aktif dan antusias . Berdasarkan karya siswa , setelah peneliti menganalisis menggunakan Jacob Profil komposisi ESL . Hal ini diketahui bahwa sebagian besar siswa dalam kriteria baik . Ini berarti bahwa mereka dapat membuat se narasi dengan baik . Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemetaan pikiran adalah efektif sebagai teknik untuk membantu siswa mengatur dan menghasilkan ide-ide mereka . Para guru masih harus memperhatikan kemampuan menulis siswa selama proses belajar-mengajar . Kata kunci : Menulis , Mind Mapping dan teks Narrative Abstract English is one of the important languages in this world. It is one of many reasons why we must learn English in our daily life is to get a good job because many giant companies come from foreign countries. It means one of requirements to get a good job is mastering English which is considered as an international language. There is four basics skills for us to master an English. One of the important skills is writing. Writing is considered as a difficult skill, especially for students who learn English as a second language. It is supported by Richard and Renandya (2002) who stated that writing is the most difficult skill for second language learners. Therefore the teacher should give an alternative technique to help students in their writing.. Due to that case, mind mapping technique can be a tool to help students organize the ideas before they do their writing process. Mind Mapping is an organizer that is a visual representation with a central theme surrounded by branches, themes, images, pictures, thoughts, patterns, and ideas taken from information given during a class lecture (Trevino, 2005). In teaching writing there are four steps those are used in the implementation of mind mapping: teachers’ explanation, giving the topic; making a mind mapping; and writing process. And those steps are implemented in the students’ activities during the teaching-learning process. This research was conducted in MAN 2 Gresik. The subjects of this research were 25 students of class XI-A1. It was a descriptive qualitative research which described the implementation of mind mapping to teach writing of narrative text Based on the result of this research, the use of mind mapping technique is as a help to organize the students’ ideas before doing the writing process. The teacher explained how to use mind mapping before the activity. The students using it in group and individually before their writing process. The teacher had reminded the students the generic structures and language feature of narrative text but seemed some of the students forgot it. Then, he tried to explain it again. During the teaching-learning process, the students looked active and enthusiastic. Based on the students’ work, after the researcher analyzes using Jacob composition ESL Profile. It is known that most of students are in good criteria. It means that they can compose se narrative well. It can be concluded that a mind mapping was effective as a technique to help students organize and generate their ideas. The teachers still have to pay attention in students’ writing ability during teaching-learning process. Keywords: Writing, Mind Mapping and Narrative text INTRODUCTION As we all know, in globalization era today, English is one of the important languages in this world. It can be seen from the great enthusiasm of Indonesian in learning English as a second language. One of the reasons why we must learn English in our daily life is to get a good job. Many giant companies come from foreign countries. It means one of requirements to get a good job is mastering English which is considered as an international language. Based on the explanation above, Indonesian government through the national education has determined that English must be taught from the elementary schools until senior high schools. By mastering English, it is easier for us to make a good relationship with other countries. In education context, English has function as a means to communicate in the daily communication, to get knowledge, to make interpersonal communication, to share information and to enjoy language lesson in English culture (Depdikbud, 2006). In Indonesia, English is taught in junior high school and senior high school, even in elementary school that is why studying English is not a new thing for the students of senior high school before. Although English is not the new thing for Senior high school students, in fact they still have many difficulties in studying English. In mastering a language, we have to pay attention to the important elements of the language. One of them is language skills including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. These four skills are really important. It can be concluded that in mastering English as a second language, we need these four skills in order to communicate by using this language. Based on the 2006 English standard competence, the purpose of English in literacy education is developing discourse competence. By improving four language skills (listening speaking, reading, and writing), students will be able to develop their discourse competence (Depdiknas, 2006). From the explanation above, writing is considered as one of language skills that has important role to help students develop their productive skill in English. Writing is a means of recording something, information, knowledge and history and express them in the form of written text. Writing is a personal act which writer draws on background knowledge and complex mental process in developing new insights (O’ Malley, 1996:136). Writing is categorized as a productive skill because there is a process of creating something (Abbott et al, 1981: 143). From the explanation above we know that from this skill we get the product in the form of sentence, paragraph, and text. Productive skill consists of speaking and writing. Johnson (2001: 290), stated that writing and speaking are different. Everyone learns to speak but not everyone learns how to write. Writing is more organized and the reader cannot rely on repetition to clarify. Writing has an important role in human’s activity. It creates ideas, information or something which can not be produced by spoken way. Writing also helps students to use language and to express what he wishes or needs to communicate. Furthermore, through writing ability, a student is guided to be an imaginative, creative and motivated person. In fact, writing is considered as the most difficult skill for students. It is supported by (Kroll, 1990) that writing in a second language is more complex, the act of writing in one’s first language is not the same as the act of writing in one’s second language. The difficulties come from the transformation of native language to foreign language. Bell and Burnabi (in Nunan,1991:6) stated that writing is an extremely complex cognitive activity that requires the writer to demonstrate control of several variables at once. At the sentences level, they include control of contents, format, sentence structure, the vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, and letter formation. Beyond the sentence, the writer must be able to structure and integrate information into cohesive and coherent paragraphs and texts. From the explanation above, students have to think about many things in order to produce a good writing. They have to decide the ideas, vocabulary, and perhaps they worry about grammar and spelling. Those are problems that are faced by students in writing class. According to (Agustien, 2004) when the teachers teach English, their aim is to enable the students to create English sentence grammatically. It means that students who can arrangge sentence grammatically they will can create text in the english. As we know that there are many types of genres text. Agustien also added that every genre is characterized by orientation, complication and resolution. Therefore, when the teachers teach English, it is very important that they expose the learners to authentic English texts in the sense that the text contains grammatical sentences, acceptable expressions, and at the same time properly structured to serve the communicative purpose. The teachers also develop the learners’ ability to write English texts in the way that is culturally acceptable in English culture. In spoken, there are also conversational moves that are common in English conversations. Those are reasons why the teachers need to address some English genres especially those that are often used in school contexts. Wells (1991) cited in Agustien (2004) explained that in teaching Senior High School students, the literacy target which is used is called informational level. It means that Senior High School graduates are expected to be able to access the accumulated knowledge because they are expected to communicate for academic purposes too. The learners are expected to be able to listen to short lectures, talk about serious matters, read popular and scientific texts, and write for different purposes. The kind of genre they learn should include those they are likely to encounter in their academic lives. According to NAEP (1987), the genre defines the style the writer will use and suggest choices about the language and structure of the composition. The text types (genre) which are taught to the Senior High School students are: recount, narrative, procedure, descriptive, news item, report, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, spoof, explanation, discussion and review. Those texts are differentiated based on their communicative purposes, generic structures and linguistic features. In writing a purposive text or an essay, students will search their memory and recall their knowledge and experience. The knowledge divided into four types; knowledge of generating idea, knowledge of organizing the content, knowledge of discourse structures, and knowledge for integrating all other types of knowledge (O’Malley, 1996: 136- 137). Those areas of knowledge lead problems to the students especially in generating ideas and constructing the generic structure of a purposive text. According to them, getting started to write is the most difficult task in writing activity. They often do not know how to write and what to write about when faced with a topic and a blank piece of paper. This facts show that student dislike writing. According to (Farrugia, 2008) one major factor that shall be tackled to contribute to good writing skills is planning. When attempting any writing task, some people tend to start directly without planning their thoughts. The repercussions when adopting such a hapzard approach is that some ideas are left out and clarity is not achieved. Sorenson (2010) explained that usually, the pre writing activities help us to find a good topic, narrow topics that are too broad, and look at purpose. Listing, free writing, brainstorming, using graphic organizer or mapping and questioning are kinds of technique that used for pre writing activity (Gatz, 2004). Graphic organizers sometimes are also called as concept-maps, entity relationship charts, or mind maps. As Chan (2004) stated mind mapping as a pre writing technique or strategy goes by a variety of names : “mind-mapping”, ”clustering”, “bubbling”, “clumping” or “webbing”. They refer to the same concept. Here the researcher uses the term mind mapping. Mind mapping will be implemented in teaching writing to the eleventh grade students. Because in the eleventh grade, the students are learned by many kinds of genre. This study will take narrative text to be applied to mind mapping. By using mind mapping, the students will easier to organize and generate their ideas for four english skills, especially writing. There were studies which conducted by (Umi nadifah, 2007) which analysed mind mapping as a technique to teach speaking and (Vibriyanida Musdalifah,2008) which use mind mapping to read report text. Mind mapping not only to help them well organized and generate their ideas, but also to help their brain more concentrate to structure and arrange the ideas into cohesive and coherent paragraph. Another reason why the researcher chooses narrative text is due to its subjective and objective details to tell or retell a story, while mind mapping is a technique of arranging and exploring ideas. By using mind mapping to narrative writing, the students are directed to tell or retell story in details systematically. From all of those reason above, the researcher is interested in conducting a study entitled “The use of mind mapping as a technique to teach writing of narrative text to the eleventh grade”. The purpose of this study to know the implementation of mind mapping in teaching and learning process and analyze students’ work after the application of mind mapping. The subject of this reaserch are the the teacher and eleventh Graders of Senior High School students especially Eleventh science 1. METHODOLOGY The research design that used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The data would be presented and analyzed qualitatively without using any statistical instruments because there was no control and treatment group as it is found in the experimental research. The data also be presented in the form of sentences. Thirsterson (2004:359) stated that the descriptive qualitative study is a research relying on the collection of qualitative data and non numerical data such as words and pictures. It means that collecting the information by using descriptive qualitative study were observing, recognizing and understanding what was happened in the classroom. Moreover, Huda (1999) explained that qualitative research is frequently associated with the technique of analyzing data and writing research report. Thus, this research was qualitative because this study focused on describing the implementation of the technique and analyzing the students’ writing composition. The researcher acted as an observer during the teaching-learning process. She only observed, described, and then reported, everything she heared and saw during the class. She evaluated the teaching-learning process and took students’ writing work when the test has held. The subject of the study were the teacher who involve in the teaching and learning process and the eleventh grader students of MAN 2 Gresik. which consist of four science classes and four social. The data of this study is in form of information through observation checklist. Observation checklist described the implementation of mind mapping as a technique in teaching writing narratve texts. Then, the source of data is teacher and students’ activities which happened during the teaching and learning process in the classroom which reported by the researcher using observation checklist. The data of this study also is in form of students’ writing work. They was collected to know the students’ writing ability after they taught using Mind mapping. And The source of the data is the students’ narrative text writing work which the teacher had given in the classroom to the students in the third meeting. Then, the resarcher will analyze the composition of students’ narrative writing work which consist of content, organization, vocabulary, language use and mechanic using ESL Jacob Composition Profile. The instruments which were used in doing this study were observation checklist and students’ work. Observation Checklist is used to describe the implementation of the media and what kind of activities which happened during the teaching learning process in the classroom. In this case, to support the data from the observation, the researcher also used observation checklist as a guidance to know all aspect in the use of mind mapping in teaching narrative text. The students’ work was used by the researcher to conduct this study was the work that given to the students to write a narrative text after the implementation of mind mapping. It was considered as an essential instrument because by giving work to the students, the researcher would know the students narrative writing ability and how mind mapping motivate the students to produce a good narrative text. To collect the data in qualitative research, there are some commonly methods which are used. Wiersman (1991) explained the methods which are used to collect the data in qualitative research are interview, observation, and document collection. In this study, the researcher got the data from the observation by using observation checklist and collected students’ work. After the researcher collected all the data through observation and students’ work then the writer analyzed these data in descriptive way. The way to analyze the data, the data will be collected from the observation checklist which will be described and explained based on the data noted in indicator column with “yes/no” answer. Then, the researcher will analyze the data of the students’ composition from the students’ work. The writer will use Holly Jacobs’ Composition Profile (1981: 91) to analyze the students’ writing work. According to Holly Jacobs’ Composition Profile, there are five aspects which will be analyzed by the researcher to answer the research questions of the study. They are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanic. The last, All of the data will be combined to make a conclusion and suggestion. The data which come from classroom observation will be analyzed by using descriptive analysis. Then, the researcher will analyze the students’ writing work based on the rubric of ESL composition profile scoring by Jacob (1981). Finally, the researcher will describe the data by classifying them into parts based on the research questions. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS Based on the findings, the implementation of mind mapping was done in three meetings by the teacher. The use of mind mapping technique is as a help to organize the students’ ideas before doing the writing process. The teacher explained how to use mind mapping before the activity. The students using it in group and individually before their writing process. The teacher had reminded the students the generic structures and language feature of narrative text but seemed some of the students forgot it. Then, he tried to explain it again During the teaching and learning process, the teacher used mind mapping as a technique to teach narrative text. The technique was given clear enough for students. In the first meeting, the teacher introduced mindmapping technique to the students. In the second and third meeting, the teacher asked students to compose narrative text using mind mapping in pre writing activity. There were three topics that were given by the teacher. They were Sangkuriang, Snow White and The 7 Dwarfs and Cinderella. In the process of writing, the teacher did not apply all the process, they are pre-writing, drafting, revising and editing. He just focused in pre writing which the implementation use mind mapping technique, Although all the process of writing were not applied, the students can compose narrative text well. Before the teacher asked students to compose narrative text, he asked them to complete mind mapping on the board which was given by the teacher, they were very active. Most of them very enthusiastic to participate complete it. It means the students understand how to use and apply mind mapping. Then, when they asked to compose narrative, they can compose well. It could be seen that by using mind mapping, it can help students to organize and generate their ideas and make them compose narrative well. This is in line with Davis (2003). He stated that mind mapping can be implemented during class to help students, individually or in groups, explore a concept or issue. Then, after the researcher analyzed the students’ work. Most of students can organize and generate their ideas, so they can compose an narrative text well. But, although they could organize and generate their ideas into a narrative text, some of them still had some problems in writing activities. The researcher found the problems related the use of grammar, they had difficulties in constructing sentences to make their writing understandable. The grammar mistakes were in using simple past tense, articles, preposition and pronoun. Beside the grammar mistakes, the teacher also found the problem in choosing and using the words. Some of the students still confused to use appropriate words, so they used inappropriate words that sometimes made the reader difficult to understand the content of the story and there was content that had lack information. Some of them also could not developed well the conflict of the story, some of them also made errors of spelling and capitalization in their writing. However, after the teacher analysed the students’ writing composition, most of students are good criteria in term of content (tells the idea that the writer want to share), organization (deals with the generic structure of the text), vocabulary (describes the students’ knowledge in vocabulary mastery), language use (describes tenses,number, word order or function, articles and prepositions which are in supporting good writing) and mechanics (describes on spelling punctuation and capitalization of writing). It can be said that the mind mapping technique was an effective technique to teach writing narrative. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusion In conclusion, there were two things that were focused in this study. They were implementation of mind mapping to write a narrative text and the students’ writing ability after being taught by using mind mapping. The implementation of mind mapping of narrative text has several steps; explanation of the technique, grouping and individual works. In each step, the students’ are taught how to use mind mapping in pre-activity to help them organizing their ideas. After making mind mapping, there were students’ works. The process of writing was not apllied completely by the teacher. He just focused in pre-writing activity. During the teaching-learning process, the students were very enthusiastic in making mind mapping. They also very active when the teacher asked them to complete the mind mapping on the board. It could be seen from their direct responses during the teaching-learning process. After analyzed the students’ work, it is known that student’s writing ability is good. Most of students are good in term of content, organization, vocabulary, language use and mechanics. It can be said that the mind mapping technique was an effective technique to teach writing narrative. It can help the students in organizing and generating their ideas in writing. So, they can compose a narrative text well Suggestions Here the researcher would like to propose some suggestions. In the process of teaching English, the teacher should be more creative and selective in choosing the technique which can help them to develop their English skills, especially writing. Mind mapping is one of the the technique. It is implemented in the pre writing activity to help the students to organize and explore their ideas also when they are lacking the ideas. On the other words, it can be said that the teacher should make variations and choose the appropriate and effective technique to teach English, such as by using Mind Mapping. By using this technique, it should encourage the students to be more active and creative and reflect students’ interest, so that they can understand the lesson and get pleasure. Beside that, the teacher should understand the students’s characteristic in order to make the situations of the teaching learning process more enjoyable and make them easier to understand. The teacher should asked the students to practice more using this technique in writing. It can develop their writing skill. For the further reading, the reasearcher believes that there are still many technique that can be used to teach writing narrative text which can make the students more understand the subject. Mind mapping technique is just one of the techniques that can be used to help the students to develop and explore their writing. However it also can be used to teach other skills, such as: speaking and reading. REFERENCES Abbot, et.al. 1981. The Teaching of English as an International Language; A Practical Guide. Great Britain: William Collins Sons and Co.Ltd. Buzan, Tony. (2001). Mind Map untuk meningkatkan kreativitas. Jakarta. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Buzan, Tony. (2006). How to mind map. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. 2006. Standart isi dan Standart Kompetensi Lulusan: Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Depdiknas. Gebhard, Jerry Greer. 1996. Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language. USA: The University of Michigan Press. Harmer, Jeremy. 1992. The Practice of English Language Teaching. England: Pearson Education Limited. Harmer, Jeremy. 2002. The Practice of English Language Teaching. New York: Longman Johnshon, Keith. 2001. An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. English: Pearson Education Limited. Kroll, Barbara. 1990. Consideration for Teaching an ESL/EFL Writing Course; Teaching English as A Second or Foreign Language. USA. Heinle and Heinle. Lado, Robert. 1977. Language Testing: The Construction and Use of Foreign Language Test. London: Longman Group, LTD. Langan, John. 2005. College Writing Skills, 6th Ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill,Inc. Lewin, L. 2003. Paving the way in reading and writing: Strategy to Support Struggling Students in Grade 6-12. San Frasisco. United of America Nunan, David.1991. Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook for Teachers. Great Britain: Prentice Hall International Ltd. O’Malley, J. Michael. 1996. Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners. USA: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company. Richards, J.C and W.A Renandya. 2002. Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
THE  USE OF AUTHENTIC LITERATURE IN TEACHING SPEAKING SKILL FOR ELEVENTH GRADERS OF SMA NEGERI 2 SRAGEN
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
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Abstract

THE USE OF AUTHENTIC LITERATURE IN TEACHING SPEAKING SKILL FOR ELEVENTH GRADERS OF SMA NEGERI 2 SRAGEN FIBRI MUJI PRECISELY English Education, Language and Art Faculty, State University of Surabaya fibrimuji@yahoo.com RIRIN PUSPARINI, S.Pd.,M.Pd Lecturer of English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University rrn.puspa@gmail.com Abstrak Menanggapi fakta bahwa ketrampilan berbicara/ speaking masih sulit untuk dikuasai oleh siswa, hal ini menuntut guru untuk mengembangkan materi mengajar mereka dalam rangka untuk membantu mereka dalam mencapai tujuan pengajaran keterampilan berbicara/ speaking. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan authentic literature sebagai bahan pendukung untuk mengajar berbicara . Authentic literature yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah teks narasi dalam bentuk cerita pendek. Kemudian penggunaan Authentic lIterature yang diterapkan oleh siswa adalah dengan mempersembahkan presentasi dan drama. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Negeri 2 Sragen . Subyek dari penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI program sains . Deskriptif kualitatif dilakukan sebagai desain dari penelitian ini. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengumpulkan data dari pengumpulan bukti tertulis , kuesioner dan wawancara. Pengumpulkan bukti tertulis digunakan karena peneliti ingin mengetahui dari pnerepan authentic literature dalam mengajar ketrampilan berbicara berbicara/ speaking. Kemudian, kuesioner dan wawancara digunakan karena peneliti ingin mengetahui respon siswa terhadap penggunaan authentic literature dalam mengajar ketrampilan berbicara/ speaking. Data yang diperoleh selama penerapan authentic literature dalam mengajar keterampilan berbicara adalah dengan melakukan dua aktifitas, yaitu presentasi dan drama. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa authentic literature dapat digunakan sebagai materi pendukung yang sesuai untuk mengajarkan ketrampilan berbicara/ speaking. Peneliti menyarankan para guru untuk lebih kreatif dalam memberikan dan menerapkan materi lain yang dapat mendukung untuk mengajarkan ketrampilan berbicara/ speaking. Untuk peneliti lain, penelitian ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, diharapkan ada diskusi yang sama dengan penelitian ini dan akan memberikan kontribusi dalam mengajarkan ketrampilan berbicara/ speaking sebagai materi pendukung. Kata Kunci: speaking skill, authentic literature Abstract Responding to the fact that speaking is still difficult to be mastered by students, it demands teachers to develop their teaching material in order to help them to achieve the goal of teaching speaking skill. In this study, the researcher used authentic literature as a supported material to teach speaking. The authentic literature which was implemented in this research was a narrative text in the form of short story. Then the implementation of the authentic literature would be practicing students’ speaking skill by performing presentation and role play. This research was conducted in SMA Negeri 2 Sragen. The subject was the eleventh graders of science program. Descriptive qualitative was conducted as the design of this research. In this researcher, the researcher collected the data from gathering documentary evidence, questionnaire and conducting interviews. Gathering documentary evidence was used since the researcher wanted to know the implementation of authentic literature in teaching speaking. Then, questionnaire and interview was conducted since the researcher wanted to know the students’ response toward the using of authentic literature in teaching speaking. The data obtained during the implementation of authentic literature in teaching speaking skill was by making performances, those are presentation and role play. As result, it can be concluded that authentic literature could be used as an appropiate supported material in teaching speaking skill. The researcher suggests the teacher to be more creative in giving and applying the other material to teach speaking. For other researchers, this study is far from perfect. Other research in the same discussion will give contribution to the teaching of speaking that can be used as a supported material. Keywords: speaking skill, authentic literature introduction Speaking is one of tools for human to communicate each other in language they have agreed in order to receive, produce, and process information. According to Brown (1994) and Burns & Joyce (1997), speaking is “an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information”. Moreover, speaking considered as process: “speaking is also process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal or non-verbal symbols in a variety of contexts”, Chaney (1998). Ur (1996) says that “of all the four skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing), speaking seems intuitively the most important”. Bygate (1987) analyzes that being a good learner of speaking, students must learn knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, intonation, and etc in order to communicate fluently. Unfortunately, in real situation students who still in school period whether Junior or Senior High School cannot speak in English well. According to Brown (2001) there are four problems in speaking skill those are: (1) Inhibition. Since speaking is being very important to acquire however, in real situation they warned about making mistakes, fearful of criticism, and simply shy in getting attention of their speech. (2) Have nothing to say occurs when there’s no motivation in expressing the idea and also boredom in speaking then as consequences they can’t bring their ideas out. (3) Low or uneven participation is when learners do not have much time to practice the speaking because the condition in class itself is teacher centred, and overcrowded classroom. Otherwise, there will be dominated learner while other speaks very little or not at all. (4) Mother tongue use happens because Indonesia has its own mother tongue, they are the vernaculars or Bahasa then it makes English considered as the foreign language and it does not use daily in society. Facing those problems, teacher must do some treatments in order to build students’ speaking skill, so that the number of reluctant students can be decreased. Teacher must improve their teaching and adjust it to students’ desire. One of ways in doing so is by developing the teaching materials. (Mulyasa, 2007, p.204) says that based on KTSP, there are some matters that should be taken into consideration in identifying the standards materials, namely: a. The development level of the laearners physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual b. The usefulness for the learners c. The scientific structure d. The depth and the windth of the materials e. The relevance with the learners need and the society demand. Responding to those considerations, the use of authentic literature seems to be appropriate for the developing material in teaching speaking for eleventh graders of Senior High School. According to Ha (2002) as cited in Phat (2013) entitled The Implementation of Literature in Teaching Speaking for Advance Students notes down that literature is not always a fiction; in fact, it is the production of certain reality. If “imaginative” is exclusively attributed to literature, does it imply that other kinds of writing such as philosophy, history or unimaginative? So fiction and realism are not the concepts for the production of literature. Although the implementation of authentic literature is through reading however according to Day and Bamford (1998) as cited in Thomas (2006) entitled Developing Presentation Skill by Using Authentic Litrature, he reviews several studies of extensive reading programs; these studies indicates that students who read extensively not only improve their reading proficiency and writing skills, but also their vocabulary, and even their listening and speaking skill. So that it can be seen that it is appropriate to use authentic literature in teaching speaking skill. Supported by Phat (2013) says that studying literature can foster the students’ interpretations and enhance their language and communication skill. Taken from the journal belongs to Patki (2013) entitled “Development of Speaking Skills through Authentic Literature” states that there are three appropiate materials in teaching speaking by using authentic literature, those are: a. Prose Written on this journal that stories is very effective in teaching speaking as it is very interactive. It is so since stories enrich students’ visual imagination and creativity. It organizes, retains, and assists students to acces information. So that, it brings out the emotions which provokes learning. Moreover, once the initial hitch of speaking is removed, the students become more confidence in delivering their thoughts. Furthermore, when they see their story are got attention, valued, recognized, and heard with interest, it gives them confident to stand. Thus, it can be seen by using stories can develop students’ positive attitude towards the learning process. In addituion, stories bring many advantages for students in learning speaking skill since it can improve students’ vocabulary, sentences formation, the use of tense and verb but also work positively on students’ fluency when they speak. So that, it can be concluded that stories assist students to build up an overall personality of students as they are connected to the society directly, improving their communication. b. Poetry Based on this journal says that poetry is such a sophisticated literacy tool that it works on the moods and emotions of the students. Through poetry the students are able to express and deliver their point of view without concerning on grammatical accuracy. Through poetry the students are facilitated with awareness of pronunciation, intonation, sentences flow. Moreover, they also practice their specific language structures such as phrases, idioms, work order, and verb tense. Moreover, when teacher gives poetry for students and ask them to analyze it automatically it creates an atmosphere for students to get involve in discussion. Hence, they will talk about their responses, ideas and etc. So that, it absolutely enrich their confidence in speaking fluently. c. Drama Basically, through drama, it offers ways for students to have chances to respond to and express their individual thought and shared understanding of a text. Because evetually, when students work in drama/ role play, they got the opportunity to use the languase as it is used in real life and gain confidence as when they act and assume roles and interact improvisation. Hence, when the students want to acquire the proficient speaking skill, drama has always been great help for it. It is so since when they play drama they also play a certain roles which might be familiar for them, so that it brings out their inner potential to think deeply and express their ideas. They are also able to express themselves explicitily as they can relate to the characters they play. Unconsiously, they are working on their imaginations, vocabulary, structure sentence, stress, intonation, and rhythm. Moreover, the modulation of tone is important during the dramatization so that when students work on it, it automatically enhances their speaking skill. In this research, the authentic literature that implemented in building students’ speaking skill was a short story which is narrative text. Collon and Villa (1997) comment that storytelling helps EFL learners become more self-confident to express themselves spontaneously and creatively. However, the implementation of authentic literature for speaking skill is suitable based on curriculum 2006 KTSP for second semester of Eleventh Grade of Senior High School in Standar Kompetensi (berbicara/ speaking) “Mengungkapkan makna dalam teks fungsional pendek dan esei berbentuk narrative, spoof, dan hortatory exposition dalam konteks sehari-hari”. In implementing the authentic literature, the teacher used three phases speaking activity, those are: Pre Activity In pre-activity, the teacher tells the objective of the study that they are going to learn. They will practice speaking by having performances through authentic literature. Then, the teacher informs the title of the authentic literature which they are going to use. Whilst Activity In whilst activity, there are pre-speaking, whilst speaking and post speaking. First, in pre-speaking, the teacher gives the authentic literature in form of narrative text that is short story. Then, the teacher asks the students to read the story carefully and also asks the students to make a group. Each group consists of ten students. Second, in whilst speaking, they are asked to discuss the content of the story given by making an outline or draft. After they finish doing the outline or draft, the teacher asks the students to develop their outline into paragraph for the presentation and dialog for the role play. Third, in post speaking, based on the paragraph and dialog they have made, the students are asked to make performances, those are presentation for the second meeting and role play for the third meeting. However for the first meeting the students are only asked to discuss the first text given and deliver it orally by raising hand. Post Activity In post activity, the students submit their paragraph of presentation and dialog of role play to the teacher. Then, the teacher gives the additional explanation and asks the students’ difficulties in doing their speaking. This study outlines two objective, those are “To describe the implementation of using authentic literature in teaching speaking skill for eleventh graders in SMA Negeri 2 Sragen” and “To decribe the students’ response toward the implementation of authentic literature in building students’ speaking skill for eleventh graders in SMA Negeri 2 Sragen” A point to be noted is that in order to be focused on the analysis only, the writer limits the problems as follows: the study only focuses on the speaking skill which is using authentic literature in form of short story/ narrative text as a supported material to enhance students’ speaking ability for Second Grade of Senior High School. METHODOLOGY This is descriptive qualitative study. It involves a collection of the techniques that is used to specify, delineate, or describe naturally occurring phenomena without experimental manipulation (Selider and Shohamy, 1997, p.124). (Bogdan and Biklen, 1992, p.29) state that there are three characteristics of the qualitative research. First, it has the natural setting as the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument. Second, it is descriptive since the data are collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. Third, the researcher is concerned with the process rather than simply with outcomes or products. The subject of the study was eleventh graders of Senior High School (Sekolah Menengah Atas) Negeri 2 Sragen. The researcher took the students only since there was no scoring which might be done by the teacher. On the other hand, she chose this school since the material that will be treated which is Authentic Literature is applied in class. The data of the study will be students’ performances towards the use of authentic literature in speaking class. In doing so, the writer observed the class activity from the beginning until the end of the lesson. The writer would act as non-participant observer that is paying attention to the students’ learning process, gathering data from students’ performance, those were paragraph from the presentation and dialog from the role play. Gathering data evidence from presentation and role play were used to figure out the first objective. Then the questionnaire and interview were used to answer the second objective. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The Implementation of Authentic Literature in Teaching Speaking Skill There were three activities which had been conducted in implementing this research; pre-activity, whilst activity (pre-speaking, whilst-speaking, post speaking), and post activity. First, in pre-activity, the teacher started the class activity by explaining to the students about the objective of the study they learnt. The teacher told that they were going to use authentic literature in form of narrative text that was short story as a supported material in teaching speaking skill. In that moment, the students seemed very enthusiast and excited. According to Butt (2005: 225) states that narrative is a special kind of story that is valued very highly in English- speaking cultures. Narrative are structured to be entertaining and to teach values. Second, in whilst activity, there were three speaking activities which had done by the teacher. They were pre-speaking, whilst-speaking, and post speaking. In pre-speaking, the teacher gave the authentic literature for the students then asked them to read it carefully. Through reading the authentic literature, the students were able to learn about the grammar, vocabulary and translation. These were supported by Liaw (2001) says that literary works provides additional material of grammar practice, vocabulary learning, and translation. Although reading and speaking are not intuitively close but from the explanation above can be seen that by reading students get some aspects which support them to improve their speaking skill. In whilst-speaking, after reading the short stories the students were asked to make performances, those are presentation for the second meeting activity and role play for the third meeting activity and there was no performances in first meeting but discussion in group. Based on journal Patki (2013) there are some literary works which can be applied in teaching speaking those are poetry, prose, drama. In making performances the students were asked to work in group so that they can practice their speaking skill with their friends in discussion. So that, through literary work settings, role relationships are predetermined and social context is taken into consideration, so it can be used for increasing the awarness of the students about language use, McKay (1982). Moreover, considering that they had discussion in making the performances, it is matched with Lazar (1993) which notes down that literature can be used as tool for creating opportunities for discussion, controversy, and critical thinking. Thus, by having those activities in whilst-speaking it exactly can be said that those were very helpful for students in practicing their speaking skill since they were given material to deliver. In post-speaking, the students were asked to perform their speaking activities, those were presentation in second meeting and role play in third meeting. Third, in post activity, the teacher gave feedback towards students’ performances and asked them to submit their paragraph of presentation and script or dialog of role play or drama. The Students’ Response Toward The Use of Authentic Literature in Teaching Speaking Skill The writer used questionnaire and conducting interviews since she wanted to know the students’ responses toward the using of authentic literature in teaching speaking. Taken from the questionnaire and interview showed that most of them were interested in applying the authentic literature. It is so since the narrative texts given were entertaining so that it made them to be more willing in attending the teaching and learning process which was speaking skill. Derewianka (1990: 40) a narrative text is a text which has a purpose to entertain, i.e. to gain and hold the reader’s interest in a story, to teach or inform, to embody the writer’s reflections on experience, and perhaps most important – to nourish and extend the reader’s imagination. They also assumed that authentic literature ease them in learning speaking skill. It is so since through authentic literature they can learn some aspects which supported in making speaking. Those are understanding the phrases, idioms, vocabulary, various parts of speech. Cited on journal named Patki (2013) explains that through the different tools of literature, the students comprehend and learn the lexical item, semantics, vocabulary, phrases, idioms, use of tenses and various parts of speech which, undoubtedly, enhance their speaking skill. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion Based on the result of the data analysis which is obtained through observation, questionnaire and conducting interviews, the researcher concludes that: 1. Authentic Literature is very acceptable in teaching speaking skill. It is so since authentic literature is able to increase students’ interest to speak up in English. Authentic literature provides interesting activity, those are presentation and role play. By doing those activities it awares the students toward the language use which is necessary in practicing the speaking skill. Moreover, by reading the authentic literature can help the students in enhancing some aspects, those are translating, understanding the vocabulary, grammar practice which those things are necessary in speaking. 2. The students’ response toward the use of authentic literature in teaching speaking was good. Based on the questionnaire and conducting the interview proved that the students’ enjoyed and excited in attending the teaching and learning process which was speaking activity. It happened since by using the authentic literature, teacher could create a good competitive condition which all students were actively participated in class activities. The target language functions could be understood by and used by the students’ appropriately. Suggestion Based on the result of the data analysis and the conclusion above, the researcher suggests that Authentic Literature is appropiate to be applied in teaching speaking skill. Although the Authentic Literature selected by the researcher was narrative however there are many other Authentic Literature that can be applied in teaching English, especially for speaking skill. Thus, in order to ease the teacher in delivering the material the teacher must know students’ interest, so that they can take part in teaching and learning process actively. As a result, the students are able to communicate in English fluently and accurately. REFFERENCES Bogdan, R. C. and Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education. Boston: Advison of Sinn and Schuster, Inc. Brown, James Dean. (2001). Using Surveys in Language Programs. UK: Cambridge University Press. Butt, David, et. Al. (2000). Using Functional Grammar. 2nd ed. Sydne: Macquire. Colon-villa, L. (1997). Storytelling in the ESL Classroom. Teaching K-8, 58-59. Day, R. R., & Bamford, J. (1998). Extensive reading in the second language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Derewianka, Beverly. (1990). Exporing How Tes Work. Rozelle: Primary English. Ha, V. L. (2002). Literature in the EFL Language-Teaching Class. Research Exercises-A Collection, 1, 101-115. Lazar, G. (1993). Literature and language teaching: a guide for teachers and trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liaw, M.-L. (2001), Exploring Literary Responses in an EFL Classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 34, 35–44. Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan. (2006). Standar Kompetensi dan Kompetensi Dasar Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta. Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (BNS) Mc Kay, S. (1982). Literature in ESL Classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 16 (4), 529-536. Mulyasa, E. (2006). Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Phat, C.H. (2013). The Implementation of Literature in Teaching Speaking for Advance Students. Vol.1, No 2. Viet Nam. Ho Chi Minh University of Education. Thomas, H. K. Developing Presentation Skill by Using Authentic Literature. The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. XII, No. 11, November (2006). New York. Kingsborough Community College. Selider, H. W. and Shohamy, E. (1997). Second Language Research Methods. New York: Oxford University Press.
DEVELOPING A COMPUTER GAME ENTITLED THE CITY OF ENGLISH AS A MEDIUM IN TEACHING VOCABULARY TO TENTH GRADERS
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
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Abstract

DEVELOPING A COMPUTER GAME ENTITLED THE CITY OF ENGLISH AS A MEDIUM IN TEACHING VOCABULARY TO TENTH GRADERS Fitria Aftinia English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Surabaya niafa13@gmail.com Ririn Pusparini, S.Pd., M.Pd. English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Surabaya rrn.puspa@gmail.com ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan permainan berbasis komputer sebagai media pembelajaran vocabulary dalam teks deskriptif untuk siswa SMA kelas X dan diberi nama The City of English. Penelitian ini menggunakan langkah-langkah Penelitian dan Pengembangan (R & D) yang dimodifikasi yang meliputi kajian pustaka, survei lapangan, desain produk, validasi desain, revisi desain, dan uji coba. Instrumen yang digunakan yakni lembar validasi, lembar observasi, lembar angket dan lembar wawancara. Data yang telah didapat kemudian dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dengan cara persentase. Ada tujuh kriteria yang digunakan dalam menentukan kelayakan sebagai media pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa data validasi, observasi, angket dan wawancara yang diperoleh telah memenuhi kriteria tersebut. Sehingga secara keseluruhan dapat disimpulkan bahwa permainan yang dikembangkan memenuhi sebagai media pembelajaran yang baik dan efektif. Kata Kunci: Permainan The City of English, Vocabulary, Kelas Sepuluh. ABSTRACT This research aims to develop a computer game entitled The City of English as a medium in teaching vocabulary in descriptive text to tenth graders. In this research, modified steps of Research and Development (R&D) were used. Those are literature review, field survey, product design, design validation, design revision, and field testing. The research instruments are validation form, observation form, questionnaire form, and interview form. All data gathered were analyzed and resulted in percentage. There were seven criteria used in determining the expediency of the medium. The result showed that the data of validation, observation, questionnaire, and interview obtained met those criteria. Overall, it can be concluded that the game developed is appropriate as a good and effective instructional medium. Keywords: The City of English Game, Vocabulary, Tenth Graders. INTRODUCTION Based on Undang-Undang Number 20/2003 about National Education System, curriculum is a set of plans and setting of the objectives, content, and teaching materials as well as the methods used to guide the implementation of learning activities to achieve specific educational objectives. Curriculum 2013 which is already inaugurated aims to prepare Indonesia people in order to have the ability to live as a person and a faithful, productive, creative, innovative, and affective citizen. It is also expected that people especially students are able to contribute to society, nation, state, and civilization of the world. Concerning the curriculum 2013, the structure of secondary education curriculum consists of a number of subjects (compulsory and elective subjects), time allocation (beban belajar), and school calendars. English becomes one of compulsory subjects and elective subjects. The purpose of English subject itself cannot be separated from the function and purpose of national education. The purpose of English subject is to develop the potential of students in order to have interpersonal, transactional, and functional competence, by using oral and written communicative action, by using a variety of English texts at the level of functional and informational. According to curriculum 2013, English is given to students starting from the first grade of junior high school. Relating to the types of learners, Sugar and Sugar (2002) states that learning types can be expressed into two. They are internal and external styles. In making a product or solution, internal learners prefer working alone. They tend to find the solutions in their heads before bringing up an answer (Sugar & Sugar, 2002). At the same time, external learners are very social and evolve on group interaction and collaboration. Games are surely helpful in engaging those two types of learner. As Sugar and Sugar (2002) say, games help encouraging internal learners in providing the best answers and also serve an opportunity for external learners in testing their leadership skills out. In basic competence of English as compulsory subject for tenth graders, in curriculum 2013, it is stated that students are expected to comprehend the meanings of descriptive text about people, tourism objects, and well-known historic buildings both in spoken and written form. In fact, according to questionnaire that the writer has shared to thirty five students of senior high school in Surabaya, twenty one students admit that they find it difficult in understanding text in English lesson. The reason is they do not know the meaning of vocabulary, in other words, it is because they lack of vocabulary. It is understandable because vocabulary and reading are related closely (Constantinescu, 2007). Looking back at standar isi of the previous curriculum, there are some principles of curriculum implementation. One of them is learners should receive qualified education, as well as an opportunity to express themselves freely, dynamically and delightfully. While in curriculum 2013, the improvement of some mindsets is developed. One of them is the change of one-way learning into interactive learning. In order to make an interactive learning and give students opportunity to express themselves delightfully, teacher can use media. There are some categories of media such as visual, audio, audio visual, and multimedia. Presently, multimedia are often be used in various fields including in education. A principle of curriculum implementation in standar isi 2006 says that the curriculum is implemented by using multi-strategy and multimedia approach. It is actually same as the learning patterns which are stated in regulation of Education and Culture Minister Number 69 Year 2013 about basic structure and curriculum framework of high school/Madrasah Aliyah. Another improvement of mindsets stated in curriculum 2013 is the change of learning patterns from a single tool to multimedia-based learning. Therefore, using multimedia in language classroom clearly supports curriculum implementation. There are many examples of multimedia and one of them is computer games. Using games in language teaching and learning is supported by Prensky (2003) who states that there is enormous potential for learning in gaming. In order to meet particular instructional needs, some instructional games can be readily modified (Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1999). According to Sugar and Sugar (2002), games can assist educators to maximize the learning potential of each student. In fact, although there are so many educational games in the form of computer games which are available, schools in Indonesia seldom use it in language classroom. Knowing that almost all schools in big cities like Surabaya already have computers for each student, it is not impossible to make use the facility for teaching and learning activity especially for English subject. In the computer game which is developed, students as players must follow the plot of story that the game provides. In the game, students meet some characters who lead them to a case that must be solved. To solve the case, students are given three descriptive texts and some questions related. The story is written in English and students can know the translation of some words in Bahasa Indonesia by using cursor. The questions given are related to vocabulary in descriptive text. The correct answers will be showed up after students answer all questions for each text. In the previous research conducted by Pamula (2012), a computer game named Snakes and Ladders was produced. However, the game is intended for second graders of elementary school. Recently, it is not easy to find the proper games that meet the curriculum. Knowing there is a gap between the expectations in curriculum and the facts, this research will be beneficial. The focus of this research is developing an educational game for computer named The City of English. The game which is developed functions as medium in teaching vocabulary to tenth graders. Based on the explanation above, this research was intended to develop a computer game entitled The City of English as a medium in teaching vocabulary to tenth graders and to know students’ responses toward the game. It is hoped that this research would give benefits for students as a medium to learn vocabulary in descriptive text and for English teachers as an alternative medium in teaching vocabulary. METHODOLOGY This research used Research and Development (R&D). According to Gay (1987), developing effective products for use in schools is the major aim of R & D efforts. The researcher developed a product which was a computer game named The City of English as a medium in teaching and learning vocabulary. Borg and Gall (1983) state some steps of R & D and this research used modified steps based on the researcher’s need. Those steps are divided into two stages. The first is preliminary stage which consists of literature review and field survey. Literature review includes analyzing learners, stating the objective, selecting methods, selecting media, and selecting materials, while field survey includes teachers’ and students’ condition, media, and school environment. In analyzing students’ need, questionnaire was shared to thirty five students of tenth grade in SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya. The second is development stage which comprises product design, design validation, design revision, field testing, and report. The researcher used students in testing out the medium developed. They were students in one class of tenth grade in SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya which the class was decided by using simple random sampling. Since the researcher intended to apply the game in international class, every international class of tenth grade in SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya had equal possibility to be chosen as sample. In this sample technique, “the sample is unbiased and the inferences are most generalizable amongst all probability sampling techniques” (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Finally, X MIA 2 was chosen as sample. The target of research was game developed and the sources were data from experts, students, and observers. This research used some instruments; those are validation form, observation checklist, questionnaire, and interview. The validation form was used to assess the game developed based on the theories. The theories are: (1) Instructional media must be compatible with learning objective (Indriana, 2011), (2) Instructional media must be compatible with instructional content (Indriana, 2011), (3) The materials in media are valid (Erickson & Curl, 1972), (4) One criterion of instructional media is the technical quality (Walker & Hess, 1984). The validation form contains 4 scales; strongly disagree, disagree, agree, and strongly agree. The persons who filled the validation form were English teachers as experts and practitioners. Then the game was revised based on experts’ suggestions by considering the learning objectives which should be achieved. After being revised, the game was field tested. The observation was used to know students’ activities during the teaching and learning process by using game developed. Observation sheets were filled in by observers and they took notes activities happened during field testing too. Data of observation were also used to know whether the game developed was suitable with the theory from Fenrich (1997), that was an effective game should involve students actively in learning. After applying the game developed, questionnaire was shared to students. The questionnaire contains 4 scales; strongly disagree, disagree, agree, and strongly agree. It was used to know students’ responses and whether the game developed was suitable with theories; (1) Instructional media are attractive (Erickson & Curl, 1972), (2) Games can be fun ways to learn (Fenrich, 1997), (3) An effective game should challenge students (Fenrich, 1997). Interview was conducted to nine students as representatives of the class; three students with high proficiency in English, three students with middle proficiency in English, and others with low proficiency in English. It was used to match the answers on questionnaire. The data of validation and questionnaire were analyzed by using formula stated below. The percentage = SUM is total of score obtained and highest score is four times the total number of respondents. Data of observation were analyzed by using formula stated below. Percentage = The data analysis resulted in percentage and the percentage was interpreted in criteria. Table 1 The Criteria of Score Interpretation The Percentage Criteria 0% - 20% Very weak 21% - 40% Weak 41% - 60 % Enough 61% - 80% Strong 81% - 100% Very strong (Riduwan, 2010) If the answer compatibility between questionnaire and interview is ≥ 60%, the result of questionnaire is considered appropriate. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The game was developed in two stages; those are preliminary stage and development stage. In preliminary stage, it was known that learners were adolescents and based on their development stage the game developed was suitable with them. The condition of school, teacher, and students support the game developed. In development stage, the data of validation showed that every indicator reached at least strong criterion. It means that the game developed fulfils the criteria which say that instructional media must be compatible with learning objective and instructional content, the materials in media are valid, and the technical quality must be considered in instructional media (Indriana, 2011; Erickson & Curl, 1972; Walker & Hess, 1984). Since the experts gave some suggestions, the game was revised first before it was applied. However, not all suggestions were used to revise the game because the game developed should achieve learning objectives which had been determined. The first revision was about the character’s movement and the second revision was about score displayed on the game. Before Revision After Revision Figure 1 The Character’s Movement Before Revision After Revision Figure 2 The Display of Score The result of validation is briefly stated in the table below. Table 2 The Result of Validation by the Experts No. Indicators Result Percentage Criteria Expert 1 2 The medium is compatible with the learning objective. 4 3 87.5% Very strong The medium is suitable to be used for teaching vocabulary. 3 4 87.5% Very strong Synonyms and antonyms in the text displayed in the game are appropriate. 4 4 100% Very strong The instruction in the game is clear. 4 4 100% Very strong The display of words is suitable with background. 4 4 100% Very strong The appearance of picture is suitable with background. 4 4 100% Very strong The words in the medium are easy to be read. 4 4 100% Very strong The colours are attractive. 3 4 87.5% Very strong The display of text is attractive. 3 4 87.5% Very strong The pictures in the game are attractive. 3 3 75% Strong Average 92. 5% Very strong Students’ activities observed showed that more than sixteen students did not divert their attention from the medium (game) used, continued to play the game during the time provided, did the activity based on the instruction, expressed their happiness during the game, and wanted to continue playing although the time provided was up. However, eighteen students asked about the instruction in the beginning. This activity was observed just to know the clarity of the game developed. Although this only one indicator did not reach strong criteria, the result still showed that the game developed involved students actively in learning (Fenrich, 1997). The data got were shown in the table below. Table 3 The Result of Observation No. Aspects Number of Students Percentage Yes No Yes No 1. Students do not divert their attention from the medium (game) used. (No chatting with other friends). 18 3 86% 14% 2. Students continue to play the game during the time provided. (They do not do other activities like doing something with their cell phones.) 18 3 86% 14% 3. Students do not ask about the instruction or rules of the game to other students or teacher. 3 18 14% 86% 4. Students do the activity based on the instruction. 20 1 95% 5% 5. Students express their happiness (by smiling, laughing, etc.) during the game. 20 1 95% 5% 6. Students want to continue playing although the time provided is up. 17 4 81% 19% Questionnaire was shared to students after they played the game. According to the result of questionnaire, every indicator reached at least strong criterion. It means that the game developed is suitable with theories: Games can be fun ways to learn (Fenrich, 1997), the instructional media are attractive (Erickson & Curl, 1972), and an effective game has to challenge students (Fenrich, 1997). The data of questionnaire were shown in the table below. Table 4 The Result of Questionnaire No. Indicators Percentage Criteria 1. The game is interesting. 79% Strong 2. Students want to play it again. 75% Strong 3. The game is suitable with students’ interests. 69% Strong 4. Students like learning English if the game like this is used. 89% Very strong The Students’ Interest 78% Strong 5. The game design is very attractive. 74% Strong 6. The way to play the game is interesting. 76% Strong 7. The rules of the game are easy to be understood. 82% Very strong The Attractiveness of the Medium 77% Strong 8. Students do not want to fail in completing the mission on the game. 85% Very strong 9. Students want to play again if they fail to complete the game. 83% Very strong The Challenge Provided by the Medium 84% Very strong Average 79% Strong Data obtained from interview showed that more than 61% of students’ answers were the same as the answers on questionnaire. Therefore, the answers on questionnaire were considered appropriate. Finally, after all data got were analyzed, the results were reported. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusions From the result and discussion, it can be concluded that the game developed was developed in two stages. They were preliminary stage and development stage. In preliminary stage, literature review and field survey were conducted. From those two steps, it can be said that the game developed supports teachers’ and students’ condition, media, and school environment. In development stage, product design, design validation, design revision, and field testing were conducted. Those steps were done and the result was finally reported. These two stages result in a computer game as medium in teaching vocabulary for tenth graders. The students’ responses toward the game developed are good. All students stated that the rules of the game developed were easy to be understood and they liked learning English if the game like this was used. Students’ opinions were also got from the interview and the result showed positive responses. Overall, it can be said that the game developed fulfils seven criteria of effective and good instructional media. Those are: (1) Instructional media must be compatible with learning objective (Indriana, 2011), (2) Instructional media must be compatible with instructional content (Indriana, 2011), (3) The instructional media are attractive (Erickson & Curl, 1972), (4) The materials in media are valid (Erickson & Curl, 1972), (5) One criterion of instructional media is the technical quality (Walker & Hess, 1984), (6) An effective game has to challenge students and involve them actively in learning (Fenrich, 1997), (7) Games can be fun ways to learn (Fenrich, 1997). Suggestions Since the game entitled The City of English needs time for its preparation to be utilized in classroom, teacher must pay attention to computers or laptops available. They must be free from virus which can hinder the teaching and learning process. Teacher may also tell students that there will be exercises after playing the game so the students do not just click everything at random. It can avoid the weakness of educational games that is “some products show fancy displays, but do not teach” (Fenrich, 1997). For further development, the game could be given voice every time the sentence, monologue or dialogue, appears on the screen. It can train students’ listening skill and help them in speaking with correct pronunciation. Besides, in this research, the development of the game entitled The City of English was only tested in small scale so it needs further research to be utilized as the medium in bigger scale. REFERENCES Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (1983). Educational Research: An Introduction (4 ed.). New York: Longman Inc. Constantinescu, A. I. (2007). Using Technology to Assist in Vocabulary Acquisition and Reading Comprehension. The Internet TESL Journal, XIII(2). Erickson, C. W. H., & Curl, D. H. (1972). Fundamentals of Teaching with Audiovisual Technology (2 ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company Inc. Fenrich, P. (1997). Practical Guideliness for Creating Instructional: Multimedia Applications. Fort Worth: The Dryden Press, Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Gay, L. R. (1987). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application (3 ed.). Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company. Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (1999). Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning (6 ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Indriana, D. (2011). Ragam Alat Bantu Media Pengajaran. Jogjakarta: DIVA Press. Pamula, E. (2012). Modifying Conventional Snakes and Ladders Game into Computer Game as a Medium for Teaching Vocabulary to the Second Graders. Bachelor, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya. Prensky, M. (2003). Digital game-based learning. ACM computers in entertainment, 1(1), 1-4. Riduwan. (2010). Skala Pengukuran Variabel-variabel Penelitian. Bandung: ALFABETA. Sugar, S., & Sugar, K. K. (2002). Primary Games: Experiental Learning Activities for Teaching Children K-8 (1 ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Walker, D. F., & Hess, R. D. (1984). Instructional Software: Principle and Prespectives for Design and Use. California: Wadsworth, Inc.
IMPROVINGSEVENTHGRADERS’ABILITYOF MTs MANBAULULUMKWANYARINWRITINGPROCEDURE TEXTTHROUGHESTAFETGAME
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IMPROVINGSEVENTHGRADERS’ABILITYOF MTs MANBAULULUMKWANYARINWRITINGPROCEDURE TEXTTHROUGHESTAFETGAME Nur Fadilah S1- English Education, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University, nurfadilah.annamirah@gmail.com Esti Kurniasih, S.Pd., M.Pd English Department, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya estikurniasih87@yahoo.com Abstrak Menulis merupakan kecakapan yang perlu dipelajari. Akan tetapi, menulis itu tidak mudah (Scott & Ytreberg, 1990). Preliminary study yang telah dilaksanakan menunjukkan bahwa menulis menjadi masalah bagi siswa, apalagi jika siswa diminta menulis dengan menggunakan genera atau tipe tulisan tertentu seperti teks prosedur. Menulis merupakan sebuah proses mencipta, mengorganisasi, menulis, dan mempoles/mengedit (Hague, 2003). Menulis tidak dapat langsung dikuasai oleh siswa tingkat Sekolah Menengah Pertama/SMP. Oleh karena itu, mengajar menulis seharusnya dilakukan dalam atmosfer kelas yang nyaman dan menyenangkan semisal menggunakan permainan. Apalagi, menggunakan permainan dalam proses belajar mengajar dapat membuat kelas menjadi nyaman (Uberman, 1988). Dalam studi ini, proses belajar mengajar dilakukan dengan menggunakan sebuah permainan yang disebut Estafet game/permainan Estafet. Estafet game/permainan Estafet adalah sebuah permainan yang di adopsi dari permainan olahraga. Focus studi ini adalah tentang memperbaiki kemampuan menulis siswa dalam menulis teks prosedur melalui permainan Estafet. Adapun tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana permainan Estafet memperbaiki kemampuan menulis siswa dalam teks prosedur. Pendeskripsian tersebut meliputi: (1) bagaimana pelaksanaan permainan Estafet dalam pengajaran menulis teks prosedur pada siswa kelas 7 MTs Manbaul Ulum Kwanyar, (2) bagaimana hasil menulis siswa kelas 7 MTs Manbaul Ulum Kwanyar dalam pengajaran menulis teks prosedur selama dan setelah pelaksanaan permainan Estafet, dan (3) bagaiman respon siswa kelas 7 MTs Manbaul Ulum Kwanyar dalam pengajaran menulis teks prosedur setelah pelaksanaan permainan Estafet. Dalam menganalisis data, peneliti menggunakan melakukan beberapa proses, yaitu: (1) pendeskripsian dan (2) sense making. Di tingkat pendeskripsian, peneliti mereview data-data yang sudah dikumpulkan sebelumnya. Sedangkan dalam tingkat sense making, peneliti menorganisasi data berdasarkan pertanyaan penelitian. Peneliti menyortir data menjadi data yang relevan dan yang tidak relevan kemudian mengelompokkannya sesuai dengan pertanyaan penelitian. Penelitian dalam studi ini dilakukan dalam 2 siklus. Siklus pertama dilakukan dalam 3 pertemuan. Hasil dari siklus pertama tidak menunjukkan adanya perbaikan sehingga penelitian dilanjutkan dengan siklus ke 2. Siklus ke 2 dilakukan dalam 2 pertemuan. Dan hasil dari siklus ke 2 menunjukkan adanya perbaikan dalam tulisan siswa selama dan setalah pelaksanaan permainan Estafet. Jawaban siswa dalam kuesioner pun mengalami perbaikan. Kata kunci: kemampuan menulis, teks prosedur, permainan estafet, kelas tujuh. Abstract Writing is a skill which is necessary to learn. However, writing is not always easy (Scott & Ytreberg, 1990). Preliminary study which was conducted showed that writing becomes the problem of students, moreover if the writing is based on a specific genre such as procedure text. Writing is a process of creating, organizing, writing, and polishing (Hague, 2003). It cannot easily be mastered by students of Junior High School level. Therefore, teaching writing should be done in an enjoyable atmosphere such as using game. In addition, using game in teaching and learning process can create a relaxing atmosphere in the classroom (Uberman, 1988). In this study the teaching and learning process was done by using a game which is called Estafet Game. Estafet Game is a sport game which is adopted into teaching. This study focuses on improving students’ ability in writing procedure text through Estafet Game. The purpose of this study is to describe how Estafet Game improves students’ ability in writing procedure text. The description includes: (1) how the implementation of Estafet game in teaching writing procedure text to the seventh graders of MTs Manbaul Ulum Kwanyar, (2) how the students’ writing results of procedure text during and after the implementation of Estafet game in teaching writing procedure text to the seventh graders of MTs Manbaul Ulum Kwanyar, and (3) how the students’ responses after the implementation of Estafet game in teaching writing procedure text to the seventh graders of MTs Manbaul Ulum Kwanyar. In the data analysis, the researcher does some processes of analysis, they are: (1) description and (2) sense making. In description stage, the researcher reviewed the data that had been collected before. While in sense making stage, the researcher organized the data based on the research questions. The researcher sorted the data into relevant and irrelevant data for the research and grouped the relevant data based on the research questions. The research was done in two observations. The first observation was done in three meetings. The result of the first observation did not show improvement, so that the study was continued with the second observation. The second observation was done in two meetings. And the result of the second observation showed improvement in students’ writing both during and after the implementation of Estafet Game. It also showed improvement in students’ writing results, and the result of students’ answers in the questionnaire. Keywords: writing ability, procedure text, Estafet Game, seventh graders. INTRODUCTION English is a tool to communicate in oral and written form (Depdiknas, 2004). It is used by more than half of the world population. Because of its importance, English is also studied at schools as students’ preparation to face the global world. Communicating using English can be in the form of oral, and written. Written observation consists of reading and writing while oral observation consists of listening and speaking. From the four skills above, writing is an essential skill to be mastered. Writing is a productive skill in which someone shows his/her thoughts through written words. According to Nunan (2003), writing is the mental work of inventing ideas, thinking about how to express them, and organizing them into statements and paragraph that will be clear to readers. Writing is not only writing something. Writing is a process of creating, organizing, writing, and polishing (Haque, 2002). As Halliday (in Nunan, 1995) says that in the modern world, written language serves a range of functions in people’s life such as for action (for example, public signs, product labels, television and radio guides, bills, menus, telephone directories, ballot papers, computer manuals), for information (for example, newspapers, current affair magazines, advertisements, political pamphlets), and for entertainments (for example, comics strips, fiction books, poetry and drama, newspaper features, and film subtitles). Seeing the importance of writing skill above, it is necessary to learn writing. It is said in the 2006 English Standard Competence that Junior high school students have to master and be able to compose a short functional text, and procedure, and descriptive essays. Related to writing procedure text, the researcher found that students of MTs Manba’ul Ulum Kwanyar got difficulty to compose and write the text. Therefore, the researcher collaborated with the English teacher of the school to overcome the problem by teaching using Estafet Game as a technique in teaching writing. However, teaching English as foreign language in Indonesia is not simple, it is caused by the Indonesian students who do not have similarities between learning English and learning their mother tongue (Scott and Ytreberg, 1990). Therefore, teachers should find out a solution to the problems through getting interesting techniques, such as using game to make students motivated and interested in the lesson during the teaching and learning process. Teaching by using game has been promoted and applied for many years to help students understand the various aspects of languages. As Uberman states that games are highly motivating and they can give shy students more opportunities to express their opinion and feeling (Uberman, 1988). In addition, games provide an opportunity for real communication although within artificially defined limits, and thus constitute a bridge between classroom and the real world (Hardfield, 1990). Thus, suitable games are needed to help teachers in delivering the materials and to encourage students to be active in class such as Estafet game. Estafet game is a game which is adopted from estafet race. The meaning of the word estafet itself is ‘connected to each other’. In this study, estafet game is made as a technique in teaching English. The researcher chose the game as a technique because it is appropriate to be conducted in her research to solve the problems the teacher has in classroom. When the researcher had a school visit to MTs Manba’ul Ulum Kwanyar, she found that students in one classroom were not motivated and interested in learning English. She asked the teacher why the students were not motivated and interested in English class. The teacher said that maybe the students do not like the situation of the classroom in which the teacher only explains the lesson, asks the students to read and answer the questions that follow the passage. The researcher also asked several students in the classroom and she found that most of students were not satisfied and did not really understand the teacher’s explanation about the lesson. Therefore, they were not motivated and interested in the lesson. From the problem above, the researcher has an initiative to conduct a research to solve the problem in the classroom. She suggested the teacher to use Estafet Game during the teaching and learning activity. The game is done by making a group of five or ten students. Then each group should make a rank from the first to the last students in each group. When they are ready for the game, the teacher gives each group a board marker. After that, the teacher counts for the start of the game. The game begins when the teacher blows the whistle. Then the first student in the first line comes forward brings the board marker and writes the sentence he/she has on the whiteboard. After the first student finished, it is continued by the second student and so until the last student. If each member in a group has gotten their turn to write their sentence on the whiteboard, the turn should be given to the first student, then the second and then the next student to write all sentences they have until the sentences are all written on the whiteboard. This work team can create a fun situation in the classroom, so that the students can be motivated and interested in learning English. The researcher expected that by using this game as a technique in teaching writing, students’ writing ability can improve better. Hopefully, this study can help teachers to find more interesting games to be used in class in order that the teaching and learning process does not run monotonously. METHODOLOGY The aim of this study was to report the implementation of Estafet Game in improving students’ ability in writing procedure text, the students’ writing result during and after the implementation of Estafet Game, the students’ responses toward the implementation of Estafet Game in teaching writing procedure text of MTs Manbaul Ulum Kwanyar.In line with the aim of the study above, a classroom action research was used in this study. Since this study belongs toclassroom action research, the researcher should take an action in the classroom which was in the form of teaching. However, because the researcher was not a teacher yet, she collaborated with the teacher of the classroom in conducting her research. Therefore, the researcher only became the observerduring the teaching and learning activities in the class.She conducted the research in two observations which was said in the study as observation, so that, there were two observations in this study. The first observation was done in three meetings, they were on 12th, 20th, and 26th of January while the second observation was done in two meetings, they were on 2nd, and 3rd of February 2014.At the end of the second observation, the researcher found that the students’ writing improved during and after the implementation of Estafet Game. And the students’ answers in the questionnaire also showed improvement so that the research ended at the fifth meeting. The instruments that the researcher used to collect the data were observation check list, field-note, students’ writing task, and questionnaire. Observation check list and field-notes were used as the instruments to answer the first research question. The observation check list is in the form of yes and no answer, while field note was in the form of words and sentences that contained teachers’ and students’ activities in classroom from the beginning until the end of the meeting. During observation, the researcher wrote the descriptive and reflective part of the field note to ease to find the answer of the research question. Writing task was used to answer the second research question. This instrument was in the form of writing which was given at the end of each observation. And the questionnaire was used to answer the third research question.There were eight questions and three to four choices of answers of each question in the questionnaire. It was used to collect the data about the students' responses toward the implementation of Estafet Game in teaching writing procedure text. The questionnaire was given at the end of the observation in order that the students could answer all the questions. After collecting all of the data which were gotten from the observation checklist, field-note, students’ writing task, and the questionnaire, the researcher then analyzed them descriptively. In analyzing the data of this research, the researcher did two stages of analyzing the data namely, description and sense making(Ary, Jacobs, & Sorensen, 2006). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results The researcher did the observation in two observations in which there were three meetings of first observation and two meetings of second observation. The first meeting was on January 12th, 20th, and 26th, 2014 while the second observation was on February 2nd, and 3rd, 2014. On the second meeting of first observation and the first meeting of the second observation, the teacher implemented Estafet game in teaching writing procedure text. He implemented the game by asking students to make a group of five to seven students. Since the students’ number was thirty four, there were four groups with seven students and one group with six students. Each student in a group should write a sentence based the given title. Then they should stick their sentence which they wrote on a long piece of paper on the whiteboard. The students stuck the longpiece of paper in the third counting from the teacher. The students who have gotten the turn should move backward to ease the next students in taking their turn writing the sentence until the complete text are all written on the carton. Then the teacher corrected the students’ writing and asked some of the students to write the correct sentence on the blackboard. On the third meeting of the first observation and the second meeting of the second observation, the teacher gave the students writing task and the questionnaire. Discussion This part presented the discussion of the study which included the discussion of the first observation and the discussion of the second observation. The Discussion of the First Observation The meeting of this study was done in five meetings in which three meetings were done in the first observation and two meetings were done in the second observation. In the first observation, the first meeting was used as material explanation because the time was very limited. The class began late.Though it was late, the teacher could explain the material completely to students and the students responded well to teacher’s explanation. Before the teacher explained the material, he gave a printed procedure text to students. The printed material was given in order that the students had an understanding to the lesson they would study and as sample of procedure text. The teacher asked them to read the text then gave them some questions related to the text. After that, the teacher explained the lesson. During the explanation, the students listen to the teacher’s explanation well. They were also very active. It was seen when the teacher gave them several questions related to procedure text in the printed text, most of them raised their hands and tried to answer the questions.Because the lesson was for writing skill, the teacher asked students to write their answers on the blackboard. It was to make students used to writing. The Discussion of the Implementation of Estafet Game in the First Observation The second meeting in the first observation was for implementing Estafet Game. The game was used to create a positive atmosphere in class. As stated by Uberman (1998) in chapter II that games are used to create a relaxing atmosphere in the classroom.Students tended to be tense and clumsy in English class, especially when they were asked to make writing in English. So that using games iseffective since they motivate the students, lower students’ stress, and give chances to use and practice the language (Deesri, 2002).One of the games that was used in the classroom to motivate and give students chances to practice the language was Estafet Game. In fact, Estafet Game is one of the games in athletic competition (Indarto, 2013). However, the researcher adopted it into a game which could be used in teaching and learning process in the classroom.Moreover, Estafet Game has been applied in other field of education, so that the researcher could have more references on how the game was used. Seeing the possibility of Estafet Game that can be used in teaching English, the researcher took it to be used during her study. During the implementation of Estafet Game, students were very enthusiastic. They could have a situation of learning in which they could learn while playing a game that made them felt enjoy and relax during the teaching and learning process. During the implementation of the game, each student was asked to write a sentence based on the given title of procedure text in group. This aimed to make students enjoy the lesson during the teaching and learning process. The implementation of Estafet Game in the first observation was not really successful if it was seen from the result of students’ writing during the implementation of the game. The other thing that influenced the success of the implementation of the game was time management which was needed to implement the game, including the time which was needed by students in building the complete text with their group. The teacher gave evaluation to the result of students’ writing which was done in group during the implementation of the game. And the students were not afraid when the teacher evaluated their writing because the teacher had told them that it was only a game for learning not a game for competition. The Discussion of the Result of Students’ Writing Task in the First Observation And after the implementation of the game, the students were given a writing task. It was given at the third meeting of the observation. This writing task aimed to measure students’ ability in writing procedure text. The students’ writing were measured by five writing components which are proposed by Heaton (1988) – content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanic. Each of these components has criteria which could be used to decide whether students’ writing was excellent or poor. There are four criteria for each component, they are excellent to very good, good to average, fair to poor, and very poor. However, the main point which was measured in this writing was the three criteria which must exist in procedure text, they are goal, materials, and steps. This was based on the problem which the researcher found during the preliminary study that was the students got difficulty in composing and writing procedure text. After the students’ writings were analyzed, the researcher found that their writings were not improved yet. There were several mistakes in students’ writing which pervaded the incomplete generic structure of the procedure text. The procedure text should have the complete generic structure as Anderson (1998) has proposed that the structure of a procedure text should consist of goal, materials, and steps. However, students’ writing in this first observation did not fulfill the structure yet. Besides, the mistake also came from the organization of sentences which were written by the students which were confusing, the vocabulary which was used were mostly and essentially translation from Indonesian into English, language use, and the mechanics which were used in writing the procedure text. The Discussion of the Result of Questionnaire in the First Observation After being given the writing task, the students were also given questionnaire to find out their responses toward the implementation of Estafet Game. However, students’ answers in the questionnaire did not reach the standard minimum that the researcher made, that is eighty. Therefore, the researcher and the teacher were in an agreement to repeat the observation with the second observation. The Discussion of the Second Observation The second Observation was done in two meetings. The first meeting was done on February 2nd, 2014. This meeting was used to implement Estafet Game, since it was not successful yet in supporting students to improve their writing in the first observation. In this observation, students more understood about how to play the game, so that it did not take a long time to give them explanation on how to play the game. Because of that, the teacher could compress the time needed to implement the game. Besides, the students looked more ready than the first observation. It was because the students had known everything that should be done during the game from the first observation. During the game, the result of students’ writing was better than in the previous one. It was shown by the mistake which was less than the first observation. In addition, the result of students’ writing task also showed a better improvement than the previous one. It was also supported by students’ answers in questionnaire that reached the standard minimum 80 for the class average. This questionnaire was used to know students’ responses toward the teaching and learning process during the study. As stated by Harmer (2007) that student’s responses are different students’ reactions in the same class activities and tasks which are given by the teacher. From the results of both students’ writing results and the students’ answers in the questionnaire, it was concluded that Estafet Game was successful in improving students’ ability in writing procedure text. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusion Based on the results of the data in the previous chapter, the researcher made a conclusion that the implementation of Estafet Game could improve seventh graders’ ability in writing procedure text. The research was conducted by the researcher and the teacher in classroom in which the teacher taught the students while the researcher took data during the teaching and learning process. The research was conducted in five meetings, three meetings in the first observation and two meetings in the second observation. The result of the first observation did not show improvements both in the result of students’ writing task and the questionnaire. But then in the second observation, the result of students’ writing showed improvement both during and after the implementation of Estafet Game. The students’ answers in the questionnaire also showed better responses than the first observation. From the five of both of the observation, it was shown that the implementation of Estafet Game could make students more interested and motivated in learning English. Therefore, it could be concluded from the finding of the research that using Estafet Game in teaching and learning process in the classroom could make the students’ writing ability improve. Suggestions From result of the data of the research, the researcher made some suggestions related to the study, they are: the teacher should have come on time to the class. In addition, the teacher should pay more attention to situation of teaching learning process which includes the students’ need and interest in learning, the teacher should change his way of teaching once in a while such as using game. Monotonous way of teaching could make students not interested and motivated to the lesson which causes students could not master the skill that becomes the objective of the lesson, for other researchers who will conduct an action research, it is better to be well-prepared in everything which is needed for the research such as media, time preparation, and the instrument for the research. And if the research has been successful, it is not necessary to add another observation of the research. REFERENCES Depdiknas. ( 2006). Standar Isi dan Standar Kompetensi Lulusan: Mata Pelajarn Bahasa Ingggris (SD/MI, SMP/MTs, SMA/MA, MA/MAK). Jakarta: Depdiknas. Agustien, HelenaI.R. The English Curriculum in Nutsell (paper): presented at national seminar. Teaching Esl in Indonesia a reflection. Malang 2 Oktober 2004. Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. England: Pearson Education Limited. Scott, Wendy A and Ytreberg Lisbeth H. (1990). Teaching English to Children. London: Longman Heaton, J. B. (1975). Writing English Language Test.London: Longman McMillan, J. H. (1992). Educational Research: Fundamental for the Consumer. Virginia: Harper Collins Publishers Depdiknas 2004. Kurikulum 2004: Standar Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Sekolah Menengah Pertama dan Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Jakarta: Balitbang Depdiknas Heaton, J. B. (1988). Writing English Language Tests. New York: Longman Group UK Limited. Aouladomar, Farida, Leila Amgoud, Patrick Saint-Dizier. (2006). On Argumentation in Procedural Texts. http://www.unicaen.fr/poc/ecrire/preprints/preprint0022006.pdf retrieved on December 2013. Gatzke, Lourie. (2003). Procedural Text. http://www.data.tp.ac.id/document/texts (retrived on December 2013) Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. (2006). Introduction to Research in Education (8th Edition ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth. Hague, A. (2003). The Essential of English. New York: Pearson Inc. Indarto, H. D. (2013). Analisa Lari Estafet Retrieved February 10th, 2014 Scott, W. A., & Ytreberg, L. H. (1990). Teaching English to Children. New York: Longman Group UK Limited. Uberman, A. (1988). The Use of Game for Vocabulary Presentation and Revision (Vol. XXXVI). Forum: 1st January.
The Effectiveness of Using Electronic Stick Figures for Teaching Writing Recount Text at Junor High School
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The Effectiveness of Using Electronic Stick Figures for Teaching Writing Recount Text at Junor High School Fatmah Mahardini English Department, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya fatmah_mahardini@yahoo.com Prof. Dr. Hj. Lies Amin Lestari, M.A., M.Pd English Department, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya lies.aminlestari@yahoo.com Abstrak Menulis dianggap sebagai keterampilan yang paling sulit diantara keterampilan berbahasa lainnya (membaca, berbicara, dan mendengarkan). Sehingga para guru perlu menemukan berbagai cara kreatif untuk pengajaran writing (menulis) daripada hanya meminta siswa menulis tanpa memikirkan bagaimana memberi kemudahan kepada siswa dalam belajar menulis. Karena alasan tersebut, media dibutuhkan dan seharusnya digunakan untuk membantu siswa dalam menguasai kemampuan menulis. Selain itu, penggunaan multimedia dalam proses belajar mengajar dapat membuat materi pembelajaran lebih mudah diingat dan dimengerti. Teori yang mendasari penggunaan multimedia adalah Dual-coding yang dibuktikan oleh Paivio (1986). Olehkarena itu, electronic stick figures dalam bentuk multimedia dipercaya sangat sesuai untuk pengajaran menulis teks recount. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian eksperimental dengan sampel penelitian yakni grup eksperimen dan grup kontrol yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan electronic stick figures untuk pengajaran menulis teks recount pada siswa kelas delapan di SMP Negeri 1 Ngoro. Sehingga penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mencari perbedaan nilai writing yang signifikan antara grup yang belajar writing menggunakan electronic stick figures dan group yang hanya menggunakan buku dan papan tulis. Nilai-nilai post-test dari kedua grup dibandingkan dengan menggunakan perhitungan t-test. Hasil dari perhitungan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa experimental group yang belajar menulis menggunakan electronic stick figures menunjukkan peningkatan nilai yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan siswa di control grup dengan nilai t 6.067 dan nilai p .0001(df= 88, perbedaan nilai rata-rata9.95). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan electronic stick figures efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam menulis teks recount. Kata Kunci: pengajaran writing, electronic stick figures, recount Abstract Writing English is considered as the most difficult skill among the other language skills (reading, speaking and listening). Therefore, it is important for the English teachers to find some creative ways to teach writing instead of only directing student to write without thinking how to facilitate them. Because of that reason, appropriate media is needed and should be used to help students master writing. Moreover, the use of multimedia in teaching and learning process is able to make the lesson become memorable and understandable (Mayer and Simes, 1994). The theory which underlies the use of multimedia is Dual &ndash;coding which was proven by Paivio (1986). Therefore, Electronic stick figures in the form of multimedia are believed considerably suitable for teaching writing recount text. Using experimental research design with experimental and control group as the sample, this study was aimed to find out the effectiveness of using electronic stick figures for teaching writing recount text at eighth graders of SMP Negeri 1 Ngoro. Thus, this study was conducted to find the significant difference in term of students&rsquo; writing scores between students who are taught by using electronic stick figures and those who are taught by using only book and whiteboard. Using t-test calculation, the scores of post-test of the two groups were compared. The result showed that by using electronic stick figures students in the experimental group scored significantly higher than students in the control group, with the t value of 6.067 and p value of .0001 (df = 88, mean difference 9.95). It shows that the use of electronic stick figures is effective to improve students&rsquo; ability in writing recount text. Keywords: Teaching Writing, electronic stick figures, recount INTRODUCTION Students in Junior High School are aimed to be able to communicate both oral and written in functional literacy level (Depdiknas, 2006). In Functional literacy level, students are directed to be able to use English in their daily life for the purpose of transactional communication, such as read manual, understand the meaning of signs, and create functional texts or simple essay. To gain this aim, Junior High school students are taught four English language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) equally. As stated by curriculum maker 2006 ,the scope of English lesson in junior high school includes a) the ability to understand and/or create oral and or written texts which will be presented by the combination of listening, speaking, reading, and writing to reach functional literacy level, b) the ability to understand and create short functional texts, monologues and essays in the form of procedure, descriptive, recount, narrative, and report text, c) supportive competence, such as : linguistic, socio-cultural, strategic, discourse competence. Furthermore, recount text is included in the scope of English lesson for Junior High School. The standard competence of writing recount text appears in eight grade of junior high school. It is taught in both odd and even semester. Based on the 2006 curriculum, recount text is taught to eighth and ninth graders in Junior High School. It seems that recount is required to be taught since this level because it has many functions in daily life such as in letter, conversation, and etc. Students often tell their experience in form of recount, but they do not realize that it is in form of recount. Recount is usually compared to narrative. Both look similar, but actually they are not the same. Both of them tell about past event. Narrative tells readers about problematic event which is usually fiction. In contrast, recount does not come to a serious crisis complication and it is usually based on fact. Furthermore, Anderson and Anderson (2003: 24) conclude that a recount text is a piece of text that retells past event, usually in the order in which they occurred, and has purpose to provide the audience with the description of what happened and when it happened. Moreover, Derewianka (1990) states the focus of recount is on a sequence of events, all of which related to a particular occasion. Focusing on the sequence of event may differentiate recount to narrative which focus on a serious crisis of complication and its resolution, besides fiction form. Thus, recount must be taught as clear as possible in order to make students able to write recount in an appropriate text form. However, most of students consider writing as the most difficult skill among the other. As stated by Richard (1997: 100), mastering writing is difficult and needs lengthy process because of anxiety and frustration for many learners. They may reluctant to write because they are de-motivated during the lesson. Furthermore, students are usually confused when they are going to start writing (Emilia, 2008). It seems that they have nothing in their mind about what they are going to write. Sometimes they also have difficulties to express their ideas and have limited vocabularies in producing the text both oral and written. For those reasons, teacher must be aware about the difficulties which are faced by students when they learn writing. As a result, the teacher should take into consideration on some principles to teach writing. Nunan (2003:92) suggests some principles in teaching writing that purposes to make efficient of teaching. These principles can be adapted to the many different learning situations. Firstly, the teachers should understand the students&rsquo; reason for writing before going to writing class. In other words, teachers try to expose the students to the usefulness of the activity. It is because students mostly feel dissatisfaction when their goal to write is not suitable with the teachers&rsquo;. Hence, the teachers should be careful in making writing instruction that match students&rsquo; goal. Secondly, the teachers should encourage them to make beneficial effort as much as possible and provide many opportunities for students to write. Because writing is a skill, students need more practices to write. Thirdly, make feedback helpful and meaningful. Students need feedback on their writing although it doesn&rsquo;t always have intended effect. In other words, teacher may be a motivator, resource, and feedback provider (Harmer, 2001: 216). Teachers sometimes find the difficulties too in the way they explain students about how to write recount text appropriately. This situation usually appears when students seem de-motivated during the lesson. Students are not able to enjoy the lesson because learning writing is such a boring moment. Consequently, students cannot grab the point from teacher&rsquo;s explanation. From the previous explanation, both teacher and students face difficulty in teaching and learning process. Therefore, teachers should try to find an appropriate and interesting way stimulate students&rsquo; excitement in writing activity. There are many possible ways and facilities to support teaching and learning English i.e., exploiting available facilities around us, teachers are aimed to be able to use them efficiently to deliver any information to their students. Furthermore, Brown (2001) and Ur in harmer (2002) called adolescents as teens or young adults who are ranged between 12 and 18 year- old learners which still consider varieties of sensory input as essential factor to assist them in understanding things. In other words, adolescents need alternative material and media in learning language. Adolescents are over all the best learners (Ur, 2000). It is the best time for them to develop their intellectual maturation so teacher should apply creative teaching and facilitate them with suitable media. They also need guidance from the teacher to get maximum result. Thus, material and media used by students should be selected carefully. Nowadays, there are many kinds of media or tools that we can use to deliver information to the students. Anything that can be used to help teacher express or convey what is going to explain to students is called teaching media, also called teaching aids Martin and Brings, 1986). Since technology is rapidly developed, computer becomes a novelty and common thing in educational field. It shifts people&rsquo;s view to the way of teaching (Sudjana and Rivai, 2007:110). Many educators believe that technology as supporting media in language teaching can overcome the weaknesses of traditional media which is used long before the trend of technology. In the past, teachers taught their students by using traditional media such as blackboard, books, papers, cards, etc. While, nowadays there are many kinds of teaching media which provide certain features for each purpose which are made by computer systems. Furthermore, Abdelraheem & Al-Rabane (2005) explain that technology has a big potential to be encouraged as a tool that can overcome the traditional setting of the classroom which is isolated (Braune,1997) supply access to rich resources (Becker &Ravitz, 1999) and increase overall productivity (Saye, 1998). Thus, it is clear that technology use can create such an easier way of language learning. According to Lesman et al (2009), nowadays, the use of new media is increasing rapidly such as video, educational television, on-line web, blog, and computer games. Since computer becomes a common thing, many kinds of media are created in various forms such as visual aids, audio aids, audiovisual aids, and multimedia. Multimedia is one type of media that can be used to express/ convey what is going to tell to student, whether software or manual. It provides several kinds of teaching aids. It does not only provide one kind of media, such as audio only, but it can provide more than one kind of media. As technology development has touch every part of our life and as education is part of our world, it is interesting to make use of innovative tools and bring it inside classroom. There are a lot of advantages in using computer and multimedia for teaching language in the classroom. We often find a teacher teach a large number of students in the class. Teacher can apply the media which can be shown in a large screen by using computer and LCD projector so it can grab students&rsquo; attention. It can also minimize the time consuming compared to the drawing on the blackboard which need time to draw on the blackboard. By the unique features of multimedia, students are interested to learn. Moreover, Marentette and Uhrick (2008) in their article say that the use of multimedia promotes meaningful learning that can be transferred or generalized to other situations. They add that learning is constructive, and information learned is remembered at a deeper level. Besides, multimedia can also improve the academic engagement of students so students can take a part and experience themselves by operating it. MCALL or multimedia courseware is a set of software programmed to help users learn something. The theory which underlies and supports the use of Multimedia courseware in language learning is Dual Coding Theory. Based on dual coding theory stated by Paivio (1986:53), humans have separated information channels, verbal and visual. Their systems are interconnected but each can work independently. He describes that when dual coded, information will be easier to retain and retrieve because the availability of two mental representation instead of one. Therefore students who are taught using multimedia can grab the information easily. Paivio (1991:5) adds that "The common effective process was indeed imagery, which was generated to words, and reactivated by a concrete stimulus image during recall so that the response word could be retrieved from the image." According to Paivio, image has significant effect in helping people imagine something to be delivered in writing. The memory emphasis evolved into broader applications of imagery aimed at creating sentences to express the idea. Electronic stick figure comes from the word electronic and stick figure. The word electronic means something done by computer system and stick figure means a simple picture of a person in which the head is drawn as a circle and the body, arms and legs are drawn as lines (Cambridge, 2008). Stick figures is selected for teaching writing recount to eight graders because it looks so simple but vivid than words and much easier to recall as stated by Richards and Gibson&rsquo;s in Wijanarko (2006). Stick man or stick figure describing person are easily made by drawing a circle and lines. Not only person&rsquo;s figure but also figure of building, animal, and fruits can be drawn as stick figures. Stick figures are commonly used in the form of visual media. It is usually drawn conventionally on a paper or blackboard. Before lesson, teacher drew the pictures by using chalks colourfully and wrote the keywords to show the vocabulary. Consequently, teacher should erase the figures after lesson and create again and again in each meeting. While electronic stick figures can be reused in any time. Teacher only needs a laptop to operate this media and LCD projector to display the stick figures to the students. Students can also copy the software from the teacher. Then operate the media by themselves. Hence, the teaching and learning process can be more effective. Electronic stick figures is a teaching aid which has several features containing pictures (in form of stick figures) and words in digital form, not printed form. It can be served through application that created using Macromedia flash player or Microsoft Power Point. The Microsoft office PowerPoint or Macromedia flash player provides many features which can create media such as pictures, words, sounds, or the combination of them. The result file can be shown as PowerPoint Presentation or it can be converted into PowerPoint Show so it is easy to show when it is needed. Electronic stick figures contains menu page which provides some buttons. They are study pages which contain some explanation related to recount text including the language features, figures which contain series pictures for practice writing, and exercise relating to language features in recount text, and game & exercise which provide some exercises related to recount. Hopefully the learning process can run more joyful and using Electronic Stick Figure helps the students to dig up their ideas and construct the text-type more easily both in-groups and individually. Based on the facts above, in this study, the researcher wants to know whether the use of electronic stick figures is effective to teach recount text to eight graders of junior high school or not. METHODOLOGY A two-group experimental research with a quantitative approach was conducted in this study. There were two groups, experimental and control group, which were assigned randomly. Pre-tests and post-test were given to both groups, while the use of electronic stick figures was used in experimental group only. The control group was taught conventionally by using only book and whiteboard. Then, the scores of both groups were compared to find out the significant difference between experimental and control group. This study was conducted in SMP Negeri 1 Ngoro. This school was chosen because it is fully equipped by at least laptops, LCD projectors, and music stereo. However, it was found in preliminary study that the teacher did not use the facilities maximally. Several teachers had used the Multimedia projector in teaching process, but it was considered uninteresting for several students. Thus, it can create the boredom for students. The population in this research was all eighth graders in junior high school. Then, the sample was got from the cluster random sampling where every member of the class in the school had an equal probability of being assigned to any of the groups. Junior High School I Ngoro had eight classes where each class consisted of 23 students. However, an experimental research needs at least 30 students to be the sample of each experimental or control group (Porte, 2002). For that reason, the researcher took two classes to be assigned as experimental group and two other classes as the control group. Thus, the number of students in each group, 46 students, was appropriate. In this study, a cluster sampling was chosen to draw the sample of the study. The groups were assigned based on the students&rsquo; original classes; from VIII A to VIII H, since this process helped the researcher and the teacher conduct the study in regard to the effectiveness and the efficiency. Then, a process of random assignment, a process in an experimental study in which the samples of the study to act as control or experimental group are assigned, by doing a lottery. Finally, without purpose class VIII A, VIII B, VIII C, and VIII D were chosen as the sample. By using random assignment, VIII A and VIII C were chosen as control group while VIII B and VIII D were the experimental group. The data in this study were the students&rsquo; scores. Therefore, the instrument in this study was test. In this study, the type of the test was subjective test in making English composition especially in writing recount text. The try out was administered before the test was conducted to know the reliability of the test. To measure the reliability of the subjective test, such as the writing test in this study, the inter-rater reliability was used to measure the consistency between raters. The scores were compared to determine the consistency of the raters&rsquo; estimates. Heaton (1975: 36) points out that the test will be reliable if the test will be judged by two or more raters. According to Heaton (1975:36) that scoring rubric was included in analytic method. Analytic method marked the writing product separately on its component depended on marking scheme which had been carefully drawn up. The researcher and the English teachers used the ESL composition profile to score them. Ince the test is in the form of subjective test, correlation Pearson product-moment formula to measure the reliability of the test (Bartz, 1976:193). The result was then adjusted to the table below. Table 1: The Criteria of the Reliability of the Test with the Criteria According to Bartz (1976) The Criteria The Description Very High r .80 or above Strong r .60 to .80 Moderate r .40 to .60 Low r .20 to .40 Very Low r .20 or less From the table above, it can be seen that the r coefficient correlation between X (Rater 1) and Y (Rater 2) is 0.839. Based on the criteria of reliability in table 3.4.2, it is very high reliability. In conclusion, the test is reliable, while the content validity of the instrument was measured by relating the content of the instrument to the Standar Isi in Indonesian curriculum. It is written in standard isi in 2006 curriculum. After measuring the test, Pre test and post-test was conducted. A pre-test was used to know the students&rsquo; writing ability before the treatment while a post test was used to know the improvement of the students&rsquo; writing ability after the treatment. In other words, the pre-test and post-test were conducted to measure whether there would be significant change toward the students score in writing recount text. The time allocation for pre-test and post-test was about 90 minutes. In both pre-test and post-test, all students (both experimental group and control group) got the same worksheet. A quantitative data analysis was conducted in this study. The calculation of students scores in pre-test and post-test was intended to find out the significant difference between the experimental and the control groups which got different treatment. The result of the calculation of t-test is used to find out whether there is any significant difference between two means. There is a significant difference if the t value > t table, but if the t value < t table so there is no significant difference. RESULTS This study is conducted to investigate the significant difference between students who are taught writing recount text by using electronic stick figure and the students who are taught by using only book and whiteboard. Then, it was found that electronic stick figures are effective for teaching writing recount text in junior high school.the effect of using electronic stick to improve students&rsquo; achievement in writing recount text was investigated through comparing the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test between the experimental and control group. The significant difference of Pre-test scores of experimental and control groups is presented in the following table: Table 2: Scores of Pretest and Posttest for Experimental and Control Group Test Group df Mean tvalue t.0001 Significant Pre-test score experimental 88 60.31 -3.99 4.053 Not Significant Control 88 67.33 Post-test score experimental 88 80.24 6.067 4.053 Significant Control 88 70.29 Based on the calculation of the scores it was found that the mean of experimental group was 60.31 and Control group was 67.33 to see whether the difference of those scores are significant or not, the researcher calculated t-test. From the table 4.1 above, it can be seen that The tvalue of pre-test scores of experimental and control groups with level significance .0001 and 88 degree of freedom was -3.99 and the ttable was 4.503 ttable was higher than tvalue it means there is no significant difference between two groups. The second step was computing the post-test scores of experimental and control groups and calculated the mean of those groups (see appendix 5). From the calculation, the mean of experimental group was 80.24 and control group was 70.29. The tvalue of posttest scores of experimental and control groups with level significance .0001 and 88 degree of freedom was 6.067 and the ttable was 2.647. Table 2 shows that the tvalue was higher than ttable. It means that there is significant difference between two groups. Thirdly, the researcher compared significant difference between Pre-test and Post-test scores of Experimental Group. The tvalue of pre-test and Post-test scores of experimental with level significance .0001 and 44 degree of freedom was while the ttable was 4.320. ttable was much lower than tvalue it means there is significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of Experimental group. The table is presented below: Table 3:The Significance of the Difference in the Pre-test and Post-test Scores of Experimental and Control Group Group t value t table df Experimental 19.93 6.52 0.98 20.337 4.320 44 Control 2.96 5.55 0.84 3.52 44 The last calculation is significant difference of pre-test and Post-test scores of control group. The tvalue of pre-test and Post-test scores of control with level significance .0001 and 44 degree of freedom was and the ttable was 4.320. ttable was higher than tvalue it means there is no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of Control group. The results above show that there is significant difference between students who were taught writing recount text using electronic stick figures and those who were taught by using only textbook and whiteboard. The results of Pre-test and Post-test prove that the experimental group&rsquo;s score developed after getting treatments. The development of their means is illustrated through the figure below: Figure 1: The Comparison Means of Experimental and Control Group in Total Score of Students&rsquo; Writing Considering the results of pre-test and post-test it could be seen that the ability of experimental group now is getting higher than it was before and also higher than control group. It seems that the treatments given to experimental group were successfully done. Then, hypothesis &ldquo;There is significant difference in the term of score between students who are taught writing recount text by using electronic stick figures and those who are taught by using only textbook and whiteboard was accepted. In conclusion, the use of electronic stick figures could improve student&rsquo;s writing skill, especially in writing recount texts. DISCUSSION From the analyzed data, the researcher concludes that there is no significant difference between the students&rsquo; scores in pre test. They show the similar result. Their t values are lower than t table. It means that they have equal ability in writing recount text before experimental group was given treatments. Otherwise, the experimental group shows the higher score than control group in post-test. The reasons why the experimental group got much higher score in post-test are because of the effect of the treatments. During the treatments, students looked motivated in the classroom. It was shown when they tried to take a role in the learning activity. Students participated to answer the teacher&rsquo;s question and give more response in the section of giving feedback. The qualities of responses which students show in giving feedback ensure the researcher that they had been understand the learning material better. Consequently, the writing product was more valuable. They had been able to develop their ideas in each paragraph, use the effective vocabulary, and appropriate grammar (see appendix 12). Based on table 4.3, it looks obvious that electronic stick figures are effective in teaching writing recount for eighth graders. It is needed to analyze further about how the treatment might work to the students. In this research, the researcher gave different method in giving treatments to both groups. The experimental group were given treatments for three times by using electronic stick figure as teaching aid. On the other hand, the researcher did not give special treatment to control group. The teacher did not use electronic stick figure as teaching aid as it was used by experimental group. During the teaching learning process, the researcher only explained about recount text as usual. Researcher explained the lesson by using only textbook and whiteboard. Consequently, it makes the students get bored and lost their interest to learn English. Even though control group also worked in group during the treatment, they looked unmotivated. It seemed difficult for them to explore their ideas. On the contrary, the experimental group were so enthusiastic and pay more attention when the teacher explains the material and when the teacher asked them to write recount text, they did it vigorously. They did the assignment actively, operated the media by themselves and took a role in the group to share their ideas. Even though they had some difficulties in grammar, vocabulary, and organization in writing recount, they had solutions to overcome these difficulties by finding the keywords on the picture. Besides, the situational of stick figures make students easier to identify the generic structure and language feature of recount text. Meanwhile, the chart of stick figure with their relevant keyword and sentences make the genre more familiar and the class gets a common basic understanding about it. Besides, the situational stick figure performed part by part gives students better understanding about the chronological events, the generic structure and language feature. Thus, the experimental group enjoy the treatments and were able to write recount text effectively. Then, experimental group showed the higher mean scores than control group in the post-test with the significance difference in the .0001 level for 88 degree of freedom. For the detail of the result, It can be seen in table 4.2. The differences of the writing result were in the area of using relevant word in constructing sentences and developing the ideas in each paragraph (see the appendix 12). In the post test, students are able to construct the relevant words into sentences. They could also use the appropriate tenses in writing recount text. The number of errors in post test in less then in the pre test. The significant difference between the experimental and control group was caused by the different method above. The use of electronic stick figures influences students&rsquo; ability in writing recount text. They were helped by the media to dig up their ideas to be conveyed in written form. As stated by Brown (2001:92), teen still needs variety of sensory input which is important to develop their critical thinking. Sensory input can be in the form of verbal (speech or writing) or non verbal (a symbolic function with respect to nonverbal objects or pictures, events, and behaviours). Electronic stick figures provide both verbal and non verbal to stimulate students critical thinking. The researcher uses Pavio&rsquo;s theory to apply this kind of media in teaching and learning process named Dual Coding theory. This theory describes that cognition consists of representational systems called verbal and nonverbal systems. According to this theory, words and sentences are processed and encoded in the verbal system, while images are processed and encoded in the nonverbal system (Paivio, 1971, 1986, 1991). These coding systems are separated but interconnected so that they can operate independently, in parallel, or through their interconnections. The linguistic, or verbal, code dominates in some tasks, the nonverbal code dominates in others, and both systems are frequently used together so the information can be more memorable and understandable. Because of this theory, electronic stick figures works well in experimental group. Students are able to explore their ideas by decoding the words and pictures presented in the electronic stick figures. Another factor was related to motivation. It was clear that the students were enthusiastic and motivated to write a recount text by engaging themselves to the learning writing process. Harmer (2002: 40) stated that motivation is crucial factor in successful learning. By having a good motivation, students could learn language better and faster than students who have low motivation in learning language. Compared to previous study which was conducted by Wijanarko (2006), the writing result between students who are taught by using electronic stick figures and those who are taught by using stick figures drawn on the blackboard shows insignificant difference. Both studies show the positive effect to students who learn writing recount whether using electronic stick figures or stick figures with blackboard drawing. The t-value shows -0.097 where its value is lower than t- table 4.053 (see appendix 14). Wijanarko (2006) wanted to find out how Stick Figure improves students&rsquo; ability in writing Recount of class VIII-A SMPN 1 Lumajang. He needed twelve meeting to conduct his classroom action research. He conducted writing test four times in the 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th. Learning materials which he gave were different for each meeting. Then, he concluded that stick figures are able to arouses the students&rsquo; interest and attracts their attention, create an atmosphere in which students learned English naturally, bring the classroom into a live language situation which involved both language patterns already learned, represent the coherence and unity of the entire text and guides the students to construct the text based on the generic structure and the language feature of the text. The result of the study conducted by Wijanarko (2006) was also influenced by the number of meeting he used to teach his students. In 1st &ndash; 5th meeting, students in SMPN 1 Lumajang were introduced about stick figures and got explanation about recount. They have five days to know about recount text and how they understand the situational stick figures so they understand the material better. Otherwise, this study needed only two meeting to explain about the media and the lesson. Then, total meeting which was used for classroom action research conducted by Wijanarko (2006) was twelve meeting while this study, using electronic stick figures, just needed six meeting. The more meeting students get for learning the better result they get. Using electronic stick figures may show the better result in term of writing score if this media was applied in appropriate time. However, multimedia has an important role in this study. Compared to the stick figures drawn on the blackboard, electronic stick figures are created in a form of multimedia which has several advantages. Electronic stick figures were created using computer software, Microsoft Power Point 2007, which can be reused by the teacher or the students themselves. Consequently, teacher does not need to draw figures in each meeting. As teacher does not need to draw figures on the blackboard, teaching and learning process can run faster by operating electronic stick figures. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusions who were taught writing recount text using electronic stick figures, achieved higher scores at post-test than control group who were taught writing recount text by using only textbook and whiteboard. It is proven by the result of Post-test of experimental and control groups. The mean of experimental group is 80.24while control group is 70.29. Moreover, from the distribution of t test it was found that the result of tvalue of Post-test scores of experimental and control groups with 88 degrees of freedom is 6.067while the t.0001 is 4.503 it can be seen that tvalue is higher than ttable. The hypothesis, which says that there is significant difference in the term of score between students who are taught writing recount text by using electronic stick figures and those who are taught by using only textbook and whiteboard. The null hypothesis then is rejected. It can be said that using electronic stick figures in teaching writing recount text had significant influence to improve the students&rsquo; writing ability. In addition, the result of the study also supports the Dual Coding Theory which was established by Allan Paivio (1989). According to this theory, words and sentences are processed and encoded in the verbal system, while images are processed and encoded in the nonverbal system. For this reason, the combination between visual codes and verbal codes are more memorable and understandable. Thus, electronic stick figures in the form of multimedia which applies dual coding theory is effective for teaching writing recount text at Junior High School who still needs a sensory input to stimulate their imagination in writing activity. Suggestions Considering the result of this study which found that there is significant difference between students who were taught writing recount text using electronic stick figures and those who were taught by using only textbook and whiteboard, the researcher suggests some important things to those who are related to the result of this study, they are the English teacher, Multimedia developer, and the next researchers as well. To the English teacher, it is necessary to explore the use of electronic sick figures in teaching writing or combine the media with other teaching techniques to stimulate students to write text easily. It is also intended to avoid the monotonous activity in the class. The teacher should be aware of development of technology; even they should be able to use technology for teaching. Then, to the multimedia developers, the researcher hopes that they can be more creative in creating Multimedia Courseware to assist language learners in learning English. Electronic Stick figures are designed by using Microsoft Power Point 2003- 2010, they can also be designed by using Macromedia Flash Player or other similar applications. The last suggestion is given to the next researchers who might be interested in investigating the similar study. Since this study focused on the effectiveness of using electronic stick figures in writing recount text at Junior High School Students, hopefully the next researchers can develop the similar media to other skills or subjects for the next studies. REFERENCES Anderson, M., & Anderson, K. (1998). Text Types in English 3. Australia. Macmillan. Brown, H. Douglass. 2000. Principles of language learning and teaching. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Brown, H. Douglas. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy, 2nd ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Depdiknas. (2006). Standar Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Dolati, R. & Richard, C. (2010). Harnessing the Use of Visual Learning Aids in the English Language Classroom. Arab World English Journal, Vol. 2, 3-17. Emilia, R.T. (2008). Increasing Students&rsquo; Writing Skill Using Picture Strip Story (A Classroom Action Research at the Fist Grade of MTS Ma&rsquo;Hadul Muta&rsquo;alimin Katerbang Ngawi). Muhammadiah University of Surakarta. Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Edinburg: Pearson Education Limited. Nunan, David. (2003). Practical English language teaching. Singapore: The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies. Nunan, David. (1999). Second Language Teaching & Learning. Boston: Houghton Mifflin company Marentette, L. & Uhrick, A. (2010). Reaching Learners: Immersive Education through interractive Multimedia. North Caroline Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart,and Winston. Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. New York: Oxford University Press. Porte, G.K., 2002. Appraising Research in Second Language Learning a Practical Approach to Critical Analysis of Quantitative Research. University of Granada. Amsterdam/Philadelphi, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Ur, Penny. (2000). A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Canbridge: Cambridge University Press.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POP SONG TO TEACH WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT TO THE ELEVENTH GRADERS OF SMAN 17 SURABAYA
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
Publisher : RETAIN

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Abstract

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POP SONG TO TEACH WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT TO THE ELEVENTH GRADERS OF SMAN 17 SURABAYA Trisiyana Agustilawati Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Surabaya trisiyana24@gmail.com Him&rsquo;mawan Adi Nugroho, S.Pd., M.Pd. Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Surabaya Himmawan_95@yahoo.co.id Abstrak Menulis adalah salah satu ketrampilan yang harus dipelajari oleh para siswa dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing. Dan menulis bukanlah hal yang mudah hanya dengan menyusun kata-kata. Terkadang siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam menyusun kalimat naratif, seperti mencari arti kata, mencari ide, dan mencari kata-kata. Lagu adalah sumber ymedia yang paling mudah yang dapat dilakukan di dalam kelas. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh Lo and Fai Li (1998:8), belajar bahasa Inggris melalui lagu juga menyediakan atmosfir yang bagus untuk siswa, yang biasanya tensesnya ketika berbicara bahasa Inggris dalam kelas formal. Dan kasusu ini diadakan pada kelas XI di SMAN 17 Surabaya, karena siswa yang berumur 17 tahun suka mendengarkan musik. Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan penerapan lagu dalam pembelajaran menulis naratif pada kelas XI melalui penggunanan lagu. Peneliti menggunakan daftar cek observasi dan tugas-tugas siswa sebagai alat penlitiannya. Data diperoleh dari observasi selama penerapan lagu dalam pembelajaran naratifdan tugas siswa pada pertemuan pertama dan pertemuan kedua. Setelah melakukan observasi yang diadakan di SMAN 17 Surabaya, peneliti menjelaskan dua penemuan. Pertama, penerapan lagu untuk mengajar [elajaran naratif pada kelas XI berjalan dengan baik. Dan kedua, peneliti menemukan bahwa dengan lagu kemampuan siswa dalam menulis semakin baik dalam setiap pertemuan. Kesimpulan dari semua ini adalah dengan menggunakan lagu siswa dapat menulis cerita naratif dengan mudah. Dan hasil tugas siswa sangat memuaskan, dan hasilnya dapat dilihat dari hasil tugas siswa setiap pertemuannya. Kata Kunci: menulis, lagu, teks naratif Abstract Writing is one of the skills which should be learned by students in learning English as a foreign language. And writing is not simply a matter of putting words together. Sometimes the students have difficulties in composing narrative writing, such as: stuck to get diction, getting idea, and ordering the words.Songs are one of the most enchanting and culturally rich resources that can easily be used in language classrooms. As stated by Lo and Fai Li (1998:8), learning English through songs also provides a non-threatening atmosphere for students, who usually are tense when speaking English in a formal classroom setting. And this study conducted on the eleventh graders, because the students in 17 years old love listening music.This research was designed based on descriptive qualitative research. It aims to describe the implementation of song to teach writing narrative text to the eleventh graders of SMAN 17 Surabaya and to describe the result of the students&rsquo; writing narrative text of SMAN 17 Surabaya toward the implementation of song. The researcher uses observation checklist and students&rsquo; writing task as the instrument. The data are obtained from the observation during the implementation of song in teaching narrative text and the students&rsquo; writing narrative task in the first meeting and second meeting.After conducting the observation which is held in SMAN 17 Surabaya, the researcher described two findings. The first finding showed that the implementation of song to teach writing narrative text to the eleventh graders of SMA Negeri 17 Surabaya did well. Then, the second finding showed by using a song, the students&rsquo; writing ability was getting better in every meeting.In conclusion, by using a song the students can write narrative text easily and the result of students&rsquo; work was satisfaction, it can be seen from the student&rsquo;s task in every meeting. Keywords:Writing, song, narrative text INTRODUCTION In Indonesian, education of English is one of important subjects. But studying English is not easy for many Indonesian students since it is a foreign language. Foreign language is the language that is being learned not spoken in the local community (Robert, 1998: 4). The students must have good communication in both oral and written form. Oral form is that speaking and listening, and written form is that writing in reading. Writing is not simply a matter of putting words together. It is a recursive process. It is a process of revision and rewriting. And writing is not the only activity of producing words into paragraph or essay but there are also many aspects include in it (Nunan, 2003). Writing is a process repeated, namely process of revising and rewriting. The students must know some strategies in composing narrative writing such as: making outline, using picture, using dictionary, sharing with friends, using the tools (audio, audio-visual) or learning&rsquo;s aids( a guide). Songs are one of the most enchanting and culturally rich resources that can easily be used in language classrooms.There are two advantages by using song in teaching English. It is supported by Murphey (1992,:3), he says that two major advantages in teaching with song are memorable and motivating. The first is memorable, song has melodies that make the words or sentences essay to remember or memorize. The second is motivating, without motivation success will be hard to come, so that the students need some motivation in learning process. When songs are used in teaching process, it is enjoyable. So, the students are more motivated to learn English. Therefore, using songs as a media in teaching writing narrative text can attract the students&rsquo; interest and motivate them in learning English. Songs carry massage along its melody that can arise the students&rsquo; interest and finally make them motivate to understandand memorize the meaning of the massage ( Hancock, 2001). Based on those reasons above, the writer conducts this study on the eleventh graders. This grade is chosen because the students have problems in composing narrative text. The students in 17 years old have a habit listens a song in their mp3, radio, or television. When they have a problem in their love story, they show by listening music. So, the writer hopes by using song the students have ability in writing a narrative text. The writer finds several previous studies which are related to the writer&rsquo;s study. The first thesis title is &ldquo;Using Songs as a Suplementary Material to Teach English Skilltoward Senior High School Students&rdquo; written Rahayu Yulianti (2000). In her thesis, she used experimental research for her reseach design and she focused in listening skill. She found that songs could be used as a suplementary material for improving students&rsquo; ability in listening skill. The next thesis entitled &ldquo;Using Song to Teach English Vocabulary to Kindergarten&rdquo; written by Enny Soebagiarsih (2002). She used qualitative research for her research design. She found that the use of song to teach English vocabulary as an alternative and an effective way to improve vocabulary mastery of the students. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology is used to describe how the researcher found the result of this study. The research methodology discusses the research design,subject of the study, setting of the study, data of the study, research instrument, data collection technique, and data analysis. This research was designed based on descriptive qualitative research. It described the implementation ofpop song to teach writing narrative text to the eleventh graders of SMAN 17 Surabaya. The data were analyzed and described by the researcher in the form of words, phrases, or sentences. The purpose of this study was to describe how the teacher uses pop song in teaching writing narrative text and to know the students&rsquo; writing ability toward the implementation ofpop song to teach writing narrative text to the eleventh graders. The subject of the study was XI IPA 4 at SMAN 17 Surabaya. It was located in Jl. Rungkut Asri Tengah no 2. This research was conducted in the classroom Furthermore, the classroom was provided by facilities which support the learning activivities, such as LCD, Computer, and sound. The researcher used observation checklistand students&rsquo;writing task in order to collect the data. These data were expected to answer the question in the statement of the problems.The result of observation checklist was used to know the process of the activities used by the teacher. It was used when the teacher was conducting the activities. The data was taken according to the fact during observation in a classroom. Then, the researcher took the students&rsquo; writing task to know the resukt of the student in making narrative text after they taughed narative text by using a song. Instrument is a tool used to collect data in order to overcome of the research (Robert Lado, 1964:71). furthermore, Arikunto (2006) describes that there are some instrument that can be used in a research, those are problems sheet, questionnaire, interview guideline, and checklist. The instruments were used by the writer to get the data were observation checklist andstudents&rsquo; writing task.The observation checklist contained the steps that the teacher and the students had to do in the teaching learning process. And the students&rsquo; task would be given depend on the activity, in this case, there were two tasks. The writer would use words in scoring students&rsquo; writing result (very good, good, fair, and poor). The researcher took a part as an observer. The data of observation checklist was collected when the teacher did her activity in the class. It was taken when the teacher implemented the pop songto teach writing narrative text. Then, the data of students&rsquo; writing task weretaken after the students finished their writing narrative. The whole data which came from observation checklist and students&rsquo; writing task would be analyzed and described in form of words or description.The researcher wouldanalyze everything she saw, thought, and experienced in the classroom. The first, the researcher would analyze the students&rsquo; writing ability after the implementation of song through students&rsquo; writing task in the last meeting. The results of the students&rsquo; writing task would be analyzed using rubric score writing which was presented in a word or description. And then, the researcher would make conclusion and interpretation. FINDING AND DISCUSSION In this part, the researcher describes the result and discussion of the observation which has been held. The result and discussion of the implementation of pop song to teach writing narrative text to the eleventh graders of SMAN 17 Surabaya will be presented descriptively. The Finding of The First Observation The first meeting was held on Thursday, 20th March 2014. The observation took place at XI Science IV. There were 37 students in this class. The class of English lesson began at 10.00 a.m. the teacher started the class with opening session. She greeted the students. Then the teacher checked the attendence list. There was one absent. So, there were 36 was present in the class. After checking attandence list, she introduced the researcher to the students. She explained that the researcher would join the class and their teaching and learning activities would be observed in three meeting. The teacher prepared the material which used to teach narrative text. She prepared the sound, the LCD, and the laptop for teaching this lesson. While she was preparing the media, the students prepared their books and had short discussion with their friend. In pre activity, the teacher explained the goal of the teaching and learning and the activities that they were going to do that day. She told the students that that day they would learn how to write narrative text using a song. The teacher also said she would review narrative text, because the students had gotten that material when they were in tenth grade. The teacher asked the students to open their English book. The teacher gave the students an example of narrative text on the book and explained the generic structure of the story. The students were not too confused about the explanation of narrative text because they have already learned narrative text in the first class. After the teacher explained the activities that they were going to do. The teacher told them that that day they listened the song. The tittle is &ldquo;A Most Peculiar Man&rdquo;. The students were very happy, because it was the first time they studied while listening music. Before playing the song, the teacher gave the text which was incomplete about the lyric. She gave three minutes to read the lyric. After that, the teacher played the song three times. The teacher asked the students to pay attention during listening the song, because the students had to listen carefully to fill the blank sentences. After playing the song three times, they discussed the story of the song &ldquo;A Most Peculiar Man&rdquo; together and made a composition narrative text.The next step, after the students finished listening to the song, the teacher asked the students to read the lyrics of the song completely. She asked one students to read aloud about the lyric. After that, she asked them to find some vocabularies which they did not know the meaning yet. And then some students asked the meaning of peculiar, tiny, notified. After finding some difficult vocabulary and the meaning, the teacher and the students interpreted the story on the song together. After the teacher and the students discussed about the song, the teacher asked the students made a short story about narrative text. The teacher gave 40 minutes to make a narrative text. The story was up to the students. While the students were writing a narrative text, the teacher walked around the class. She checked the students&rsquo; writing and asked whether they had difficulties in making story. And some students asked about vocabulary. The class was sometimes silent and sometimes was crowded. Because they confused what story they had to write. After 40 minutes left, the teacher asked the students to submit their work. Altough some students had difficult in making narrative text, they had finished their works. The teacher would read the students&rsquo; writing and she would give feedback to their writing next meeting, because the time was end. Before ending the class, the teacher asked the difficulties that they faced. Then some of them told about their difficulty in vocabularies used, and some students told that they confused about making the story. Then, when the bell rang she reminded the students that in the next meeting they will learn a song again. And the teacher asked the students to prepare another story that they would make but it was not taken from book, newspaper or internet. Then the teacher said goodbye to the class. The Finding of The Second Observation The second observation was conducted on Tuesday, 25th March 2014. The class started at 8.15 a.m. As usual, before starting the lesson, the teacher ordered the students to clean the whiteboard and put the rubbish under their table. Then, she greeted the students and checked the attendance list. All of the students were present on the second observation. Thirty seven students joined the class.After that, the teacher reviewed a little about the material in the last meeting which was news item. The teacher asked the students some questions from the generic structure, language feature and the goal of the narrative text. All students could answer easily and they still remembered what their teacher explained in the last meeting. While giving questions, the teacher asked one of the students to help her prepare the sound system, laptop, and LCD. She explained that they would have the same activity as the previous meeting. They would listen a different song, discussed it and made a composition. After the teacher gave the instruction, the song was ready to play and the text had been given to the students, the teacher played the song. On the first meeting, the song was &ldquo;A Most Peculiar Man&rdquo;. And on the second meeting the song was &ldquo;Abiyoyo&rdquo;. That song was same as the last observation, it was easy listening. The teacher played the song again and asked the students to pay more attention and not to be noisy at all. When the song had been played for three times, the teacher asked the students to listen carefully to fill the blank in the lyric. The song had been played for three times.And than, the teacher and the students discussed what the song about. The teacher asked some students to tell what the song is. After discussing the song, then the teacher asked the students to make narrative composition. She gave 40 minutes to the students to make a story about narrative. While the students were making narrative composition, the teacher walked around the class, checked the students&rsquo; work. The students made narrative composition quickly, because they had understood about generic structure and language feature. So they worked easily. Sometimes the class was crowded, because they still did not know the vocabulary yet, and they asked each other. The teacher tried to answer the students&rsquo; question by walking around the class. The time was almost over, it was ten minutes left. The teacher asked the students to collect their writing. She said that she would correct the students&rsquo; work in teachers office.After the teacher explained what they would do on the next meeting then the teacher greeted to the class, and asked the students not to be noisy because the next teacher would come. The Finding of The Third Meeting The third observation or the last observation was conducted on Thursday 27th March 2014. The class began at 10.30 a.m. Actually, the class had to begin at 10 a.m, because there was meeting in teachers office, so the class missed 30 minutes. Just like on the two observations before, the teacher greeted the students and she asked the students condition after having a break. And she also said sorry because she came late. She asked the condition of the class included the equipment needed during the lesson and others. After all the things are complete, the teacher checked the student&rsquo;s attendance list. In this meeting, there was one student absent because of sick, so the number of students were 36 students that followed the class that day. Then, she reviewed the last material that had been presented on Tuesday. After reviewing the material, then the teacher informed the students who got the best score in writing narrative text. The teacher mentioned Annur who has best score in that class. Annur read her story in front of class loudly, and all of the students listened carefully. The class was very silent, because they wanted to listen the story which get score 95. The story was great, vocabulary that she used was not difficult, so that the students understood the story. And the grammar was correct, such as the use of past tense, appropriate irreguler verb, and organized composition. After Anur read her story, the teacher asked some students to read their own writing in front of class. There were some students did want to read their writing, because they did not get confidence in their writing, so they were ashame to read their story aloud in front of their friends. The teacher gave advice to the students that they needed to be ashame, because the story was origin, it was made by they self. And they had to exercise in writing, and they had to collect many vocabularies, so that they can easily write a story. After some students read their story in front of the class, teacher hope the student they would not difficult making narrative story because they learned writing narrative text by using different song from the first and second meeting. The teacher asked the students about the problem which they got in the previous meeting. The Finding of the Students&rsquo; Task Content was an important component in a composition.In narrative text, content was described the main idea of each paragraph. A good narrative text must have a good content. Good content contained supporting details and relevant topic (Joy, 1993:236).The result showed that in the first students&rsquo; task, none of the students got very good criterion. Most of them or 20 students got the poor criteria, 10 students got fair criteria, and 6 students got good criteria. It did not means that they could not write, but the way they expressed their ideas and all the information they got were not right. They still got confuse and they did not have many vocabularies to write so that it affected to their writing which were not easily understood by the reader. In the second students&rsquo; task, 5 student got very good criteria, but the amount of the students who got good criteria were increased. There were 14 students who got good criteria, 8 students got fair criteria, and 10 students got poor criteria. Even though the first task was not better than the second task , on the second observation the students could write easily and got no difficult about the grammar or vocabularies. One of the factor, the song was easy listening and the song had a good story which could be understood by the students. The organization of the text dealt with the generic structure of the text.In the narrative text, the generic structure consists of three parts, they were orientation, complication and resolution.Based on the table above, there were several result which described students&rsquo; ability in writing in term of organization. In the first task, 4 students got very good criteria, 7 students got good criteria, 17 students got fair criteria, and 8 students got poor criteria. In the first meeting, most of the students felt confused to write the text in line with the generic structure, they still got difficulty to present the story into the text. In the second task, there were 7 students got very good criteria, 15 students got good criteria, 14 students got fair criteria and 1 student got poor criteria. In the second meeting, the teacher tried to explain one more time about the generic structure before playing the song just in case to remind the students. That factor gave a positive effect, it can be seen from the second task which got better, though, there was 1 student got poor criteria, at least most of them were ready to understand how to write the narrative text. Vocabulary is a mastery of a composition which related to the mastery of effective words or idioms choice and usage. From the table above, it could be seen that in the first students&rsquo; task 3 students got very good criterion. Meanwhile, in the second students&rsquo; task, there were 9 students got very good criterion. It means that the combination of words that they used was good. They also good in word choice and usage. Then, there were 7 students got good criterion in the first students&rsquo; task. In the second students&rsquo; task, the students who got this criterion were 10 students. They made occasional error of word, choice and usage, but the meaning was still understandable. The students chose the correct words to build the sentences. The students who got fair criterion in the first students&rsquo; task were 20 students and it reduced to 15 students in the second students&rsquo; task. The students did frequent errors of word choice and usage, inappropriate register used of pararell structure. For the poor criterion, in the first students&rsquo; task there were 6 students, but in the second students&rsquo; task, the number was reduced into 2 students. Language use referred to the use of grammar, tense, number, word order/function, effective complex construction, articles, and pronouns. In narrative text usually used simple past tense, action verbs, saying verbs, and thinking verbs. According to the table, there were 2 students who got very good criterion in the first students&rsquo; task, and it increased into 10 students in the second students&rsquo; task. The students got few errors in using tense, word order/function, pronouns, and preposition. For the good criterion, there were 9 students who got it in the first students&rsquo; task and the number increased into 16 students in the second students&rsquo; task. It means that they made several errors in using tenses, word order/function, pronouns, and time signals. Furthermore, the students who got fair criterion were 11 students in the first students&rsquo; task, but the amount decreased into 7 students in the second students&rsquo; task. It means the students did frequent errors in using tenses, word order/function, pronouns, preposition, and time signals. For the pooor criterion, there were 14 students who got it. Fortunately, the number of the students decreased in the second students&rsquo; task into 4 students. The last component here was mechanics. Mechanics dealt with spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and paragraphing.Based on the table, 3 students got very good criterion in the first students&rsquo; task and 8 students got it in the second students&rsquo; task. The students did few errors of spelling, punctuation and capitalization. Next, there were 10 students who got good criterion in the first students&rsquo; task and the number increased into 17 students in the second students&rsquo; task. 16 students got fair criterion in the first students&rsquo; task and it number decreased into 9 students who got it. Meanwhile, for the poor criterion there were 7 students in the first students&rsquo; task and decreased into 3 students in the second students&rsquo; task. The most common error found when the students wrote thedirect and indirect speech in the narrative text. DISCUSSION The Discussion of the Observation In this part, the researcher discussed the result of the observation to know the implementation of song to teach writing narrative text to the eleventh graders in SMAN 17 Surabaya. It also discussed the result of students&rsquo; writing after the teacher aplied the song to teach narrative text. The observation was conducted on 20th of March, 25th of March, and 27th of March 2014, which song was used or implemented as an media to teach narrative text. In this study, the students determined to write a story after the teachealied the song in their own words. Based on two meetings, the researcher could conclude that the activity was successful.The result of the observation was taken from the observation checklist and field note. It was obvious that the implementation of song to teach writing narrative text was based on the theory by Harmer (2004). Furthermore, there were three activities which had been conducted in implementing this research; pre-activity, whilst activity (pre-writing, whilst writing, post writing), and post activity. In every meeting, the teacher started the class by greeting the students and checking the attendance list. Then, it continued by reviewing lesson in the last meeting and introducing the new lesson that they would learn that day. In that moment, the students were enthusiastic and felt happy to hear that. According to Harmer (2007) explains that music and song could give different atmosphere in the classroom, it can amuse and entertain the learners. Moreover, after the teacher explained the objective of the lesson that day, she also gave brainstorming which asked the students about generic structer and language feature of narrative text. After the teacher explained a little about narrative text, she prepared the material, such as the leptop, LCD, and sound. It made the students&rsquo; happy and builtt the motivation in learning process. Before the teacher played the song, she gave a lyric which incomplete, then the teacher played the song three time. It was suitable with the theory from Brown (2013) which stated that students would be interested in learning language through song. Song could motivate the students in getting ideas of stories to write. In every meeting, there were three activities which had done by the teacher. They were pre-activity, whilst activity, and post activity. In pre- activity, the teacher reviewed about narrative text to the student. She gave the generic structure, language feature and the example of narrative text to the students so that they remembered narrative text. Because of the teacher&rsquo;s explanation, the students were able to remember all the things about narrative text.In whilst activity, the teacher gave an incomplete lyric to the students and asked them to read three minutes to read it. After that the teacher played the song three times. She asked the students to listen to the song carefully, so that the students could fill the blank lyric. After listening the song, discussed the story of the song. The teacher gave question to the student what the song about. Then, the teacher asked the students&rsquo; to write a narrative text based on points of narrative text that she had explained The last was post activity. In post activity, the teacher asked the students to submit their writing. Then, they were discussing the problem which they got during the writing activity. After thet, the teacher gave information what would they did in the next meeting. The teacher would give feedback the students&rsquo; writing in the next meeting.For the second meeting, the teacher did the same activity as the first meeting. She reviewed the lesson in last meeting. After the teacher explained what they would do that day, the teacher prepared the material. She gave text about lyric of another song which was incomplete. And then the teacher played the song three times. After playing the song, they discussed about what song about. After that, the teacher asked the students making narrative story in their own words. After the students making the story, the teacher asked them to submit the students&rsquo; work, and the teacher would give feedback to their writing. On the third observation, the teacher did not play the song anymore. She just gave the student&rsquo;s writing and informed who had the best score. And the teacher asked the students who had the best score to read aloud about her story in front of the class. After the students read her story in front of the class, then the teacher gave feedback. Actually, in her lesson plan, on the third observation the teacher still had to apply the song to teach narrative, but she said that implemented the song twice was enough for students. Because it would make them did not get focuss to the lesson, and they would enjoy singing than enjoy learning the narrative text. So, on the third observation, theteacher did not aplay the song to teach narrative text. There was one different in teacher&rsquo;s implementation from Harmer&rsquo;s technique, it was giving an incomplete lyric to the students. In Harmer&rsquo;s technique, the teacher gave lyric of the song to the students before playing the song, but in this observation, the teacher gave an incomplete lyric to the students, she asked the students to read about three minutes the lyric, after that the teacher played the song three times, and asked the students to listen carefully that song, so the students could fill the blank sentence. In this observation, the researcher saw that the implementation of song to teach writing narrative text did not appropriate with the theory. Because in chapter 1, process of writing were inventing, planning, drafting, revising and editing. And the teacher did not use those five components in process of writing. The teacher just played thje song and than asked the students to fill the blank sentence, after that they analyzed what the song about and the last the teacher asked the students to make narrative with their own words. The teacher used the result of the students&rsquo; writing task as the assessment. It had a purpose to know how the result of the students&rsquo; writing of SMAN 17 Surabaya after the teacher aplied the song to teach writing narrative text to the eleventh graders. In assessing the students&rsquo; writing task, the teacher used the ESL Composition Profile. The result of the writing tasks showed that in each meeting, the score of the students&rsquo; were getting better. Finally, it can be concluded that, implementation of song made the students easily to write a narrative story. The Discussion of the Students&rsquo; Task The total of the students&rsquo; task that submitted to the teacher was different, in the first meeting, the total task was 36 tasks and in the second meeting, the total task was 37 students. It happened because in the first meeting, there were one student who did not join the class and in the second meeting there was no absent.The data from the task was taken in the first and second meeting. The results of the students were totally different, because the songs were different. From the first to the second work, the students&rsquo; work was different. The students&rsquo; work in the second meeting was better than the students&rsquo; work in the first meeting. In the term of content, no students got good mark in the first meeting, but it increased in the second meeting. It happened because the students got confused what story they would write. They had not prepared the story yet. In the term of organization, the result of the first meeting was not too bad, because there were four students who got very good criterion, but eight students got poor criterion. In the second meeting fifteen students got good criterion. Actually, most of them understood about the organization which related to the generic structure, but they still made a few mistakes to write it. In term of vocabulary, the result in the first meeting mostly dominated by the students who got fair criterion. Mostly, the level of the students in the term of vocabulary was average. In the first meeting, the vocabulary in the composition of some students were limited, but in the second meeting, the vocabulary of the composition more than before. In the term of grammar or language use, the students seemed to have no difficulties, but still some mistakes were made by them in using the tenses. Fortunately, the students&rsquo; task in term of grammar in the first meeting better than those in the second meeting . The poor criterion was always made by the same person. In the term of mechanics, the researcher could conclude that most of the students were good in mechanics. They really paid attention to the capitalization, punctuation and spelling. Even though, there wassevent students who got poor in the first meeting, most of the students got good criterion in the second meeting. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that there were many students who were able to write narrative story composition with correct generic structure of narrative text, grammar, vocabulary, and mechanic, but they had to pay more attention to content. The difficulty appeared because the students got confuse what story they would write, because they had no idea to write the story. The complete data can be seen on appendix. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion The researcher concludes that the implementation of song had been done well by the teacher. The teacher also got success to motivate the students to be more active in the process of teaching and learning.Based on the data for answering second research question, the result of students&rsquo; work was satisfaction. From five elements, only in term of content that none of the students got very good criterion in the first meeting, but for other aspects, there were some students who got very good criterion. Suggestion The first suggestion, it is a must for the teacher to be more creative in teaching and try to figure out other media in the learning process. The media can be inform of picture, video, and music. It can help the students learn the target language easily and at the same time it will reduce their restlessness and boredom.And the second, the teacher should rearrange again the the lesson plan of the activity because the time is limited to conduct the writing activity.And the last, when the teacher was looking around, the students compete to get the teacher&rsquo;s attention. So the teacher should make them to be patient and do not make a noise. REFERENCES Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta. Rineka Cipta. Brown, H.D. 2003. Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom practices. Fransisco State University. Longman. Harmer, J. (2004). How to Teach Writing. England. Pearson Longman. Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Fourth Edition. England. Pearson Longman. Hancock, M. 2001. Using Song and Games in the Language Classroom. Lado, R. 1964. Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill, inc. Lo, Li Fai. Developing Second Language Skills: Theory to Practice. US: Houghton Miffin Company. Murphey, Team. 1992. Music and Song. London. Oxford University Perss. Nunan, David. 2003. Second Language Teaching and Learning. New York: International Thompson Publishing Company. Robert, Edgar. Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs. 1998.
APPLICATION OF WILD CARD TECHNIQUES TO TEACH WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TO THE FIRST GRADERS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
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Abstract

APPLICATION OF WILD CARD TECHNIQUES TO TEACH WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TO THE FIRST GRADERS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Fitrianti Wulandari, Dr.Oikurema Purwati, M.Appl English Education Program, Faculty of Languanges and Arts Surabaya State University Fitriantiwulandari@ymail.com ABTRACT This research is aimed to describe the application of wild card techniques to teach writing descriptive to the first graders of junior high school and to describe the students&rsquo; result after the application. The design of this research is a qualitative research. To conduct the research, a field note is used as an instrument which components are descriptive part and reflective part. The research subjects are the students of 26 Junior High School Surabaya, especially the students of VII G Class. The result of this research is that the application of wild card to teach writing descriptive was conducted properly according to the framework suggested by Willis and was very engaging and motivating the students. Students&rsquo;result after the application of wild card language teaching on the first and the second meeting were averagely good. Since it was not a classroom action research, the research was not aimed to improve the students&rsquo; result. Keyword: wild card, application of wild card technique, writing, descriptive, junior high school. ABSTRAKSI Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan tentang tehnik wild card untuk mengajar di kelas pertama sekekolah menengah pertama dan untuk menjelaskan tentang hasil dari pengaplikasian tehnik tersebut. Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Untuk mendukung jalannya penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan field note sebagai instrumentnya. Dengan bagian dari field note yang berisi deskripsi dan refleksi. Subjek peneliti adalah murid kelas VII G SMPN 26 Surabaya. Hasil dari penelitian penerapan wild card untuk mengajar writing descriptive sangat mengacu pada framework menurut teori dari Willis. Sangat memotivasi para murid. Hasil penelitian setelah penerapan wild card di pertemuan pertama dan kedua sangatlah memuaskan. Tapi ini bukanlah penelitian tindakan kelas, karena penelitian ini tidak bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil siswa. INTRODUCTION English as an international language plays an important role in human being civilization in recent days. Mastering English is very important to support people&rsquo;s communication in this era. Anywhere people want to connect, the language mostly used is English. Communication itself can be separated into two, they are written and oral communication. people learn spoken language first before they learn written version, but not all people can communicate their ideas orally. To overcome this problem, written communication becomes the alternative for those who have difficulties in communicating orally. Therefore, students need to learn how to write in proper way. written language is more understandable than spoken language. This happens when the speaker speaks too fast or not clear in pronunciation or vocalization. It makes the listener difficult to understand what the speaker speaks. many Junior High School students often face difficulties in learning writing. They consider that writing is a complex skill, they must think about their ideas and they must write their ideas in English appropriately at the same time. So, the teacher should give more exercises to the students in order to develop their writing skill especially in nmaking a text (genre) because there are many genres that must be learned by Junior High School Students. In writing functional texts, they can learn how to write many kinds of texts, such as descriptive, narrative, recount, procedure, report, etc. Type of texts which is going to be discussed in this study is descriptive text. descriptive text is taught in the second graders of junior high school (basic competence no. 12.2) it seems writing descriptive text is the simplest and easiest for the students still get difficulty in how to start writing because they lack of idea. The teachers should use the available aids to make the students enjoy in learning the descriptive text. A wild card is one of the interesting teaching aids. According to Collins stated that a wild card is an interactive way to motivate students in their writing and discussion. This card consist of some jumbled sentences which should be arrange by the students becomes a good paragraph. It means that a wild card is one of teaching aids that can be used by the teachers in teaching learning process (1998). According to the Lindstomberg (2004), wild card technique previously known as kill the text. This teechnique uses complete sentences that have been cut into several parts according to the sentence subject, predicate and complement. In indentifying the subject of the sentence, students will learn about nouns generally occupy the predicate position. The latter students will learn about the modifier, adverb, adjective, complementary group which usually occupy complementary positions. This technique can help teachers introduce English nouns, adjectives, and verbs in the descriptions text. So the students do not have to learn a lot of adjectives and objects separately. In addition, students can learn about simple sentences when they combine the seperate parts becomes a complete sentence. According to Ellis (2006), there are three stages in applicating wild card techniques in a classroom, which they are the pre-activity stage, the during the stage, and the last stage. When the pre-activity, the teacher asked the student to make a group then the teacher gave the group about the topic. Each group had different topic. After that the teacher gave them the wild card. In the during the activity, the teacher gave time to the students to finished the wild card. Here, the students have to arrange jumbled sentences becomes a good paragraph. In the last activity, the students must show the result of wild card in front of the class. This technique was effective to engage and motivate the students to learn writing descriptive actively. A wild card is simply a collection of items in card that corresponds to the jumbled paragraph. It is still rarely used by the teachers in teaching learning of descriptive text. Most of teachers use picture as media when they teach descriptive text. Based on the explanation above, the researcher would like to conduct a study on the use of a wild card as media for teaching writing descriptive text for the eighth graders of junior high school of SMPN 26 Surabaya. The researcher chooses that school because SMPN 26 Surabaya is facilitated with card as media when the teacher teaches descriptive text. By means of the facilitation, the researcher tries to use wild card in teaching writing descriptive text. By doing this study, the writer hope this study can be useful for the writer, students, and the teachers of English language. Students This study can encourage and stimulate the students to improve their ability in producing written texts properly. They will have another strategy to generate and organize thought and ideas. They will be easy to prevent the writers&rsquo; block of having the bound of idea that they want to write. And this study will make them know that wild card is not only for games but also for writing. Teachers This study can make teaching writing become easier. Teachers will have another way in giving instruction to students in teaching writing. And it will also add the varieties of strategies in teaching writing. The writer This study will prove that wild card can be used for other purposes, such as writing. This study focuses on the application of wild card techniques in the first grade of 26 State Junior High School Surabaya. The research was conducted by observing and describing the application of wild card techniques done by the teacher of the first grader of junior high school. The findings do not discuss about the advantages or disadvantages of wild card techniques. This study also focuses on students&rsquo; writing ability, especially in writing descriptive. To avoid misunderstanding and gain the same perception, the researcher provides the following key terms. A wild card is simply a collection of items in a card that corresponds to the jumbled paragragraph. (Collins, 2008: 117) Writing is visual representation of thoughts, feelings, and ideas using symbols of the writer&rsquo;s language system for the purpose of communication or recording (Poteet, 1992: 231) A descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is liked and lists the characteristics of something. Its pursose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place or thing. (Pullock, 1995: 217). As a way of communication, the main purpose of writing activity is to communicate in a written form. It is a communication between the writers and the readers. That is why, writing means telling what the writers think to the others. The writers express the idea through writing, and this writing requires many complicated things in the proces. Writing as a process can be defined as a complex system people use when transcribing ideas into written forms (Stone.1994). Writing is essential in academicals fields. Writing mastery during school time is a must, since it will facilitate students to learn other skills as well. Abbot (1981:143) said that there are good psychological and practical reasons why writing should be integrated with other language skills. Even where the main goal is spoken skill is some academic areas, writing can be a great assistance. It implies that writing will reinforce other skills, such as reading, listening, and speaking because students&rsquo; range of vocabulary and structure will be increased automatically. Additionally, Harmer (2001) also says that in the teaching of writing, it can be focused on the product, writing activity is stressed in the aim of a task. Expressing ideas in the writing process has four stages, they are: Prewriting: Prewriting is any kind of experience or activity that motivates a person to write. It uses a variety of active experience to expand ideas and to help writers organize their ideas before they begin to write. Writing: This is the step where ideas are recorded on the paper. The focus in writing is to write frequently, expressing ideas quickly with little concern for correctness. The writers need to understand that the first draft is for synthesizing thought and ideas form the prewriting experience. The writers are also need to be given frequent opportunities to do all kinds of writing and to have specific purpose for writing. Responding: Responding allows person to get reaction from other person on what they have writen. The responses are usually given in the form of statements, questions, or suggestions and can be given orally or in the writen form. The responses also provide guidance to the writers in clarifying their writing. Revising: In this revising process, the writers receive comments from others. This is a step where the writers can delete, add or change the ideas but not to correct it. Writing also can help someone to solve the problems, to understand the other things better, and to communicate with other clearly. Dealing with that uniqueness, Stratta et.al (1973: 15) states the basic creative process is one that describe as the discovery of uniqueness. The writer discovers his own uniqueness, he discovers the uniqueness of words to express the uniqueness of mind, and he discovers the uniqueness of form that is chosen a result of the nature of the uniquness. Thus, writing can help the writer to understand himself better too. In other words, people will feel better when they can express their mind in a form of writing. Descriptive is a piece of text that describes a particular person, place, or thing. It is also used in all forms of writing to create vivid impression of a person, place, object or event. Its purpose is to tell about the subject by describing its feature without including personal opinions. The purpose of descriptive test also emphasize by Hyland (2002:20). He states that the purpose of descriptive is to give an account of imagined, factual events and phenomena. That is why, by imagine and investigate in depth something being described by the writer, the listener or the readers can visualize the topic and enter the writer&rsquo;s experience. Descriptive, basically, concentrates upon words relate to human sense, such as sight, sounds, and smells. As Pullock (1995:217) says that people have to be conscious of sight, smells and sounds when they are outdoors. He also says, there are two things required to write good descriptive paragraph; (1) observing as many details as you can, and (2) selecting the one that give clearest picture. Through the concrete picture, readers can find the description more meaningful. The generic structure of descriptive text are identification or definition and description. The language features according to Mursyid (2011) is Descriptive often uses &lsquo;be&rsquo; and &lsquo;have&rsquo;. Tense which is often used is simple present tense. However, sometimes it uses past tense if the thing to be described does not exist anymore. A wild card is one of the interesting teaching aids. According to Collins stated that a wild card is an interactive way to motivate students in their writing and discussion. This card consist of some jumbled sentences which should be arrange by the students becomes a good paragraph. It means that a wild card is one of teaching aids that can be used by the teachers in teaching learning process (1998). Wild Card technique previously known as Kill the Text (Lindstromberg, 2004:52). This technique uses complete sentences that have been cut into several parts according to the sentence subject, predicate and complement. In identifying the subject of the sentence, students will learn about nouns generally occupy the subject. Later in the article, students will learn about verbs that generally occupy the predicate position. The latter students will learn about the modifier, adverb, adjective, complementary group which usually occupy complementary positions. According to Ellis (2006), there are three stages in applicating wild card techniques in a classroom, which they are the pre-activity stage, the during the stage, and the last stage. When the pre-activity, the teacher asked the student to make a group then the teacher gave the group about the topic. Each group had different topic. After that the teacher gave them the wild card. In the during the activity, the teacher gave time to the students to finished the wild card. Here, the students have to arrange jumbled sentences becomes a good paragraph. In the last activity, the students must show the result of wild card in front of the class. This technique was effective to engage and motivate the students to learn writing descriptive actively. This technique can help teachers introduce English nouns, adjectives, and verbs in the description text descriptions so that students do not have to learn a lot of adjectives and objects separately. In addition, students can learn about simple sentences when they combine the separate parts so that it becomes a complete sentence. In the depiction of the home, students will recognize the shape, color, size, number, origin of manufacture of an item and how to recognize the goods or location. Everything can be summed up in a few sentences simple pre-prepared and in a state of incomplete cut. Student task is to find pieces that fit its original state, forming a simple sentence as before. Clipped sentences presented in the form caption depiction of a house so that when students are able to find the right pieces will be obtained correctly structured sentences and thank the grammatical English and also get a text description of the depiction. This technique can be done in groups or individuals in order to enable them to complete the essay. This study is descriptive qualitative. According to Freeman and Long (1991:11) that the descriptive qulitative is the study which is designed to identify and describe the observed phenomena in the form of words rather than in number. In this study, the researcher studies the application of wild card technique in writing descriptive text at the seventh grade students of junior high school. The researcher also gives the questionnaire to the students. Then, the researcher analyzes and describes the data in the form words. She describes the natural setting that is the real situation which happens in the class and also analyzes the students&rsquo; composition in a desciptive way. RESEARCH DESIGN This study is descriptive qualitative. According to Freeman and Long (1991:11) that the descriptive qulitative is the study which is designed to identify and describe the observed phenomena in the form of words rather than in number. In this study, the researcher studies the application of wild card technique in writing descriptive text at the seventh grade students of junior high school. The researcher also gives the questionnaire to the students. Then, the researcher analyzes and describes the data in the form words. She describes the natural setting that is the real situation which happens in the class and also analyzes the students&rsquo; composition in a desciptive way. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The researcher will use a field note as an instrument to conduct the research. Field notes contain everything that the researcher will be seen. It has two components. They are descriptive part and reflective part. The descriptive part includes a complete description of the setting, the people, and their reactions and interpersonal relationships, and account of events (Ary, Jacobs et al. 2010). Whereas the reflective one, stated by Ary et. al (2010), includes the observer&rsquo;s personal feelings or impressions about the events, comments on the research method, decisions and problems, records of ethical issues, and speculations about data analysis. Field notes may include photographs and picture. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE The data collected will be a qualitative data. During the research, the researcher will do a non-participant observation as a technique to collect the data needed to answer the research questions. Non-participant observation is less subjective which latter involves observing actions and interactions, perhaps sitting in a corner of the room, silent, but attentive (Koshy 2005). DATA ANALYZING Miles and Huberman in Koshy (2005) suggest three process of analyzing qualitative data, which are data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming the data that appear in the written up field notes or transcriptions Koshy (2005). Data displays can include different types of graphs, charts and networks which purpose is to make organised information into an immediately available, accessible, compact form. Finally, the researcher draws a conclusion explicitly. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS In this part, the researcher describes the observation result of application wild card techniques to teach writing descriptive text to the seventh graders of 26 Junior High School Surabaya. The researcher used an observation list as an instrument of the research to collect the data. The observation was conducted in class VII G in 26 Junior High School Surabaya. There were two meetings which were conducted on the 25th and 27th of November 2013. The time allocated was 2x40 minutes. The researcher attended the class was not as the teacher but as an observer of the research. The research observed the whole activities and behavior occurred in the class done by both the teacher and the students. The research wrote all the teaching-learning process in the class from the beginning until the end on a piece of paper which is called a field note. The Students&rsquo; Writing Result after the Application of Wild Card Technique In this part, the researcher elaborated the students&rsquo; result of writing ability from the two meetings. The students&rsquo; writing were used to identify their achievement. The researcher analyzed the students&rsquo; individual writing ability based on Brown and Bailey Analytical Scores for Rating Composition Tasks ( 2004:244-245 ) The components of ESL writing proficiency are orgnization, grammar, vocabulary, and content. 4.1.2.1 First Meeting On the first meeting, students were asked to do a task in group. Each group had to describe a picture they got from the teacher and write their reports in front of the class on the whiteboard. After that, the teacher asked the students wrote what they had said on the whiteboard. Group One My Classroom This is my classroom. My classroom is orderly. (Student 1). There are three pens colors purple, green, and pink. There are three pictures. (Student 2). There is one ruler. There are two erasers of soft. (Student 3). There are six chairs made from wood for students. There is one cupboard at the corner of class. (Student 22). There is a vase pretty. There are seven tables. There is one book above a table. (Student 2). From the transcript we can see that group one made only few mistakes. Student 22 gets the highest score because she made almost no mistakes. Her grammar and vocabulary were very good. She could even write very fastly. It seemed that she could comprehend every word she said although her organization is not perfect. Her score was 4 for organization, and 5 for grammar, vocabulary, and content. The second writer from group one was Student 2. She made a little mistake by writing &ldquo;there are three pens colors purple, green, and pink&rdquo; which is grammatically wrong. She should have written &ldquo;there are three pens. They are purple, green, and pink&rdquo;. It would have been correct. Her organization was good enough so she got 4 for her orgnization. Because she made a little bit mistakes grammatically, she also got 4 for grammar. Her vocabulary and content were also good enough that she got 4 for each component. The next writer were Student 1 and Student 3. Their organization was good enough that they got 4 for it. However her grammar, vocbulary, and, content were not good that she got 3 for each component. One of them wrote &ldquo;There are two erasers of soft&rdquo; which was grammatically wrong. She should have wrote &ldquo;There are two soft erasers&rdquo;. 4.1.2.2 Second Meeting On the second meeting, the teacher asked the students to gather in some groups. Each group had to finish arranging a sentences which had a wild card on it. The teacher let each group to compete each other to finish the wild card. Here is the group which had finished arranging the wild card first: Number Name Works 1 Student 4 I have a nice a classroom. My classroom is located in the corner of my school. 2 Student 5 In the classroom there are tables, chairs, white boards, lamps, cupboard. There are twenty tables in the my classroom. There are forty chairs in the my classroom. 3 Student 6 The fan is above the floor. The picture of president is above the whiteboard. Although it is small. I love my classroom so much. Student 4 got 4 for each writing content. Her organization was good. Although she made a little bit mistakes in case of grammar, but it didn&rsquo;t obscure the meaning, that she got 4 for it. Her vocabulary, grammar, and contenr were also good. Student 5 was the second writer. Fortunately, his organiztion, grammar, vocabulary, and content were good. He could organize well. He made a little bit mistakes by writing &ldquo;In the classroom there are tables, chairs, white boards, lamps, cupboard&rdquo; This is grammatically wrong because there were cupboard. He should have said &ldquo;and there is a cupboard.&rdquo; Fortunately, it didn&rsquo;t obscure the meaning. That&rsquo;s why he got 4 for grammar. The third writer was Student 6. His organization was good. Although he made a little bit mistakes in case of grammar, but it didn&rsquo;t obscure the meaning, that he got 4 for it. His vocabulary, grammar, and contenr were also good. The Discussion of the Observation In this part, the researcher will discuss the result of the observation in the relation of theory. 4.2.1 The Application of Wild Card Techniques On the first meeting, in the pre-activity stage, the teacher organized the students to make some groups. There were six groups consisted of five students, while the other one consisted of five students.. The teacher instructed each group to describe parts of a house they saw on their books. There were eight parts of a house in the book. The teacher explained about the definition and the characteristics of a descriptive text. The teacher also explained a little bit about the simple present tense, the use of &ldquo;there is&rdquo; and &ldquo;there are&rdquo;, articles &lsquo;a&rsquo; and &lsquo;an&rsquo;, and singular and plural nouns. The students were so quiet and enthusiastic to listen to the teacher&rsquo;s explanation. In the second stage or during stage, the teacher gave the students fifteen minutes to think about what they were going to write to describe the picture. Before letting the students did the group discussion, the teacher had stated that the teacher would not help them at all. The students should work themselves. This is in line to what Willis suggests. According to Willis (1996), in this stage, teachers shouldn&rsquo;t help the students. Teachers should let them work themselves to construct the sentences and the language expression they would use. In the last stage, the teacher evaluated the students&rsquo; work in front of the class. The teacher called the group one by one to come forward and write their works on the whiteboard. Every member of the group took turn to describe the picture he/ she got at least two sentences. This is done so the other students could see their friends work and then evaluate what might be incorrect. On the second meeting, in the pre-activity stage, the teacher reviewed the lesson on the previous meeting. On this meeting, the teacher explained a little bit more about the simple present tense. The teacher explained about verbal and nominal sentences of the simple present tense. After that, the teacher remarked that they would conduct a wild card game. Next, the teacher mentioned some conditions while playing the game that the students should play fairly, use English when interacting, and finish the game in five minutes. Next, the teacher divided the class into seven groups. The teacher instructed the each group to make circle. After that, the teacher distributed the wild card to each group. In during stage, the wild card game started. The teacher moved around the class and observed the students. Like always, the teacher, asked the students to speak in English while solving the game. In the last stage, the teacher called each group to come forward to write their works. Each member of the group had to arranged well the sentences in the wild card. When the student was describing the picture, the teacher circle any mistakes and errors made by the student. After that, the teacher conducted an evaluation towards the students&rsquo; works. In conclusion, what the teacher did on the first meeting and the second meeting were all in line to the framework of application wild card techniques suggested by Ellis. According to Ellis (2006) there are three stages in applicating wild card techniques in a classroom, which they are the pre-activity stage, the during stage, and the last stage. When the pre-activity, the teacher asked the student to make a group then the teacher gave the group about the topic. Each group had different topic. After that the teacher gave them the wild card. In the during the activity, the teacher gave time to the students to finished the wild card. Here, the students have to arrange jumbled sentences becomes a good paragraph. In the last activity, the students must show the result of wild card in front of the class. This technique was effective to engage and motivate the students to learn writing descriptive actively. The teacher also understood the notion of the task given to the students. The task was designed not only to be completed, but also to reach the communicative purpose in order to achieve an outcome Willis (1996). It can be seen from the first and the second meetings that all of the students tried to not only complete the task given by the teacher, but also produce the language. The Students&rsquo; Writing Result after the Application of Wild Card Techniques. There are 24 students in the first meeting. They did not really know how to describe something or place well. They lack of the organization, grammar, vocabulary and content. They did not get the text before. At the first they felt confusied but after the teacher explain little by little, some of them understood about describing text but some of them not really know. On the first meeting there are 3 students got good in organization, 2 students got good in grammar, and a student got good in vocabulary and content. For very good, there are 3 students got very good in organization, 3 students also got very good in grammar, 2 students got very good in vocab and 4 students got very good in content. For perfect, there are 2 students got perfect in grammar and 2 students got perfect in content. And this is the result : Organization is 3.78 from 4. It means that most of the students&rsquo; organization is very good. Grammar is 4.36 from 4. It means that most of the students&rsquo; grammar is very good. Vocabulary is 4.27 from 4. It means that most of the students&rsquo; vocabulary is very good. Content is 3.96 from 4. It means that most of the students&rsquo; content is very good. There are five students who were absent in the second meeting. There are nineteen students in the classroom. The condition was different with the first meeting. On the second meeting, the students more entusiasthic and attractive because of wild card game. Some of them said that they prefer study with game. They taught that with game, the teaching learning process becomes fun and enjoyful. Almost all of them understood how to write description text well. On the second meeting there are 7 students got very good in organization. 4 students got very good in grammar, a student got very good in vocabulary ans content. For perfect, there are 6 students got perfect in organization, 3 students got perfect in grammar and 2 students got perfect in vocabulary. Here is the result : Organization is 3.93 from 4. It means that most of the students&rsquo; organization is very good. Grammar is 3.83 from 4. It means that most of the students&rsquo; grammar is very good. Vocabulary is 3.46 from 4. It means that most of the students&rsquo; vocabulary is good. Content is 3.4 from 4. It means that most of the students&rsquo; content is good. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusion According to this research, it is concluded that: The application of wild card technique to teach writing descriptive to the first graders of junior high score was conducted properly according to the framework suggested by Ellis. application was effective to engage and motivate the students to learn written descriptive actively. The students&rsquo; result after the application on the first and the second meeting were averagely good. Most of the students got good scores in writing descriptive. Suggestions From the result and the discussion, the researcher has some suggestion to teacher and the other researchers. Hopefully, the suggestion could help in the future research and studies. Wild card can be used for making writing descriptive easier. The teachers have to explain the use of wild card and how to arrange wild card into a paragraph. The teachers have to explain the generic structure of the next out of the technique used in the teaching learning activity. For the next researchers, this method could be applicated in different grades, skills, and themes. REFERENCES Ary, D., L. C. Jacobs, et al. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education. Belmont, USA, Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Ellis, R. (2006). "The application of wild card technique." Asian EFL Journal 8(3). Freeman, D. L. (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Koshy, V. (2005). Action Research for Improving Practice. London, Paul Chaoman Publishing. Willis, J. (1996). A framework for wild card technique, Pearson PTR. Lindstromberg, S. (Ed.). (2004). Language Activities for Teenagers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Poteet (1992). Grammar, Writing, and Technology: A Sample Technology-supported Approach to Teaching Grammar and Improving Writing for ESL Learners. CALICO Journal, 23(2), 23. Nunan, D. (2008). Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reid, J. (Ed.). (2008). Writing Myths: Applying Second Language Research to Classroom Teaching. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Pullock, J. (1995). Explicit Teaching of Grammar and Improvement in the Grammar of Student Writing.Journal for Language Teaching, 35(4), 16. Priyana (2008). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Edisi Revisi. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Liu, Y. (2009). "What am I Supposed to Say?" --ESL Students' Expectation of Writing Conferences. 99 Arizona Working Papers in SLA and Teaching, 16, 22.
The Implementation of  Four-Square Writing Technique in Teaching Writing Narrative Writing of Short Story to Tenth Grader of Senior High School
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
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Abstract

The Implementation of Four-Square Writing Technique in Teaching Writing Narrative Writing of Short Story to Tenth Grader of Senior High School Nurul Mahfudhotin English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Surabaya nu.shine46@gmail.com Name : Nurul Mahfudhotin NIM : 102084040 Study Program : S-1 Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Faculty : Language and Arts Institution : Surabaya State University Advisor : Dr. Oikurema Purwati, M.Appl. Years : 2014 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan four-square writing technique dalam pengajaran penulisan naratif dalam bentuk cerita pendek kepada siswa kelas X Sekolah Menengah Atas. Penelitian ini menyusun beberapa pertanyan : (1) bagaimana guru menerapkan four-square writing technique dalam pengajaran penulisan naratif dalam bentuk cerita pendek? dan (2) bagaimana tugas siswa setelah penerapan four-square writing technique? Penelitian ini telah membuktikan bahwa four-square writing technique dapat membantu siswa dalam menyusun sebuah teks naratif. Penelitian menunjukkan keuntungan dari four-square writing technique terhadap komposisi tulisan siswa. Komposisi siswa menunjukkan hasil yang baik setelah dianalisa menggunakan ESL Composition Measurement oleh Jacob. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa four-square writing technique adalah teknik yang berguna untuk membantu siswa menyusun sebuah teks naratif. Kata Kunci: menulis, teks naratif, cerita pendek, teknik four-square writing This study is designed to describe the implementation of four-square writing technique in teaching narrative writing of short story to tenth grader of senior high school. This study composes some questions: (1) how does the teacher implement four-square writing technique in teaching narrative writing of short story? And (2) how is the students&rsquo; task after the implementation of Four Square Writing Technique? This study has proved that the Four Square Writing Technique can help the students in composing a narrative text. The study shows the benefits of the Four Square Writing Technique towards the students writing composition. The students&rsquo; composition showed good result after being analyzed by using by Jacob. The study concludes that Four Square Writing Technique is a useful technique to help the students compose a narrative text. Keywords: writing, narrative text, short story, four-square writing technique INTRODUCTION Writing as one of productive skill is also used in written communication. According to J.D Angelo (1989), writing is a form of thinking. Writing is an activity of expressing someone&rsquo;s idea, feeling or thinking in written form. When someone tries to write something, the writing will show everything on their minds. One of text genres which learnt by the students of senior high school is Narrative text. Warringer (1986) states that Narrative is a kind of discourse that answer the question &ldquo;what happened&rdquo;. Narrative tells something happened in past such as legend, myth, fable, fairytale and personal experience which has problem and resolution in it. Some students find it is difficult to express their idea in written form, especially in English as it is not their native language. Writing is difficult not only for second or foreign language learners but also for native language learners (Nunan, 1991). One of text genres which learnt by the students of senior high school is Narrative text. Warringer (1986) states that Narrative is a kind of discourse that answer the question &ldquo;what happened&rdquo;.Susanti (2005) argues that the students are still confused about English rules which cause them hard to form Narrative composition. In this study, the writer wants to promote another solution that is Four-Square Technique. Four-Square Technique is a Technique to help students organize their idea by filling their ideas into Four-Square shape with some clues to form their writing. This Technique is actually quite similar to mind mapping, since both of them are used to generate ideas. However, they have some differences. First, in Four-Square Technique, students are asked to put their ideas into four-square shape, so they can only have four ideas to be explain. While in mind mapping, students can put their ideas in any shape and it is not limited. Another difference is that in mind mapping, the students have to put some words to form sentences, but in Four Square Writing Technique the students have to put a idea for each paragraph. Gould (1999) describes that Four-Square Technique is the way to helps the students interested and motivated in easy organization in every square they have. There were some studies conducted in applying Four-Square Writing Technique to help the students develop their writing skills. Two of them were done by Fatimah (2010) who conducted research on the implementation of Four-Square Writing Technique in writing recount text and Darmawan (2011) who also conducted research on the implementation of Four-Square Writing Technique in writing descriptive text. From the background of study above, the writer comes up with research questions: (1) how does the teacher implement Four Square Writing Technique in teaching Narrative Writing of Short Story? and (2) how is the students&rsquo; task after the implementation of Four Square Writing Technique? METHOD This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. In this research, there was no control of treatment as in experimental research. Ary et. al. (2010) states that qualitative research is a research that investigates the quality of relationships, activities, situations, and materials. On the other hand, Huda (1999) defines qualitative research is usually associated with the method of analyzing data and writing the research report. Qualitative research studies behavior as it occurs naturally in a classroom (Ary et. al., 2010). The researcher conducted observation two times. The researcher tried to describe her study by using words in explaining the data according to the objectives of this study. In this study, the researcher focused on the teaching and learning process, especially on the students&rsquo; Narrative writing of short story. This study is held in SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya. The subjects of this study were the students of X MIIA 1 SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya, which consisted of 25 students. Unfortunately, three students were absent when the writer conducted the research. The data of this study are the result of the observation and the result of students&rsquo; tasks. The result of the observation includes the teachers&rsquo; activities during the teaching and learning process, while the result of the students&rsquo; tasks refers to the narrative composition that the students write. After getting all of the data needed, the researcher analyzes the data qualitatively in descriptive way using words and sentences. The data are taken during the teaching and learning process in the classroom. The data are analyzed based on the result of observation and the students&rsquo; tasks. The result of observation analysis is based on the teaching and learning activities during the implementation of four-square writing technique in teaching narrative writing. While the students&rsquo; tasks are used to analyze the students&rsquo; narrative composition regarding on the organization, content, vocabulary, language used and mechanic using ESL Composition Measurement by Jacob (1981). The result of students&rsquo; tasks analysis describes their ability in composing narrative text. IMPLEMENTATION OF FOUR-SQUARE WRITING TECHNIQUE The first meeting was conducted on Thursday, 10 April 2014 at 07.40 a.m. The class began 10 minutes late because the previous teacher had not ended her explanation when the English teacher came. While waiting for the previous teacher to finish her explanation, the English teacher rechecked her preparation for teaching. When the teacher entered the classroom, the students were sitting on their chair. They were separated into two group, male students and female students. The students were getting interested in the material, which is narrative text. They interacted actively, discussing the kinds of narrative text they had already learned.The students were able to mention some of narrative kinds. They also mentioned its generic structure and langguage feature. The second meeting was held on Thursday, 10th April 2014 at 7 th and 8 th periods which were started from 12.30 until 02.00 p.m. The class was started right after them having their break time for praying and having lunch. When the teacher entered the classroom, the students were not ready for teaching and learning process. Some students were talking to their friends; some were eating snacks, some of the students in the back row also still playing with their gadgets. The teacher started the lesson right after the students preparing themselves. The class began at 12.35. The teacher repeated her explanation in the previous meeting. The material of narrative text was familiar for the students because they already being introduced to this genre since they were in Junior High School. The students seemed already had good basic knowledge of narrative, so they were able to answer the teachers questions. The students pay attention to the teacher&rsquo;s explanation. Some of them were also taking notes from the teacher&rsquo;s explanation. Some girls in the second row, discussed about the material. The teacher explained about four-square writing technique. She also explained the application of this technique in writing. She gave an example of text which is made using four-square writing technique. The teacher gave the students a paper of blank sheet of Four-Square Writing Technique model. The students had to follow the guidelines given. In the first paragraph, they had to write introductory paragraph. In the second paragraph, they had to write the problem faced by the charachter(s). The resolution would be in the third paragraph and in the last paragraph, the students had to write the moral value of the story. After the teacher explained the task, the students started to make their own composition of narrative. Some students asked for more explanation to the teacher to make sure that they had already made the right composition. The teacher walked around the class to make sure that all of the students already understood the material and also understood how to use four-square writing technique in helping them to make a good composition of short story. THE STUDENTS&rsquo; TASK AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOUR-SQUARE WRITING TECHNIQUE Content plays very important role in a composition because it takes the writer&rsquo;s idea. There are four criteria in evaluating content. They are knowledgeable, substantive, through development of thesis and relevant to assign the topic (Jacob, 1981). The evaluation of content can be categorized into four levels. They are excellent to very good, good to average, fair to poor, and very poor. The students&rsquo; composition based on the content showed good result. There was no student who got &ldquo;very poor&rdquo; in terms of content. There are six criteria in evaluating organization of the composition. They are fluent expression, ideas clearly stated or supported, well organized, succinct, logical sequencing, and cohesive (Jacob, 1981). Jacob states that there are four levels to describe the writing ability in terms of organization. They are excellent to very good, good to average, fair to poor, and very poor. The students&rsquo; writing ability in terms of organization showed good result during the implementation of four-square writing technique. There was only a student got &ldquo;poor&rdquo; score in their organization of writing. In a compotition, vocabulary plays an important role that can measure whether the composition is understandable or not, since vocabulary is carrying the meaning and the ideas of the writer. Based on the ESL Composition Measurement by jacob (1981), there are four criteria in evaluating content. They are sophisticated range, effective word or idiom choice and usage, word form mastery, and appropriate register. It is also categorized into four levels, excellent to very good, good to average, fair to poor, and very poor. In terms of vocabulary, the students composition showed good result. The students used effective words. Some of them also showed off their vocabulary mastery by showing their ability in word choice which can make the students&rsquo; compositions understandable. Language also becomes one of the most important things in writing a composition. It is a sign which shows when the story take place. There are eight criteria to evaluate the student&rsquo;s composition in terms of language used. They are effective complex constructions, few errors of agreement, tense, number, word order or function, articles, pronoun, preposition. The students&rsquo; composition based on the language used showed good result. There were only few minor error of agreements and preposition. Some of them had problem with tenses used in short story. However, those errors did not influence too much to the story. In writing, mechanics are , however, considered as important too. Mechanics show the intonation when the reader read the text. It also shows the writer emotions in the story. Jacob (1081) states that there are five criteria in evaluating a composition based on the mechanics. They are demonstrates mastery of conventions, few errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization and paragraphing. In terms of mechanics, the students composition showed good result. Alomost all of the students did not have any problem with mechanics. They had already known when to put pull stop and coma, also another sign. DISCUSSION In terms of content, the result showed that the students were able to make good composition of short story. Most of the students were able to deliver their ideas through the composition they made. There was only one student who got &ldquo;poor&rdquo; level, while there were 8 students who got &ldquo;very good&rdquo; level. The result of the students&rsquo; task revealed that the students&rsquo; writing ability showed good result based on their writing organization. There were 2 students got &ldquo;poor&rdquo; score in terms of organization and there were 4 students considered as &ldquo;very good&rdquo;. The students. who got &ldquo;fair to poor&rdquo; level, failed to explore enough details to develop their composition and their stories went around the bus. The students&rsquo; task showed good result in terms of vocabulary. The students were able to show their mastery of vocabulary by using various word choice. There is only one student who got &ldquo;poor&rdquo; level and there was also one of the students who got &ldquo;very good&rdquo; level. In terms of language, the students&rsquo; task showed good result. Altough there still 3 students who got &ldquo;poor&rdquo; level. the problem was actually tense used in the short story. The students combined both present and past tense in their story, which actually should be in form of past tense. The students did not find any difficulties in terms of mechanics. It was proven by the result of their composition. There was no student got &ldquo;poor&rdquo; level in mechanics analysis. Minor errors as capitalization and punctuation were the most common errors done by the students. CONCLUSION The implementation of the first and second meeting were showed good result. All of the students pay attention to the teacher and actively asked some questions related to the material. It showed that the teacher had already succeed in implementing Four-Square Writing Technique in teaching narrative writing of Short Story to the Tenth Grader of SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya. The students compotition showed good result in terms of content, organization, vocabolary, language used and mechanics based on the ESL Composition Measurement written by Jacob (1981). It showed that the students can apply the Four-Square Writing Technique quite well. REFERENCES Abbot, G., et. al. 1981. The Teaching of English as an International Language to Practical Guide. Great Britain: William Collins Sons Co.Ltd. Anderson, Mark and Kathy Anderson.1997. Text Types in English 2. South Yarra: Mac Millian Education Australia Pty Ltd A Scott, Wendy and Ytreberg, Lisbeth H.1990.Teaching English to Children. USA : Longman Inc Eltis, K.J. 1990. A Genre Based Approach to Teaching Writing Years 3. Sydney: Common Ground Fitria, Ayu. 2011. The Implementation of Spider Map Strategy to Teach Writing Descriptive Text to The Seventh Grade of SMPN 2 Krian Sidoarjo.Surabaya:State University of Surabaya Gould, Judith S. & Evan Jay. 1999. Four Square Writing Technique. Teaching & Learning Company: Carthage, IL. Harmer, Jeremy.2001.The Practice of English Language Teaching 3rd Edition. England: Person Educational Limited Langan, J. (2001). English Skills. New York, The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Nunan, David.1991.Language Teaching Techniqueology: A Text Book for Teachers.Newyork:Pretice Hall International (UK) Ltd. Nunan, David.2003.Practical English Language Teaching. New York : McGraw-Hill Riafinah, Umu. 2011.Mind Mapping as an Alternative Strategy to Teach Speaking Narrative Text to The Eight Grade Students of SMP Zainuddin Sidoarjo. Surabaya:State University of Surabaya
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WRITE-PAIR-SHARE TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING PROCEDURE TEXT TO THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 KEDIRI
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
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Abstract

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WRITE-PAIR-SHARE TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING PROCEDURE TEXT TO THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 KEDIRI Muhammad Baiqun Isbahi English Education Department, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University. email : baiqunbai@gmail.com Drs. Fahri, M.A. English Education Department, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskipsikan penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure pada siswa kelas sepuluh di SMAN 1 Kediri, untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure, dan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil menulis teks procedure siswa setelah penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure. Penelitian ini menggunakan penel itian deskriptif qualitative tanpa ada perhitungan statistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teknik Write-Pair-Share sukses diterapkan di kelas dan teknik yang membantu baik guru dan siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar menulis teks procedure dalam konteks &bdquo;knowledge of content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics‟. Teknik Write-Pair-Share mampu mengaj ak minat siswa untuk menulis. Kata Kunci: Menul is, teknik Write-Pair-Share, teks procedure, siswa kelas sepuluh Abstract This study is conducted to describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri, describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the students result after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. This study used descriptive qualitative research without any statistical calculation. The result of this study showed that Write-Pair-Share technique was successfully implemented in class and it was helpful technique for both the teacher and the students in teaching and learning process of writing procedure text in terms of &bdquo;knowledge of content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics‟. Write-Pair-Share technique could engage the students‟ willingness to write. Keywords: Writing, Write-Pair-Share technique, procedure text, tenth grade students are composition, in which the teachers ask the students to write a composition based on the material or teaching topic individually. First is jigsaw technique, in which the students have to make a group of several students, then write a composition together and the leader of the group should teach the other members in order to make all of the group members understand with their composition, because the teacher will call one of them randomly to explain in front of the class (Kagan, 2001). Second is Numbered Heads Together (Kagan, 2001) stated that a class is divided into several groups which consists of four students in each group. In every student in a group is given numbers of 1, 2, 3, and 4. The groups work together with the each member of the group, and the teacher will call out a number (one), so the students who have number three have to answer the teacher‟s question. Third is Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique which has similarity with writing stages, and many other techniques. Those techniques above focus on writing activity, which help both teachers and students in teaching learning writing. By using those techniques, teachers are easy to engage the students‟ willingness to write and the students will have more willingness to write. Among those techniques above, Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique is the focus in this study. As an alternative technique which engages students‟ willingness to write, this Write-Pair-Share technique is an appropriate technique to be applied in teaching writing skill since the stages in this technique are the same as the common stages in writing skill. For example, the first stage of this technique, that is writing down the ideas individually is the same as planning stage. The second stage of this technique, that is discussing the ideas with pair is similar with drafting stage, while sharing the result with the other pairs to get more feedback is the same as revising stage. Besides, the researcher also thinks that Write-Pair-Share technique which belongs to cooperative learning can help the students in teaching learning process. Moreover, eighth grade students are included in adolescent learners who are bound up need for peer approval like cooperative learning (Harmer, 2007:83). Cooperative Learning (CL) itself is an approach which organizes classroom activities by grouping the students to do the activities together for improving students‟ understanding of a subject (Jacobs et.al, 2003). In this study the researcher focuses on the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text because the researcher believes that the students can write procedure text easily using this technique which has some stages in writing process. In writing procedure text, the students can write their experiences or events in the past. Based on SI (Standar Isi) or Competence Based Curriculum, procedure itself is one of text types (genres) which how to do something which contains goal, materials, and steps. The researcher believes that by using Write-Pair-Share technique, it can help the students more enthusiastic in writing procedure text. Here, the researcher will investigate more about the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the students writing procedure text task when Write-Pair-Share technique is applied. Based on the background above, the researcher‟s big expectation of this research is therefore to reveal the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching procedure text by conducting this research to the tenth graders of SMAN 1 Kediri. Related to the reasons above, the foundations of the study are come up to the surface as the research questions. Those are: How does the teacher implement Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri? How are the students procedure writing text result during the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text? This study is conducted to describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri, and the students result after the implementation of Write-Pair-&shy;Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Writing is one of the productive skills in the form of written text which needs more accuracy than speaking because we cannot correct ourselves as soon as possible like correcting speaking (Harmer, 2012:128). Compared to speaking skill, writing skill considers many aspects that need to be regarded. They are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanic. Because when we make mistakes during speaking, we can correct it directly and other people can tolerate us. On the other hand, when we make mistakes during writing, we cannot correct it directly and people cannot tolerate it. Moreover, writing skill can involve the students‟ meaning-focused use, language focused-use, and fluency development (Nation. 2009: 113). Therefore, the students have to be more accurate in writing. There are some statements related to writing process. First, Boas (2011) says that writing is one of the English skills whose activity is planning, drafting, and revising texts. Second, Hedge (1993) argues that the process of writing are pre-writing, while-writing, and post-writing. Meanwhile, O‟Malley & Pierce (1996:254) say that there are three stages in writing process, they are pre-writing, drafting, and post-writing. And other expert explains there are four stages in writing process; they are planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012: 128-129). In this study the researcher will use Harmer‟s concept. Planning Planning stage is the first stage which leads the students to write. In this stage, the students will plan what they want to write. It will stimulate them to find their ideas to write. Boas (2011) says that planning stage is used for brainstorming ideas which are related to their lives and what they want to write. Drafting In this stage, the students can start to write what they want to write after planning their ideas. Here, the students just write their ideas in to the draft without thinking the neatness of their writing. Editing After making draft, the students review their rough draft and edit it before they write their final version. The students check their rough draft, whether it is perfect or not and they can add their ideas if it is necessary. In this case, the students can check the content, grammar, vocabulary, and so on. After editing, they can continue to the next stage that is final version. Final version In the last stage, the students still have chance to rethink what they have written and go back to editing stage or even planning stage. Because Harmer (2012:129) states that writing stages are like writing cycle, if it is necessary to add ideas or edit their writing, we can go back to the previous stage or stages. But if it does not need to edit, the students can do their writing final version. The purpose of all processes in writing; planning, drafting, editing, and final version is to improve students‟ writing ability. By those processes above, the students will try to make a good paragraph or essay. In teaching learning process, cooperative learning is needed because the students can share their ideas and knowledge during writing with their friends in their group. It has a chance to increase the students confidence in sharing their opinion in their group (Harmer, 2007:166). Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique is one of the cooperative learning techniques which is adapted from Think-Pair-Share. The steps in Write-Pair-Share technique are writing down the ideas individually (Jacobs et.al, 1997:13). It means that the students cannot do the first step together with the pair or other friends, they have to write down the ideas individually. Then discussing the ideas with the pair or partner who consists of two students. Here the students can ask, give advice to the pair or partner before sharing to other groups. Then the last step is sharing their writing result in front of the class to get feedback from other groups in class (Jacobs et al, 1997:20). The other groups can correct and give advice to their friends‟ mistakes. Write-Pair-Share technique is one of the techniques which the teacher used in teaching writing procedure text. Although Write-Pair-Share technique is not too efficient because of some stages there, this technique helps the students to develop conceptual understanding of a topic, the students‟ ability to draw conclusions, and the students‟ ability to consider their friends‟ point of view (Kagan and Kagan, 1994:89). Because of certain time during implementing of Write-Pair-Share technique, the writing activity becomes more focused than usual. The students can write and discuss their composition with their partner or their friend on time (Kagan, 1994). The implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text should include writing process, they are planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012:129). Based on Harmer‟s concept, the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text in the class have some activities to do. They are: The teacher explains and gives example of procedure text. The teacher also explains how to write mind- mapping. The teacher gives a topic to write procedure text. The teacher asks the students to write down the students‟ planning in mind mapping. The teacher asks the students to exchange their work with their partner. The students can write their procedure text draft. The teacher calls one of the students randomly to share the draft in front of the class. The students submit their procedure text result as the final version to the teacher. METHODS This study is concerned with describing the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Therefore, this study used descriptive qualitative research. The purpose of this study is to describe the teaching learning process in the form of words not in the form of numbers, because this study is descriptive qualitative. Moreover, Bogdan and Biklen (1992:28) state that the data collected should be in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. The data in this study will be described in the form of words, sentences, or paragraphs to describe the implementation, the students‟ responses, and the students procedure writing text result using Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. The subjects of this study are the teacher and the students in SMAN 1 Kediri. The researcher chooses one of three English teachers in SMAN 1 Kediri, who teaches in X-1 class and he is used to use cooperative learning in his class. The researcher believes that he can implement Write-Pair-Share technique in his class easily. The researcher chooses the tenth grade students in SMAN 1 Kediri as the subjects of this study. The researcher chooses this grade, because according to Competence Based curriculum, tenth grade students have to write text types such as procedure, descriptive, and procedure text in writing skill. The researcher also thinks that they have gotten English since they were in Elementary school; they just explore and improve their ability in writing skill. Cohen, et al (2007:461) states that descriptive qualitative focuses on smaller numbers of people than quantitative research. Therefore, the researcher only chooses one class in SMAN 1 Kediri, that is X-1 which contains 34 students because the students. The observation of this study would be at SMAN 1 Kediri. The setting of the study would be conducted in room X-1 of SMAN 1 Kediri. There are 15 males‟ students and 19 females‟ students who sit on 34 chairs and use 17 desks. Each student sits in one single chair and writes on double desk. Referring to the research questions in Chapter 1, the researcher would take data and sources of the data of this study. For the first research question, the data are teachers activity during the implementation of Write&shy;Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, start from the beginning until the end of the class. To get these data, the researcher observed the teacher during the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Meanwhile, for the second research question, the data are words, phrases, and sentences from the students procedure writing text result. To get these data, the researcher analyzed the students procedure writing text result by using ESL Composition profile. Research instruments used to analyze the data in this study are: (1) Observation checklist, (2) Field note, (3) Students procedure writing text result. Technique used to collect the data in this study is observation. Since the design of this study is descriptive qualitative research, the researcher here acts as a non&shy;participant observer. In other words, the researcher observed the teacher when he was conducting teaching learning process and fill the observation checklist. Besides, the researcher also took a note on all the activities in teaching learning process to support the data in observation checklist. Then the researcher spread out questionnaire to the students at the last meeting. At last, the researcher collecting and analyzing the students‟ procedure writing text using ESL composition profile. After collecting all of the data which were gotten from the observation checklist, field note, and students procedure writing text, the researcher then analyzed them descriptively. The data were gotten from the teacher through observation checklist and field note. The result of observation checklist and field note was used to compile the information about the teachers implementation of Write-&shy;Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text and the problems occur during the implementation. Besides from the teacher, Meanwhile, the data gathered from the students procedure writing text result gave information whether the technique is applicable and understandable or not in writing procedure text. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result The researcher did the research for three days on Friday March 3rd, Wednesday March 10th , and Friday May 17th 2014. The researcher here is as an observer who sat at the backward of the class. The researcher observed the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, the students‟ responses after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. 1. The First Meeting The first observation was conducted on Friday, March 3rd 2014. The class began at 09.40 a.m., the teacher had already prepared the teaching materials. All of the students were ready in their desk but few of them were outside the class after taking a rest. The captain of the class called his friends that the lesson had begun. The teacher started the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the teaching material. There were thirty six students in this class, but two of them had to move to the other school because of some matters. As a result, there were only thirty four students but today three of them were sick. The teacher reviewed procedure text, some of them asked why they had to reviewed it again, because they had learned procedure text at the beginning of the semester. T : &ldquo;Ok let‟s continue the lesson, who still remember about procedure text?, raise your hand.&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Lho kok procedure text lagi Sir, kan sudah diajarkan dulu.&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Kenapa diulang lagi Sir?&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Iya sekarang beda menulis procedure text menggunakan Write-Pair-Share technique or WPS technique.&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Apa itu?&rdquo; T : &ldquo;WPS technique itu teknik menulis yang harus menulis ide awal kalian dalam bentuk mind mapping, trus diskusi dengan teman sebangku kalian, setelah itu baru di diskusikan bersama didepan kelas&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Waduh angele ae Sir Sir&rdquo;. S : &ldquo;Mind mapping itu yg buat gambar bulet-bulet itu ya Sir?&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Good, lho who can answer my question about procedure text?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;procedure text kan yang step-step kan?&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Very good, then the generic structure?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;goal and materials&rdquo;. T : &ldquo;And then?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;steps Sir&rdquo;. T : &ldquo;What are the language features of procedure text?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Use present tense&rdquo;. T : &ldquo;Why?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Because urutannya Sir&rdquo;. Then, the teacher gave a handout which consist of another example of procedure text and asked the students to answer the exercises. Almost of the students could do the exercises correctly. The teacher also told the students about Write-Pair-Share in general before the time was over. The teacher closed the class by greeting the students and concluding the material. 2. The Second Meeting The second meeting was conducted on Wednesday March 10th 2014. The class began at 8.20 a.m., the teacher had prepared all the materials and the media, such as laptop and LCD projector. Today all the students attended the class. The teacher began the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the last meeting about procedure text and Write-Pair-Share technique. Most of the students had still confused about Write-Pair-Share technique. The teacher explained more about Write-Pair-Share technique. The teacher asked the students to write procedure text with the topic which teacher divided using Write-Pair-Share technique. The students had to write different topic with their friends, one topic only for three or four students. At first, the teacher asked the students to write down their ideas into mind mapping for ten minutes. Ten minutes letter, the teacher asked the students to discuss and share their mind mapping and make a draft from that mind mapping with their pair. After that, the students stopped to make a draft and the teacher called a student to share the draft in front of the class using LCD projector. At first, the students did not know what they have to do in share stage. T : &ldquo;This is your friend‟s draft, now you can give advice or comment of this draft.&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Maksudnya apa sir? I don‟t understand&rdquo;. T : &ldquo;Silent please, maksudnya itu tulisan teman kalian, mbak Wulan harus kalian komentari dari tensesnya, besar kecil tulisan, titik komanya, isi ceritanya juga betul apa salah. Now wulan it‟s your turn&rdquo;. There were only two students who shared the draft in front of the class and the other students also had a chance to revise their draft based on sharing stage. The teacher closed the class by concluding the activity, asking the students to bring dictionary in the next meeting , and greeting the students. 3. The Third Meeting It was on Friday, March 17th 2014, The class began at 09.40 a.m., the teacher had prepared the teaching material and the media, like laptop and LCD projector. There were two students who were sick today. The teacher began the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the material in the last meeting. The teacher explained Write-Pair-Share technique again and explained the students‟ mistake in the first task. T : &ldquo;Students pay attention please, do you still remember about procedure text?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Yes Sir I remember.&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Very good, if you still remember, I will ask you what tenses we use in writing procedure text? Tenses apa yang kita gunakan dalam menulis procedure text&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Simple present tense Sir.&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Nah itu harus sering-sering buka kamus. Dan ada beberapa yang salah penulisan conjunction after that tapi ditulis after dad. Today, the students had still to write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique, but different topic. The teacher asked the students to write procedure text based on their own experiences. The stages were same with stages in the first task, wrote down the ideas in the form of mind mapping, shared with their pair to make a draft from their mind mapping, and shared in front of the class. But in the middle of the lesson, the electricity was off, so the students had to write the draft in the white board. The students did all stages quietly, because they understood what they do using Write-Pair-Share technique and they brought dictionaries. The teacher closed the class by concluding the lesson, and greeting the students. Then, the researcher asked the students to fill the questionnaire that given by the researcher for a while before the students went home. The Result of Students&rsquo; Procedure Writing Text To describe the students procedure writing text, the researcher described it through the students‟ writing scores for each component from content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. In this part, the researcher explained the students procedure writing text that is used to answer the third research question in Chapter 1. The researcher used Jacobs, H, et al. (1981) ESL composition profile which had four writing criteria. They are, very good, good, fair, and poor. After analyzing the students procedure writing text using ESL composition profile, the researcher did not forget to discuss the students score with the teacher. . Discussion The discussion explains the result of the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, the students‟ responses after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. The Implementation of Write-Pair-Share Technique Based on the result of three meetings on May 3rd, 8th, and 10th 2013, it could be seen that the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique helped the students to develop their topic (Kagan and Kagan, 1994:89). The implementation was appropriate with Jacob, et al. (1997:13) that the students have to write down the ideas individually, discuss the ideas with the pair, and share the result with the other pairs. At the first meeting on March 3rd 2014, in preparation step the teacher reviewed procedure text by giving handout which consists of example of procedure text and some exercises. The teacher only reviewed procedure text, because the students had learned about procedure text at the beginning of the semester and the teacher explained Write-Pair-Share technique in general. After that, the teacher and the students analyzed the example of procedure text together. The teacher also did not forget to ask the students to make question if they still did not understand with the example. Then the teacher continued the lesson by asking the students to do the exercises. Almost of the students could answer the exercises correctly. At the second meeting on May 8th 2014, the teacher also did not forget to remind the students about procedure text. In this meeting, the teacher asked the students to write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique with different topic that teacher gave. In the write stage, the teacher asked the students to write their ideas into mind mapping for ten minutes (Jacobs et.al. 1997:13). The teacher gave the students an example how to make mind mapping on the whiteboard. And then in pair stage, the teacher asked them to share and discuss with their partner about their mind mapping and continued their mind mapping into the draft for about twenty minutes. In that stage, some students had difficulties in using verb and vocabularies. Thirty minutes later, the teacher asked the students to share their draft in front of the class. The teacher called one of them randomly to share their draft in front of the class. After sharing stage, the teacher gave the students more time to edit and revise their draft based on the sharing stage before submitting the final version. At the third meeting on May 10th 2013, the teacher asked the students to write procedure text freely based on their experiences. Before the teacher asked the students, he gave feedback for the first task in the second meeting, because feedback is important in writing activity (Nation, 2008). Although using different topic, but the technique was same with the second meeting that is using Write&shy;Pair-Share technique. The students‟ writing ability was getting better than the second meeting, because the students had a chance to discuss and get comment or suggestion from their partner (Jacobs et.al, 1997:14), they also brought their own dictionary. By using Write&shy;Pair-Share technique, the students could be more focus in writing procedure text than usual (Kagan, 2004) The Students&rsquo; Procedure Writing Text There are five components in writing; they are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. Here the teacher only asked the students to submit the final version of the students‟ recount writing text result, which consists of students‟ mind mapping and students‟ recount writing text result without the students‟ recount writing text rough draft. Therefore, the researcher only analyzed the students‟ recount writing text result according to Jacobs, H, et al. (1981) ESL composition profile based on recount text. The teacher saw the students‟ progress from the general score of the students‟ recount writing text result from the first task and the second task. Before the researcher analyzed it, the students had passed planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012:128-129). Based on the students‟ recount writing result, the researcher presents the result of the content analysis on the students‟ writing recount text from the first and the second task. It was used to simplify and to know the students‟ improvement in content term. In the first task there were five students who got good criteria and seven students who got very good level. It means that they could focus on developing their ideas related to the topic and the story was knowledgeable. Then there were five students got good criteria in the first task and there were two students got good level in the second task, in this criteria, the students presented limited development of story and lack detail of specific participants. Meanwhile, the students who considered as fair criteria were five students the first task and nine students in the second task. It means that the students in this criteria had limited knowledge of specific participants and inadequate development ideas related to the topic. And the students who categorized into poor criteria had decreased, from seventeen students in the first task, became eleven students in the second task. The students‟ organization became better by using Write-Pair-Share technique. There were some students who could develop their writing in organization. From four students who got very good level in the first task, became eight students who got very good level in the second task. It means that the students who got very good level could organize the generic structure of recount text (Orientation, events, and re-orientation) and the students had fluent expression, ideas clearly supporting sentences. And the poor level was decrease from eighteen students in the first task became fourteen students in the second task. It means that the students had known their mistakes in organizing the text and in connecting each sentence. From the explanation above, it could be seen that the students‟ ability in term of organization were successfully enhanced by using Write-Pair-Share technique. In vocabulary component, there were two students who considered as very good criteria in the first task and three students who considered as very good criteria in the second task. The students in this criteria were increased, it means that they used word choice and usage, temporal conjunction and temporal circumstances, material (or action) processes, and relational (or mental) processes correctly. Next, there were six students who got good criteria in the first task and nine students in the second task. Then three students in the first task and eight students in the second task who considered as fair criteria. Meanwhile, seventeen students got poor criteria in the first task became ten students in the second task. It means the students in this criteria used essential translation, did not use temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances. It could be concluded that the students‟ ability in terms of vocabulary were successfully enhanced by using Write-Pair-Share technique. Based on the data presented, language use is one of the components in writing that is little bit difficult to improve. For example in the first task, there were only one student who was categorized into very good level, and there were two students who were categorized into very good level in the second task. It means that the students had few errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, and prepositions. In the first task there were four students who got good level and six students in the second task. In this criteria, the students had several errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, prepositions but the meaning seldom obscured. While in the first task and in the second task, only four students who got fair criteria. The students had still frequent errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, prepositions, meaning confused or obscured. Meanwhile, there were twenty students in the first task and there were eighteen students in the second task. It showed not too significant development in language use term. Dealing with the result of the mechanics analysis of the students‟ recount writing text, it also showed not too significant development in mechanics term. Because, there were two students who were considered as very good criteria in the first task and there were four students who were considered as very good criteria. In this criteria, the students had few errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing. There were eight students in the first task and there were six students in the second task who categorized as good criteria. It means that the students were occasional errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing but the meaning was not obscured. Meanwhile, in fair criteria, there were five students in the first task and there were seven students in the second task. And the last, there were thirteen students in the first task who got poor criteria and there were thirteen students in the second task. It could be concluded that there were little progress in term of mechanics. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion In this study, there are three conclusions got from the result of the study that are obtained from the observation in SMAN 1 Kediri They are described as follows: Write-Pair-Share technique can be used as teaching technique in teaching writing recount text to the eighth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri. The implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing of procedure text can be divided into three sections, those are: - Write stage, it includes planning stage where the students had to write down their ideas in the form of mind mapping. - Pair Stage , it includes drafting stage where the students developed their mind mapping to be procedure text draft with their pair. The students were allowed to discuss with their pair; they could give comments and suggestions to each other. - Share stage, it includes editing and final version of writing procedure text. The students had to share their draft in front of the class; their friends could give comments, suggestions, and feedback from the teacher if it is necessary. Then the students had to edit and submit the final version of their procedure text. The researcher used structured questionnaire to know the students‟ responses toward the teaching of writing procedure text by using Write-Pair-Share technique. Based on the result of questionnaire, most of the students were interested in using Write-Pair&shy;Share technique as teaching technique in teaching writing procedure text. Because, the students had a chance to discuss and get comment or suggestion from their partner (Jacobs et.al, 1997:14). The use of Write-Pair-Share technique could help the eighth grade students of SMPN 1 Tarik in learning writing procedure text. It is shown by the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. They were asked to write a procedure text based on the theme and their own experience. And most of the students could write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique, because the students could be more focus in writing procedure text than usual (Kagan, 2004). It is provided from the students‟ score which improves from the first task to the second task. Suggestion Based on the data interpretation and the previous conclusion, the researcher has some suggestions to the teachers and the other researcher. The researcher constructs her suggestions as follows: In teaching young learners, the teacher should know and understand their characteristics because they have different characteristics from the adults. The English teachers have to be creative in teaching learning process especially in teaching writing. It means that the teachers should use the teaching technique or material so that it can avoid the students‟ boredom and make them interested in learning to write. The researcher would like to invite next researchers who conduct the similar study to make improvement on this study, such as using the same field but different subjects. It means they can use the other subjects. REFERENCES Ary, D, et al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Boas, V. I. 2011. Process Writing and the Internet: Blogs and Ning Networks in the Classroom. English Teaching Forum. 49(2),. 1-8. Bogdan, R.C. and Biklen,S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education:An Introduction to Theories and Methods. Boston:Pearson. Brown, H. Douglas. 2004. Language Assessment: Principles and Language Classroom Practices. White Plains, New York: Pearson Education. Brown, H. Douglas. 2007. Teaching by Principles, An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. United States of America: Longman. Cohen, L, et al. 2000. Research Methods in Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Cohen, L, et al. 2007. Research Methods in Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Depdiknas.2004.Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris untuk SMP dan MTS. Jakarta: Depdiknas. Habibah, Nur Laela. 2012. The Effectiveness of Write‑ Pair-Share Technique to Teach Writing Narrative Text to the Eleventh Graders of SMA Negeri 3 Kediri. Unpublished Thesis S-1. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Harmer, Jeremy. 2001. The Practice of English Language Teaching. London: Longman. Harmer, Jeremy. 2007. The Practice of English Language Teaching. London: Longman. Harmer, Jeremy. 2012. Teacher Knowledge. London: Longman. Hedge, T. 1993. Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jacobs, G. M, et al. 2003. Using cooperative learning in large classes. http://www.georgejacobs. net/ retrieved on February 18th 2013. Jacobs, George M, et al.1997. Learning Cooperative Learning Via Cooperative Learning: A Sourcesbook of Lesson Plans For Teach Education
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WRITE-PAIR-SHARE TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING PROCEDURE TEXT TO THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 KEDIRI
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
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Abstract

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WRITE-PAIR-SHARE TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING PROCEDURE TEXT TO THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 KEDIRI Muhammad Baiqun Isbahi English Education Department, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University. email : baiqunbai@gmail.com Drs. Fahri, M.A. English Education Department, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskipsikan penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure pada siswa kelas sepuluh di SMAN 1 Kediri, untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure, dan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil menulis teks procedure siswa setelah penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure. Penelitian ini menggunakan penel itian deskriptif qualitative tanpa ada perhitungan statistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teknik Write-Pair-Share sukses diterapkan di kelas dan teknik yang membantu baik guru dan siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar menulis teks procedure dalam konteks &bdquo;knowledge of content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics‟. Teknik Write-Pair-Share mampu mengaj ak minat siswa untuk menulis. Kata Kunci: Menul is, teknik Write-Pair-Share, teks procedure, siswa kelas sepuluh Abstract This study is conducted to describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri, describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the students result after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. This study used descriptive qualitative research without any statistical calculation. The result of this study showed that Write-Pair-Share technique was successfully implemented in class and it was helpful technique for both the teacher and the students in teaching and learning process of writing procedure text in terms of &bdquo;knowledge of content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics‟. Write-Pair-Share technique could engage the students‟ willingness to write. Keywords: Writing, Write-Pair-Share technique, procedure text, tenth grade students are composition, in which the teachers ask the students to write a composition based on the material or teaching topic individually. First is jigsaw technique, in which the students have to make a group of several students, then write a composition together and the leader of the group should teach the other members in order to make all of the group members understand with their composition, because the teacher will call one of them randomly to explain in front of the class (Kagan, 2001). Second is Numbered Heads Together (Kagan, 2001) stated that a class is divided into several groups which consists of four students in each group. In every student in a group is given numbers of 1, 2, 3, and 4. The groups work together with the each member of the group, and the teacher will call out a number (one), so the students who have number three have to answer the teacher‟s question. Third is Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique which has similarity with writing stages, and many other techniques. Those techniques above focus on writing activity, which help both teachers and students in teaching learning writing. By using those techniques, teachers are easy to engage the students‟ willingness to write and the students will have more willingness to write. Among those techniques above, Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique is the focus in this study. As an alternative technique which engages students‟ willingness to write, this Write-Pair-Share technique is an appropriate technique to be applied in teaching writing skill since the stages in this technique are the same as the common stages in writing skill. For example, the first stage of this technique, that is writing down the ideas individually is the same as planning stage. The second stage of this technique, that is discussing the ideas with pair is similar with drafting stage, while sharing the result with the other pairs to get more feedback is the same as revising stage. Besides, the researcher also thinks that Write-Pair-Share technique which belongs to cooperative learning can help the students in teaching learning process. Moreover, eighth grade students are included in adolescent learners who are bound up need for peer approval like cooperative learning (Harmer, 2007:83). Cooperative Learning (CL) itself is an approach which organizes classroom activities by grouping the students to do the activities together for improving students‟ understanding of a subject (Jacobs et.al, 2003). In this study the researcher focuses on the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text because the researcher believes that the students can write procedure text easily using this technique which has some stages in writing process. In writing procedure text, the students can write their experiences or events in the past. Based on SI (Standar Isi) or Competence Based Curriculum, procedure itself is one of text types (genres) which how to do something which contains goal, materials, and steps. The researcher believes that by using Write-Pair-Share technique, it can help the students more enthusiastic in writing procedure text. Here, the researcher will investigate more about the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the students writing procedure text task when Write-Pair-Share technique is applied. Based on the background above, the researcher‟s big expectation of this research is therefore to reveal the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching procedure text by conducting this research to the tenth graders of SMAN 1 Kediri. Related to the reasons above, the foundations of the study are come up to the surface as the research questions. Those are: How does the teacher implement Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri? How are the students procedure writing text result during the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text? This study is conducted to describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri, and the students result after the implementation of Write-Pair-&shy;Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Writing is one of the productive skills in the form of written text which needs more accuracy than speaking because we cannot correct ourselves as soon as possible like correcting speaking (Harmer, 2012:128). Compared to speaking skill, writing skill considers many aspects that need to be regarded. They are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanic. Because when we make mistakes during speaking, we can correct it directly and other people can tolerate us. On the other hand, when we make mistakes during writing, we cannot correct it directly and people cannot tolerate it. Moreover, writing skill can involve the students‟ meaning-focused use, language focused-use, and fluency development (Nation. 2009: 113). Therefore, the students have to be more accurate in writing. There are some statements related to writing process. First, Boas (2011) says that writing is one of the English skills whose activity is planning, drafting, and revising texts. Second, Hedge (1993) argues that the process of writing are pre-writing, while-writing, and post-writing. Meanwhile, O‟Malley & Pierce (1996:254) say that there are three stages in writing process, they are pre-writing, drafting, and post-writing. And other expert explains there are four stages in writing process; they are planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012: 128-129). In this study the researcher will use Harmer‟s concept. Planning Planning stage is the first stage which leads the students to write. In this stage, the students will plan what they want to write. It will stimulate them to find their ideas to write. Boas (2011) says that planning stage is used for brainstorming ideas which are related to their lives and what they want to write. Drafting In this stage, the students can start to write what they want to write after planning their ideas. Here, the students just write their ideas in to the draft without thinking the neatness of their writing. Editing After making draft, the students review their rough draft and edit it before they write their final version. The students check their rough draft, whether it is perfect or not and they can add their ideas if it is necessary. In this case, the students can check the content, grammar, vocabulary, and so on. After editing, they can continue to the next stage that is final version. Final version In the last stage, the students still have chance to rethink what they have written and go back to editing stage or even planning stage. Because Harmer (2012:129) states that writing stages are like writing cycle, if it is necessary to add ideas or edit their writing, we can go back to the previous stage or stages. But if it does not need to edit, the students can do their writing final version. The purpose of all processes in writing; planning, drafting, editing, and final version is to improve students‟ writing ability. By those processes above, the students will try to make a good paragraph or essay. In teaching learning process, cooperative learning is needed because the students can share their ideas and knowledge during writing with their friends in their group. It has a chance to increase the students confidence in sharing their opinion in their group (Harmer, 2007:166). Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique is one of the cooperative learning techniques which is adapted from Think-Pair-Share. The steps in Write-Pair-Share technique are writing down the ideas individually (Jacobs et.al, 1997:13). It means that the students cannot do the first step together with the pair or other friends, they have to write down the ideas individually. Then discussing the ideas with the pair or partner who consists of two students. Here the students can ask, give advice to the pair or partner before sharing to other groups. Then the last step is sharing their writing result in front of the class to get feedback from other groups in class (Jacobs et al, 1997:20). The other groups can correct and give advice to their friends‟ mistakes. Write-Pair-Share technique is one of the techniques which the teacher used in teaching writing procedure text. Although Write-Pair-Share technique is not too efficient because of some stages there, this technique helps the students to develop conceptual understanding of a topic, the students‟ ability to draw conclusions, and the students‟ ability to consider their friends‟ point of view (Kagan and Kagan, 1994:89). Because of certain time during implementing of Write-Pair-Share technique, the writing activity becomes more focused than usual. The students can write and discuss their composition with their partner or their friend on time (Kagan, 1994). The implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text should include writing process, they are planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012:129). Based on Harmer‟s concept, the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text in the class have some activities to do. They are: The teacher explains and gives example of procedure text. The teacher also explains how to write mind- mapping. The teacher gives a topic to write procedure text. The teacher asks the students to write down the students‟ planning in mind mapping. The teacher asks the students to exchange their work with their partner. The students can write their procedure text draft. The teacher calls one of the students randomly to share the draft in front of the class. The students submit their procedure text result as the final version to the teacher. METHODS This study is concerned with describing the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Therefore, this study used descriptive qualitative research. The purpose of this study is to describe the teaching learning process in the form of words not in the form of numbers, because this study is descriptive qualitative. Moreover, Bogdan and Biklen (1992:28) state that the data collected should be in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. The data in this study will be described in the form of words, sentences, or paragraphs to describe the implementation, the students‟ responses, and the students procedure writing text result using Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. The subjects of this study are the teacher and the students in SMAN 1 Kediri. The researcher chooses one of three English teachers in SMAN 1 Kediri, who teaches in X-1 class and he is used to use cooperative learning in his class. The researcher believes that he can implement Write-Pair-Share technique in his class easily. The researcher chooses the tenth grade students in SMAN 1 Kediri as the subjects of this study. The researcher chooses this grade, because according to Competence Based curriculum, tenth grade students have to write text types such as procedure, descriptive, and procedure text in writing skill. The researcher also thinks that they have gotten English since they were in Elementary school; they just explore and improve their ability in writing skill. Cohen, et al (2007:461) states that descriptive qualitative focuses on smaller numbers of people than quantitative research. Therefore, the researcher only chooses one class in SMAN 1 Kediri, that is X-1 which contains 34 students because the students. The observation of this study would be at SMAN 1 Kediri. The setting of the study would be conducted in room X-1 of SMAN 1 Kediri. There are 15 males‟ students and 19 females‟ students who sit on 34 chairs and use 17 desks. Each student sits in one single chair and writes on double desk. Referring to the research questions in Chapter 1, the researcher would take data and sources of the data of this study. For the first research question, the data are teachers activity during the implementation of Write&shy;Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, start from the beginning until the end of the class. To get these data, the researcher observed the teacher during the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Meanwhile, for the second research question, the data are words, phrases, and sentences from the students procedure writing text result. To get these data, the researcher analyzed the students procedure writing text result by using ESL Composition profile. Research instruments used to analyze the data in this study are: (1) Observation checklist, (2) Field note, (3) Students procedure writing text result. Technique used to collect the data in this study is observation. Since the design of this study is descriptive qualitative research, the researcher here acts as a non&shy;participant observer. In other words, the researcher observed the teacher when he was conducting teaching learning process and fill the observation checklist. Besides, the researcher also took a note on all the activities in teaching learning process to support the data in observation checklist. Then the researcher spread out questionnaire to the students at the last meeting. At last, the researcher collecting and analyzing the students‟ procedure writing text using ESL composition profile. After collecting all of the data which were gotten from the observation checklist, field note, and students procedure writing text, the researcher then analyzed them descriptively. The data were gotten from the teacher through observation checklist and field note. The result of observation checklist and field note was used to compile the information about the teachers implementation of Write-&shy;Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text and the problems occur during the implementation. Besides from the teacher, Meanwhile, the data gathered from the students procedure writing text result gave information whether the technique is applicable and understandable or not in writing procedure text. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result The researcher did the research for three days on Friday March 3rd, Wednesday March 10th , and Friday May 17th 2014. The researcher here is as an observer who sat at the backward of the class. The researcher observed the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, the students‟ responses after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. 1. The First Meeting The first observation was conducted on Friday, March 3rd 2014. The class began at 09.40 a.m., the teacher had already prepared the teaching materials. All of the students were ready in their desk but few of them were outside the class after taking a rest. The captain of the class called his friends that the lesson had begun. The teacher started the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the teaching material. There were thirty six students in this class, but two of them had to move to the other school because of some matters. As a result, there were only thirty four students but today three of them were sick. The teacher reviewed procedure text, some of them asked why they had to reviewed it again, because they had learned procedure text at the beginning of the semester. T : &ldquo;Ok let‟s continue the lesson, who still remember about procedure text?, raise your hand.&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Lho kok procedure text lagi Sir, kan sudah diajarkan dulu.&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Kenapa diulang lagi Sir?&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Iya sekarang beda menulis procedure text menggunakan Write-Pair-Share technique or WPS technique.&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Apa itu?&rdquo; T : &ldquo;WPS technique itu teknik menulis yang harus menulis ide awal kalian dalam bentuk mind mapping, trus diskusi dengan teman sebangku kalian, setelah itu baru di diskusikan bersama didepan kelas&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Waduh angele ae Sir Sir&rdquo;. S : &ldquo;Mind mapping itu yg buat gambar bulet-bulet itu ya Sir?&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Good, lho who can answer my question about procedure text?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;procedure text kan yang step-step kan?&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Very good, then the generic structure?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;goal and materials&rdquo;. T : &ldquo;And then?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;steps Sir&rdquo;. T : &ldquo;What are the language features of procedure text?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Use present tense&rdquo;. T : &ldquo;Why?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Because urutannya Sir&rdquo;. Then, the teacher gave a handout which consist of another example of procedure text and asked the students to answer the exercises. Almost of the students could do the exercises correctly. The teacher also told the students about Write-Pair-Share in general before the time was over. The teacher closed the class by greeting the students and concluding the material. 2. The Second Meeting The second meeting was conducted on Wednesday March 10th 2014. The class began at 8.20 a.m., the teacher had prepared all the materials and the media, such as laptop and LCD projector. Today all the students attended the class. The teacher began the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the last meeting about procedure text and Write-Pair-Share technique. Most of the students had still confused about Write-Pair-Share technique. The teacher explained more about Write-Pair-Share technique. The teacher asked the students to write procedure text with the topic which teacher divided using Write-Pair-Share technique. The students had to write different topic with their friends, one topic only for three or four students. At first, the teacher asked the students to write down their ideas into mind mapping for ten minutes. Ten minutes letter, the teacher asked the students to discuss and share their mind mapping and make a draft from that mind mapping with their pair. After that, the students stopped to make a draft and the teacher called a student to share the draft in front of the class using LCD projector. At first, the students did not know what they have to do in share stage. T : &ldquo;This is your friend‟s draft, now you can give advice or comment of this draft.&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Maksudnya apa sir? I don‟t understand&rdquo;. T : &ldquo;Silent please, maksudnya itu tulisan teman kalian, mbak Wulan harus kalian komentari dari tensesnya, besar kecil tulisan, titik komanya, isi ceritanya juga betul apa salah. Now wulan it‟s your turn&rdquo;. There were only two students who shared the draft in front of the class and the other students also had a chance to revise their draft based on sharing stage. The teacher closed the class by concluding the activity, asking the students to bring dictionary in the next meeting , and greeting the students. 3. The Third Meeting It was on Friday, March 17th 2014, The class began at 09.40 a.m., the teacher had prepared the teaching material and the media, like laptop and LCD projector. There were two students who were sick today. The teacher began the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the material in the last meeting. The teacher explained Write-Pair-Share technique again and explained the students‟ mistake in the first task. T : &ldquo;Students pay attention please, do you still remember about procedure text?&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Yes Sir I remember.&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Very good, if you still remember, I will ask you what tenses we use in writing procedure text? Tenses apa yang kita gunakan dalam menulis procedure text&rdquo; S : &ldquo;Simple present tense Sir.&rdquo; T : &ldquo;Nah itu harus sering-sering buka kamus. Dan ada beberapa yang salah penulisan conjunction after that tapi ditulis after dad. Today, the students had still to write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique, but different topic. The teacher asked the students to write procedure text based on their own experiences. The stages were same with stages in the first task, wrote down the ideas in the form of mind mapping, shared with their pair to make a draft from their mind mapping, and shared in front of the class. But in the middle of the lesson, the electricity was off, so the students had to write the draft in the white board. The students did all stages quietly, because they understood what they do using Write-Pair-Share technique and they brought dictionaries. The teacher closed the class by concluding the lesson, and greeting the students. Then, the researcher asked the students to fill the questionnaire that given by the researcher for a while before the students went home. The Result of Students&rsquo; Procedure Writing Text To describe the students procedure writing text, the researcher described it through the students‟ writing scores for each component from content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. In this part, the researcher explained the students procedure writing text that is used to answer the third research question in Chapter 1. The researcher used Jacobs, H, et al. (1981) ESL composition profile which had four writing criteria. They are, very good, good, fair, and poor. After analyzing the students procedure writing text using ESL composition profile, the researcher did not forget to discuss the students score with the teacher. . Discussion The discussion explains the result of the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, the students‟ responses after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. The Implementation of Write-Pair-Share Technique Based on the result of three meetings on May 3rd, 8th, and 10th 2013, it could be seen that the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique helped the students to develop their topic (Kagan and Kagan, 1994:89). The implementation was appropriate with Jacob, et al. (1997:13) that the students have to write down the ideas individually, discuss the ideas with the pair, and share the result with the other pairs. At the first meeting on March 3rd 2014, in preparation step the teacher reviewed procedure text by giving handout which consists of example of procedure text and some exercises. The teacher only reviewed procedure text, because the students had learned about procedure text at the beginning of the semester and the teacher explained Write-Pair-Share technique in general. After that, the teacher and the students analyzed the example of procedure text together. The teacher also did not forget to ask the students to make question if they still did not understand with the example. Then the teacher continued the lesson by asking the students to do the exercises. Almost of the students could answer the exercises correctly. At the second meeting on May 8th 2014, the teacher also did not forget to remind the students about procedure text. In this meeting, the teacher asked the students to write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique with different topic that teacher gave. In the write stage, the teacher asked the students to write their ideas into mind mapping for ten minutes (Jacobs et.al. 1997:13). The teacher gave the students an example how to make mind mapping on the whiteboard. And then in pair stage, the teacher asked them to share and discuss with their partner about their mind mapping and continued their mind mapping into the draft for about twenty minutes. In that stage, some students had difficulties in using verb and vocabularies. Thirty minutes later, the teacher asked the students to share their draft in front of the class. The teacher called one of them randomly to share their draft in front of the class. After sharing stage, the teacher gave the students more time to edit and revise their draft based on the sharing stage before submitting the final version. At the third meeting on May 10th 2013, the teacher asked the students to write procedure text freely based on their experiences. Before the teacher asked the students, he gave feedback for the first task in the second meeting, because feedback is important in writing activity (Nation, 2008). Although using different topic, but the technique was same with the second meeting that is using Write&shy;Pair-Share technique. The students‟ writing ability was getting better than the second meeting, because the students had a chance to discuss and get comment or suggestion from their partner (Jacobs et.al, 1997:14), they also brought their own dictionary. By using Write&shy;Pair-Share technique, the students could be more focus in writing procedure text than usual (Kagan, 2004) The Students&rsquo; Procedure Writing Text There are five components in writing; they are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. Here the teacher only asked the students to submit the final version of the students‟ recount writing text result, which consists of students‟ mind mapping and students‟ recount writing text result without the students‟ recount writing text rough draft. Therefore, the researcher only analyzed the students‟ recount writing text result according to Jacobs, H, et al. (1981) ESL composition profile based on recount text. The teacher saw the students‟ progress from the general score of the students‟ recount writing text result from the first task and the second task. Before the researcher analyzed it, the students had passed planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012:128-129). Based on the students‟ recount writing result, the researcher presents the result of the content analysis on the students‟ writing recount text from the first and the second task. It was used to simplify and to know the students‟ improvement in content term. In the first task there were five students who got good criteria and seven students who got very good level. It means that they could focus on developing their ideas related to the topic and the story was knowledgeable. Then there were five students got good criteria in the first task and there were two students got good level in the second task, in this criteria, the students presented limited development of story and lack detail of specific participants. Meanwhile, the students who considered as fair criteria were five students the first task and nine students in the second task. It means that the students in this criteria had limited knowledge of specific participants and inadequate development ideas related to the topic. And the students who categorized into poor criteria had decreased, from seventeen students in the first task, became eleven students in the second task. The students‟ organization became better by using Write-Pair-Share technique. There were some students who could develop their writing in organization. From four students who got very good level in the first task, became eight students who got very good level in the second task. It means that the students who got very good level could organize the generic structure of recount text (Orientation, events, and re-orientation) and the students had fluent expression, ideas clearly supporting sentences. And the poor level was decrease from eighteen students in the first task became fourteen students in the second task. It means that the students had known their mistakes in organizing the text and in connecting each sentence. From the explanation above, it could be seen that the students‟ ability in term of organization were successfully enhanced by using Write-Pair-Share technique. In vocabulary component, there were two students who considered as very good criteria in the first task and three students who considered as very good criteria in the second task. The students in this criteria were increased, it means that they used word choice and usage, temporal conjunction and temporal circumstances, material (or action) processes, and relational (or mental) processes correctly. Next, there were six students who got good criteria in the first task and nine students in the second task. Then three students in the first task and eight students in the second task who considered as fair criteria. Meanwhile, seventeen students got poor criteria in the first task became ten students in the second task. It means the students in this criteria used essential translation, did not use temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances. It could be concluded that the students‟ ability in terms of vocabulary were successfully enhanced by using Write-Pair-Share technique. Based on the data presented, language use is one of the components in writing that is little bit difficult to improve. For example in the first task, there were only one student who was categorized into very good level, and there were two students who were categorized into very good level in the second task. It means that the students had few errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, and prepositions. In the first task there were four students who got good level and six students in the second task. In this criteria, the students had several errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, prepositions but the meaning seldom obscured. While in the first task and in the second task, only four students who got fair criteria. The students had still frequent errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, prepositions, meaning confused or obscured. Meanwhile, there were twenty students in the first task and there were eighteen students in the second task. It showed not too significant development in language use term. Dealing with the result of the mechanics analysis of the students‟ recount writing text, it also showed not too significant development in mechanics term. Because, there were two students who were considered as very good criteria in the first task and there were four students who were considered as very good criteria. In this criteria, the students had few errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing. There were eight students in the first task and there were six students in the second task who categorized as good criteria. It means that the students were occasional errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing but the meaning was not obscured. Meanwhile, in fair criteria, there were five students in the first task and there were seven students in the second task. And the last, there were thirteen students in the first task who got poor criteria and there were thirteen students in the second task. It could be concluded that there were little progress in term of mechanics. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion In this study, there are three conclusions got from the result of the study that are obtained from the observation in SMAN 1 Kediri They are described as follows: Write-Pair-Share technique can be used as teaching technique in teaching writing recount text to the eighth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri. The implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing of procedure text can be divided into three sections, those are: - Write stage, it includes planning stage where the students had to write down their ideas in the form of mind mapping. - Pair Stage , it includes drafting stage where the students developed their mind mapping to be procedure text draft with their pair. The students were allowed to discuss with their pair; they could give comments and suggestions to each other. - Share stage, it includes editing and final version of writing procedure text. The students had to share their draft in front of the class; their friends could give comments, suggestions, and feedback from the teacher if it is necessary. Then the students had to edit and submit the final version of their procedure text. The researcher used structured questionnaire to know the students‟ responses toward the teaching of writing procedure text by using Write-Pair-Share technique. Based on the result of questionnaire, most of the students were interested in using Write-Pair&shy;Share technique as teaching technique in teaching writing procedure text. Because, the students had a chance to discuss and get comment or suggestion from their partner (Jacobs et.al, 1997:14). The use of Write-Pair-Share technique could help the eighth grade students of SMPN 1 Tarik in learning writing procedure text. It is shown by the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. They were asked to write a procedure text based on the theme and their own experience. And most of the students could write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique, because the students could be more focus in writing procedure text than usual (Kagan, 2004). It is provided from the students‟ score which improves from the first task to the second task. Suggestion Based on the data interpretation and the previous conclusion, the researcher has some suggestions to the teachers and the other researcher. The researcher constructs her suggestions as follows: In teaching young learners, the teacher should know and understand their characteristics because they have different characteristics from the adults. The English teachers have to be creative in teaching learning process especially in teaching writing. It means that the teachers should use the teaching technique or material so that it can avoid the students‟ boredom and make them interested in learning to write. The researcher would like to invite next researchers who conduct the similar study to make improvement on this study, such as using the same field but different subjects. It means they can use the other subjects. REFERENCES Ary, D, et al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Boas, V. I. 2011. Process Writing and the Internet: Blogs and Ning Networks in the Classroom. English Teaching Forum. 49(2),. 1-8. Bogdan, R.C. and Biklen,S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education:An Introduction to Theories and Methods. Boston:Pearson. Brown, H. Douglas. 2004. Language Assessment: Principles and Language Classroom Practices. White Plains, New York: Pearson Education. Brown, H. Douglas. 2007. Teaching by Principles, An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. United States of America: Longman. Cohen, L, et al. 2000. Research Methods in Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Cohen, L, et al. 2007. Research Methods in Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. 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