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Retain: Journal of Research in English Language Teaching
ISSN : 23562617     EISSN : 30322839     DOI : https://doi.org/10.26740/rt.v13i02
Core Subject : Education,
RETAIN publishes articles within the scope of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. RETAIN publishes articles within the scope of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics.
Articles 947 Documents
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WRITE-PAIR-SHARE TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING PROCEDURE TEXT TO THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 KEDIRI
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
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Abstract

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WRITE-PAIR-SHARE TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING PROCEDURE TEXT TO THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 KEDIRI Muhammad Baiqun Isbahi English Education Department, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University. email : baiqunbai@gmail.com Drs. Fahri, M.A. English Education Department, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskipsikan penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure pada siswa kelas sepuluh di SMAN 1 Kediri, untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure, dan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil menulis teks procedure siswa setelah penerapan teknik Write-Pair-Share untuk mengajar menulis teks procedure. Penelitian ini menggunakan penel itian deskriptif qualitative tanpa ada perhitungan statistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teknik Write-Pair-Share sukses diterapkan di kelas dan teknik yang membantu baik guru dan siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar menulis teks procedure dalam konteks „knowledge of content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics‟. Teknik Write-Pair-Share mampu mengaj ak minat siswa untuk menulis. Kata Kunci: Menul is, teknik Write-Pair-Share, teks procedure, siswa kelas sepuluh Abstract This study is conducted to describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri, describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the students result after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. This study used descriptive qualitative research without any statistical calculation. The result of this study showed that Write-Pair-Share technique was successfully implemented in class and it was helpful technique for both the teacher and the students in teaching and learning process of writing procedure text in terms of „knowledge of content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics‟. Write-Pair-Share technique could engage the students‟ willingness to write. Keywords: Writing, Write-Pair-Share technique, procedure text, tenth grade students are composition, in which the teachers ask the students to write a composition based on the material or teaching topic individually. First is jigsaw technique, in which the students have to make a group of several students, then write a composition together and the leader of the group should teach the other members in order to make all of the group members understand with their composition, because the teacher will call one of them randomly to explain in front of the class (Kagan, 2001). Second is Numbered Heads Together (Kagan, 2001) stated that a class is divided into several groups which consists of four students in each group. In every student in a group is given numbers of 1, 2, 3, and 4. The groups work together with the each member of the group, and the teacher will call out a number (one), so the students who have number three have to answer the teacher‟s question. Third is Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique which has similarity with writing stages, and many other techniques. Those techniques above focus on writing activity, which help both teachers and students in teaching learning writing. By using those techniques, teachers are easy to engage the students‟ willingness to write and the students will have more willingness to write. Among those techniques above, Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique is the focus in this study. As an alternative technique which engages students‟ willingness to write, this Write-Pair-Share technique is an appropriate technique to be applied in teaching writing skill since the stages in this technique are the same as the common stages in writing skill. For example, the first stage of this technique, that is writing down the ideas individually is the same as planning stage. The second stage of this technique, that is discussing the ideas with pair is similar with drafting stage, while sharing the result with the other pairs to get more feedback is the same as revising stage. Besides, the researcher also thinks that Write-Pair-Share technique which belongs to cooperative learning can help the students in teaching learning process. Moreover, eighth grade students are included in adolescent learners who are bound up need for peer approval like cooperative learning (Harmer, 2007:83). Cooperative Learning (CL) itself is an approach which organizes classroom activities by grouping the students to do the activities together for improving students‟ understanding of a subject (Jacobs et.al, 2003). In this study the researcher focuses on the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text because the researcher believes that the students can write procedure text easily using this technique which has some stages in writing process. In writing procedure text, the students can write their experiences or events in the past. Based on SI (Standar Isi) or Competence Based Curriculum, procedure itself is one of text types (genres) which how to do something which contains goal, materials, and steps. The researcher believes that by using Write-Pair-Share technique, it can help the students more enthusiastic in writing procedure text. Here, the researcher will investigate more about the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the students writing procedure text task when Write-Pair-Share technique is applied. Based on the background above, the researcher‟s big expectation of this research is therefore to reveal the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching procedure text by conducting this research to the tenth graders of SMAN 1 Kediri. Related to the reasons above, the foundations of the study are come up to the surface as the research questions. Those are: How does the teacher implement Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri? How are the students procedure writing text result during the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text? This study is conducted to describe the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text to the tenth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri, and the students result after the implementation of Write-Pair-­Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Writing is one of the productive skills in the form of written text which needs more accuracy than speaking because we cannot correct ourselves as soon as possible like correcting speaking (Harmer, 2012:128). Compared to speaking skill, writing skill considers many aspects that need to be regarded. They are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanic. Because when we make mistakes during speaking, we can correct it directly and other people can tolerate us. On the other hand, when we make mistakes during writing, we cannot correct it directly and people cannot tolerate it. Moreover, writing skill can involve the students‟ meaning-focused use, language focused-use, and fluency development (Nation. 2009: 113). Therefore, the students have to be more accurate in writing. There are some statements related to writing process. First, Boas (2011) says that writing is one of the English skills whose activity is planning, drafting, and revising texts. Second, Hedge (1993) argues that the process of writing are pre-writing, while-writing, and post-writing. Meanwhile, O‟Malley & Pierce (1996:254) say that there are three stages in writing process, they are pre-writing, drafting, and post-writing. And other expert explains there are four stages in writing process; they are planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012: 128-129). In this study the researcher will use Harmer‟s concept. Planning Planning stage is the first stage which leads the students to write. In this stage, the students will plan what they want to write. It will stimulate them to find their ideas to write. Boas (2011) says that planning stage is used for brainstorming ideas which are related to their lives and what they want to write. Drafting In this stage, the students can start to write what they want to write after planning their ideas. Here, the students just write their ideas in to the draft without thinking the neatness of their writing. Editing After making draft, the students review their rough draft and edit it before they write their final version. The students check their rough draft, whether it is perfect or not and they can add their ideas if it is necessary. In this case, the students can check the content, grammar, vocabulary, and so on. After editing, they can continue to the next stage that is final version. Final version In the last stage, the students still have chance to rethink what they have written and go back to editing stage or even planning stage. Because Harmer (2012:129) states that writing stages are like writing cycle, if it is necessary to add ideas or edit their writing, we can go back to the previous stage or stages. But if it does not need to edit, the students can do their writing final version. The purpose of all processes in writing; planning, drafting, editing, and final version is to improve students‟ writing ability. By those processes above, the students will try to make a good paragraph or essay. In teaching learning process, cooperative learning is needed because the students can share their ideas and knowledge during writing with their friends in their group. It has a chance to increase the students confidence in sharing their opinion in their group (Harmer, 2007:166). Write-Pair-Share (WPS) technique is one of the cooperative learning techniques which is adapted from Think-Pair-Share. The steps in Write-Pair-Share technique are writing down the ideas individually (Jacobs et.al, 1997:13). It means that the students cannot do the first step together with the pair or other friends, they have to write down the ideas individually. Then discussing the ideas with the pair or partner who consists of two students. Here the students can ask, give advice to the pair or partner before sharing to other groups. Then the last step is sharing their writing result in front of the class to get feedback from other groups in class (Jacobs et al, 1997:20). The other groups can correct and give advice to their friends‟ mistakes. Write-Pair-Share technique is one of the techniques which the teacher used in teaching writing procedure text. Although Write-Pair-Share technique is not too efficient because of some stages there, this technique helps the students to develop conceptual understanding of a topic, the students‟ ability to draw conclusions, and the students‟ ability to consider their friends‟ point of view (Kagan and Kagan, 1994:89). Because of certain time during implementing of Write-Pair-Share technique, the writing activity becomes more focused than usual. The students can write and discuss their composition with their partner or their friend on time (Kagan, 1994). The implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text should include writing process, they are planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012:129). Based on Harmer‟s concept, the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text in the class have some activities to do. They are: The teacher explains and gives example of procedure text. The teacher also explains how to write mind- mapping. The teacher gives a topic to write procedure text. The teacher asks the students to write down the students‟ planning in mind mapping. The teacher asks the students to exchange their work with their partner. The students can write their procedure text draft. The teacher calls one of the students randomly to share the draft in front of the class. The students submit their procedure text result as the final version to the teacher. METHODS This study is concerned with describing the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Therefore, this study used descriptive qualitative research. The purpose of this study is to describe the teaching learning process in the form of words not in the form of numbers, because this study is descriptive qualitative. Moreover, Bogdan and Biklen (1992:28) state that the data collected should be in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. The data in this study will be described in the form of words, sentences, or paragraphs to describe the implementation, the students‟ responses, and the students procedure writing text result using Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. The subjects of this study are the teacher and the students in SMAN 1 Kediri. The researcher chooses one of three English teachers in SMAN 1 Kediri, who teaches in X-1 class and he is used to use cooperative learning in his class. The researcher believes that he can implement Write-Pair-Share technique in his class easily. The researcher chooses the tenth grade students in SMAN 1 Kediri as the subjects of this study. The researcher chooses this grade, because according to Competence Based curriculum, tenth grade students have to write text types such as procedure, descriptive, and procedure text in writing skill. The researcher also thinks that they have gotten English since they were in Elementary school; they just explore and improve their ability in writing skill. Cohen, et al (2007:461) states that descriptive qualitative focuses on smaller numbers of people than quantitative research. Therefore, the researcher only chooses one class in SMAN 1 Kediri, that is X-1 which contains 34 students because the students. The observation of this study would be at SMAN 1 Kediri. The setting of the study would be conducted in room X-1 of SMAN 1 Kediri. There are 15 males‟ students and 19 females‟ students who sit on 34 chairs and use 17 desks. Each student sits in one single chair and writes on double desk. Referring to the research questions in Chapter 1, the researcher would take data and sources of the data of this study. For the first research question, the data are teachers activity during the implementation of Write­Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, start from the beginning until the end of the class. To get these data, the researcher observed the teacher during the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text. Meanwhile, for the second research question, the data are words, phrases, and sentences from the students procedure writing text result. To get these data, the researcher analyzed the students procedure writing text result by using ESL Composition profile. Research instruments used to analyze the data in this study are: (1) Observation checklist, (2) Field note, (3) Students procedure writing text result. Technique used to collect the data in this study is observation. Since the design of this study is descriptive qualitative research, the researcher here acts as a non­participant observer. In other words, the researcher observed the teacher when he was conducting teaching learning process and fill the observation checklist. Besides, the researcher also took a note on all the activities in teaching learning process to support the data in observation checklist. Then the researcher spread out questionnaire to the students at the last meeting. At last, the researcher collecting and analyzing the students‟ procedure writing text using ESL composition profile. After collecting all of the data which were gotten from the observation checklist, field note, and students procedure writing text, the researcher then analyzed them descriptively. The data were gotten from the teacher through observation checklist and field note. The result of observation checklist and field note was used to compile the information about the teachers implementation of Write-­Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text and the problems occur during the implementation. Besides from the teacher, Meanwhile, the data gathered from the students procedure writing text result gave information whether the technique is applicable and understandable or not in writing procedure text. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result The researcher did the research for three days on Friday March 3rd, Wednesday March 10th , and Friday May 17th 2014. The researcher here is as an observer who sat at the backward of the class. The researcher observed the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, the students‟ responses after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. 1. The First Meeting The first observation was conducted on Friday, March 3rd 2014. The class began at 09.40 a.m., the teacher had already prepared the teaching materials. All of the students were ready in their desk but few of them were outside the class after taking a rest. The captain of the class called his friends that the lesson had begun. The teacher started the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the teaching material. There were thirty six students in this class, but two of them had to move to the other school because of some matters. As a result, there were only thirty four students but today three of them were sick. The teacher reviewed procedure text, some of them asked why they had to reviewed it again, because they had learned procedure text at the beginning of the semester. T : “Ok let‟s continue the lesson, who still remember about procedure text?, raise your hand.” S : “Lho kok procedure text lagi Sir, kan sudah diajarkan dulu.” S : “Kenapa diulang lagi Sir?” T : “Iya sekarang beda menulis procedure text menggunakan Write-Pair-Share technique or WPS technique.” S : “Apa itu?” T : “WPS technique itu teknik menulis yang harus menulis ide awal kalian dalam bentuk mind mapping, trus diskusi dengan teman sebangku kalian, setelah itu baru di diskusikan bersama didepan kelas” S : “Waduh angele ae Sir Sir”. S : “Mind mapping itu yg buat gambar bulet-bulet itu ya Sir?” T : “Good, lho who can answer my question about procedure text?” S : “procedure text kan yang step-step kan?” T : “Very good, then the generic structure?” S : “goal and materials”. T : “And then?” S : “steps Sir”. T : “What are the language features of procedure text?” S : “Use present tense”. T : “Why?” S : “Because urutannya Sir”. Then, the teacher gave a handout which consist of another example of procedure text and asked the students to answer the exercises. Almost of the students could do the exercises correctly. The teacher also told the students about Write-Pair-Share in general before the time was over. The teacher closed the class by greeting the students and concluding the material. 2. The Second Meeting The second meeting was conducted on Wednesday March 10th 2014. The class began at 8.20 a.m., the teacher had prepared all the materials and the media, such as laptop and LCD projector. Today all the students attended the class. The teacher began the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the last meeting about procedure text and Write-Pair-Share technique. Most of the students had still confused about Write-Pair-Share technique. The teacher explained more about Write-Pair-Share technique. The teacher asked the students to write procedure text with the topic which teacher divided using Write-Pair-Share technique. The students had to write different topic with their friends, one topic only for three or four students. At first, the teacher asked the students to write down their ideas into mind mapping for ten minutes. Ten minutes letter, the teacher asked the students to discuss and share their mind mapping and make a draft from that mind mapping with their pair. After that, the students stopped to make a draft and the teacher called a student to share the draft in front of the class using LCD projector. At first, the students did not know what they have to do in share stage. T : “This is your friend‟s draft, now you can give advice or comment of this draft.” S : “Maksudnya apa sir? I don‟t understand”. T : “Silent please, maksudnya itu tulisan teman kalian, mbak Wulan harus kalian komentari dari tensesnya, besar kecil tulisan, titik komanya, isi ceritanya juga betul apa salah. Now wulan it‟s your turn”. There were only two students who shared the draft in front of the class and the other students also had a chance to revise their draft based on sharing stage. The teacher closed the class by concluding the activity, asking the students to bring dictionary in the next meeting , and greeting the students. 3. The Third Meeting It was on Friday, March 17th 2014, The class began at 09.40 a.m., the teacher had prepared the teaching material and the media, like laptop and LCD projector. There were two students who were sick today. The teacher began the class by greeting the students, checking the attendance, and reviewing the material in the last meeting. The teacher explained Write-Pair-Share technique again and explained the students‟ mistake in the first task. T : “Students pay attention please, do you still remember about procedure text?” S : “Yes Sir I remember.” T : “Very good, if you still remember, I will ask you what tenses we use in writing procedure text? Tenses apa yang kita gunakan dalam menulis procedure text” S : “Simple present tense Sir.” T : “Nah itu harus sering-sering buka kamus. Dan ada beberapa yang salah penulisan conjunction after that tapi ditulis after dad. Today, the students had still to write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique, but different topic. The teacher asked the students to write procedure text based on their own experiences. The stages were same with stages in the first task, wrote down the ideas in the form of mind mapping, shared with their pair to make a draft from their mind mapping, and shared in front of the class. But in the middle of the lesson, the electricity was off, so the students had to write the draft in the white board. The students did all stages quietly, because they understood what they do using Write-Pair-Share technique and they brought dictionaries. The teacher closed the class by concluding the lesson, and greeting the students. Then, the researcher asked the students to fill the questionnaire that given by the researcher for a while before the students went home. The Result of Students’ Procedure Writing Text To describe the students procedure writing text, the researcher described it through the students‟ writing scores for each component from content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. In this part, the researcher explained the students procedure writing text that is used to answer the third research question in Chapter 1. The researcher used Jacobs, H, et al. (1981) ESL composition profile which had four writing criteria. They are, very good, good, fair, and poor. After analyzing the students procedure writing text using ESL composition profile, the researcher did not forget to discuss the students score with the teacher. . Discussion The discussion explains the result of the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, the students‟ responses after the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing procedure text, and the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. The Implementation of Write-Pair-Share Technique Based on the result of three meetings on May 3rd, 8th, and 10th 2013, it could be seen that the implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique helped the students to develop their topic (Kagan and Kagan, 1994:89). The implementation was appropriate with Jacob, et al. (1997:13) that the students have to write down the ideas individually, discuss the ideas with the pair, and share the result with the other pairs. At the first meeting on March 3rd 2014, in preparation step the teacher reviewed procedure text by giving handout which consists of example of procedure text and some exercises. The teacher only reviewed procedure text, because the students had learned about procedure text at the beginning of the semester and the teacher explained Write-Pair-Share technique in general. After that, the teacher and the students analyzed the example of procedure text together. The teacher also did not forget to ask the students to make question if they still did not understand with the example. Then the teacher continued the lesson by asking the students to do the exercises. Almost of the students could answer the exercises correctly. At the second meeting on May 8th 2014, the teacher also did not forget to remind the students about procedure text. In this meeting, the teacher asked the students to write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique with different topic that teacher gave. In the write stage, the teacher asked the students to write their ideas into mind mapping for ten minutes (Jacobs et.al. 1997:13). The teacher gave the students an example how to make mind mapping on the whiteboard. And then in pair stage, the teacher asked them to share and discuss with their partner about their mind mapping and continued their mind mapping into the draft for about twenty minutes. In that stage, some students had difficulties in using verb and vocabularies. Thirty minutes later, the teacher asked the students to share their draft in front of the class. The teacher called one of them randomly to share their draft in front of the class. After sharing stage, the teacher gave the students more time to edit and revise their draft based on the sharing stage before submitting the final version. At the third meeting on May 10th 2013, the teacher asked the students to write procedure text freely based on their experiences. Before the teacher asked the students, he gave feedback for the first task in the second meeting, because feedback is important in writing activity (Nation, 2008). Although using different topic, but the technique was same with the second meeting that is using Write­Pair-Share technique. The students‟ writing ability was getting better than the second meeting, because the students had a chance to discuss and get comment or suggestion from their partner (Jacobs et.al, 1997:14), they also brought their own dictionary. By using Write­Pair-Share technique, the students could be more focus in writing procedure text than usual (Kagan, 2004) The Students’ Procedure Writing Text There are five components in writing; they are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. Here the teacher only asked the students to submit the final version of the students‟ recount writing text result, which consists of students‟ mind mapping and students‟ recount writing text result without the students‟ recount writing text rough draft. Therefore, the researcher only analyzed the students‟ recount writing text result according to Jacobs, H, et al. (1981) ESL composition profile based on recount text. The teacher saw the students‟ progress from the general score of the students‟ recount writing text result from the first task and the second task. Before the researcher analyzed it, the students had passed planning, drafting, editing, and final version (Harmer, 2012:128-129). Based on the students‟ recount writing result, the researcher presents the result of the content analysis on the students‟ writing recount text from the first and the second task. It was used to simplify and to know the students‟ improvement in content term. In the first task there were five students who got good criteria and seven students who got very good level. It means that they could focus on developing their ideas related to the topic and the story was knowledgeable. Then there were five students got good criteria in the first task and there were two students got good level in the second task, in this criteria, the students presented limited development of story and lack detail of specific participants. Meanwhile, the students who considered as fair criteria were five students the first task and nine students in the second task. It means that the students in this criteria had limited knowledge of specific participants and inadequate development ideas related to the topic. And the students who categorized into poor criteria had decreased, from seventeen students in the first task, became eleven students in the second task. The students‟ organization became better by using Write-Pair-Share technique. There were some students who could develop their writing in organization. From four students who got very good level in the first task, became eight students who got very good level in the second task. It means that the students who got very good level could organize the generic structure of recount text (Orientation, events, and re-orientation) and the students had fluent expression, ideas clearly supporting sentences. And the poor level was decrease from eighteen students in the first task became fourteen students in the second task. It means that the students had known their mistakes in organizing the text and in connecting each sentence. From the explanation above, it could be seen that the students‟ ability in term of organization were successfully enhanced by using Write-Pair-Share technique. In vocabulary component, there were two students who considered as very good criteria in the first task and three students who considered as very good criteria in the second task. The students in this criteria were increased, it means that they used word choice and usage, temporal conjunction and temporal circumstances, material (or action) processes, and relational (or mental) processes correctly. Next, there were six students who got good criteria in the first task and nine students in the second task. Then three students in the first task and eight students in the second task who considered as fair criteria. Meanwhile, seventeen students got poor criteria in the first task became ten students in the second task. It means the students in this criteria used essential translation, did not use temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances. It could be concluded that the students‟ ability in terms of vocabulary were successfully enhanced by using Write-Pair-Share technique. Based on the data presented, language use is one of the components in writing that is little bit difficult to improve. For example in the first task, there were only one student who was categorized into very good level, and there were two students who were categorized into very good level in the second task. It means that the students had few errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, and prepositions. In the first task there were four students who got good level and six students in the second task. In this criteria, the students had several errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, prepositions but the meaning seldom obscured. While in the first task and in the second task, only four students who got fair criteria. The students had still frequent errors use of past tense, word order or function, pronouns, prepositions, meaning confused or obscured. Meanwhile, there were twenty students in the first task and there were eighteen students in the second task. It showed not too significant development in language use term. Dealing with the result of the mechanics analysis of the students‟ recount writing text, it also showed not too significant development in mechanics term. Because, there were two students who were considered as very good criteria in the first task and there were four students who were considered as very good criteria. In this criteria, the students had few errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing. There were eight students in the first task and there were six students in the second task who categorized as good criteria. It means that the students were occasional errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing but the meaning was not obscured. Meanwhile, in fair criteria, there were five students in the first task and there were seven students in the second task. And the last, there were thirteen students in the first task who got poor criteria and there were thirteen students in the second task. It could be concluded that there were little progress in term of mechanics. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion In this study, there are three conclusions got from the result of the study that are obtained from the observation in SMAN 1 Kediri They are described as follows: Write-Pair-Share technique can be used as teaching technique in teaching writing recount text to the eighth grade students of SMAN 1 Kediri. The implementation of Write-Pair-Share technique in teaching writing of procedure text can be divided into three sections, those are: - Write stage, it includes planning stage where the students had to write down their ideas in the form of mind mapping. - Pair Stage , it includes drafting stage where the students developed their mind mapping to be procedure text draft with their pair. The students were allowed to discuss with their pair; they could give comments and suggestions to each other. - Share stage, it includes editing and final version of writing procedure text. The students had to share their draft in front of the class; their friends could give comments, suggestions, and feedback from the teacher if it is necessary. Then the students had to edit and submit the final version of their procedure text. The researcher used structured questionnaire to know the students‟ responses toward the teaching of writing procedure text by using Write-Pair-Share technique. Based on the result of questionnaire, most of the students were interested in using Write-Pair­Share technique as teaching technique in teaching writing procedure text. Because, the students had a chance to discuss and get comment or suggestion from their partner (Jacobs et.al, 1997:14). The use of Write-Pair-Share technique could help the eighth grade students of SMPN 1 Tarik in learning writing procedure text. It is shown by the result of the students‟ procedure writing text. They were asked to write a procedure text based on the theme and their own experience. And most of the students could write procedure text using Write-Pair-Share technique, because the students could be more focus in writing procedure text than usual (Kagan, 2004). It is provided from the students‟ score which improves from the first task to the second task. Suggestion Based on the data interpretation and the previous conclusion, the researcher has some suggestions to the teachers and the other researcher. The researcher constructs her suggestions as follows: In teaching young learners, the teacher should know and understand their characteristics because they have different characteristics from the adults. The English teachers have to be creative in teaching learning process especially in teaching writing. It means that the teachers should use the teaching technique or material so that it can avoid the students‟ boredom and make them interested in learning to write. The researcher would like to invite next researchers who conduct the similar study to make improvement on this study, such as using the same field but different subjects. It means they can use the other subjects. REFERENCES Ary, D, et al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Boas, V. I. 2011. Process Writing and the Internet: Blogs and Ning Networks in the Classroom. English Teaching Forum. 49(2),. 1-8. Bogdan, R.C. and Biklen,S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education:An Introduction to Theories and Methods. Boston:Pearson. Brown, H. Douglas. 2004. Language Assessment: Principles and Language Classroom Practices. White Plains, New York: Pearson Education. Brown, H. Douglas. 2007. Teaching by Principles, An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. United States of America: Longman. Cohen, L, et al. 2000. Research Methods in Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Cohen, L, et al. 2007. Research Methods in Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Depdiknas.2004.Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris untuk SMP dan MTS. Jakarta: Depdiknas. Habibah, Nur Laela. 2012. The Effectiveness of Write‑ Pair-Share Technique to Teach Writing Narrative Text to the Eleventh Graders of SMA Negeri 3 Kediri. Unpublished Thesis S-1. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Harmer, Jeremy. 2001. The Practice of English Language Teaching. London: Longman. Harmer, Jeremy. 2007. The Practice of English Language Teaching. London: Longman. Harmer, Jeremy. 2012. Teacher Knowledge. London: Longman. Hedge, T. 1993. Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jacobs, G. M, et al. 2003. Using cooperative learning in large classes. http://www.georgejacobs. net/ retrieved on February 18th 2013. Jacobs, George M, et al.1997. Learning Cooperative Learning Via Cooperative Learning: A Sourcesbook of Lesson Plans For Teach Education
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF QUESTION AND ANSWER TECHNIQUE TO TEACH THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS IN WRITING RECOUNT TEXT IN MA MA’ARIF NU DRIYOREJO GRESIK
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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF QUESTION AND ANSWER TECHNIQUE TO TEACH THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS IN WRITING RECOUNT TEXT IN MA MA’ARIF NU DRIYOREJO GRESIK Firasari Fajarwati English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Surabaya firsa.soetikno@yahoo.com Drs. H. Aswandi M.pd English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Surabaya Abstract As a productive skill, writing has an important role to help the students to be able to communicate especially in indirect communication. The teacher must be creative in teaching of writing. Question and answer technique is suggested to be used as a technique in teaching writing. The teacher used recount text. In this study, the research questions consist of two questions; they are (1) how is the implementation of question and answer technique to teach the tenth grade students’ writing skill of recount text in MA Ma’arif Gresik? (2) how is the students’ responses after the implementation of question and answer technique? A teacher can use questions whether it is oral or written questions. It is to stimulate thinking and light the way to productive learning and retention of content material (Vacca, 1981: 159). Questions encourage students to think. Thinking can arise the students’ interest and questions can also be used to evaluate. As the result of this function, it is believed that questions can direct someone’s choice of ideas and activities, and can transform the often different topics from a scattered survey of the subject, problem, or theme into logical, coordinated for attaining knowledge. Based on the reason above, the researcher conducts this research about the implementation of question and answer technique to develop the tenth grade students’ writing ability to write recount text in MA Ma’arif NU Driyorejo, Gresik, especially in X-1 class. The research design of this study is descriptive qualitative. The purpose of research design is to describe the activities of the teacher and the students in teaching and learning process during the implementation of question and answer technique in writing class. To collect the data, the researcher observes the implementation of question and answer technique in teaching and learning process. Then, she got the result of students’ writing in every meeting. And the last, she collect the students’ responses from questionnaire. After that, she analyzes all data in every meeting based on phenomenon that happen in teaching and learning process. The result of data analyzed, it can be seen that the students of X-1 had done the assignments well in every meeting. In each meeting, the students improve their writing ability. Applying question and answer technique in writing class can make the students improve their writing, especially in writing recount text. It can be seen from the students’ responses the questionnaire. Almost all students said that they can improve their ability and it can motivate them to learn a foreign language, especially in writing class. It can be concluded that question and answer technique can be recommended as one of an alternative techniques in teaching writing. Because it can help the students develop their writing ability and can reduce boring situation in teaching and learning process. Keywords: Writing, Question and Answer Technique, Recount Text, Tenth Grade INTRODUCTION One way of learning foreign language is through writing. Not many centuries ago, writing was a skill in educational or religious institutions. Nowadays, written language has many functions in everyday life. They are particularly for action, information and entertainment. Sokolik (2003: 88) in Practical English Language Teaching states that writing is both physical and mental act. Nunan (2003: 88) writes out the definition of writing as a series of contrast: It is both physical and mental act. Physical act deals with committing words or ideas to some medium. Whereas mental act deals with the ability to invent ideas, express them, and how to organize them into a good writing which is clear to the reader. Its purpose is both to express and impress. Writing has a purpose to express ideas or feeling to the readers in order that the readers will be impressed with a writer’s thought. It is both a process and product. In writing, there are some processes that are involved including collecting ideas, organizing, drafting, editing, and reading. Those will be very helpful in producing a good writing product. The last definition brings us to the explanation of the writing process. Langan (2005: 64) explains that there are three main steps which can help a writer create a good composition: Pre-writing In this stage, a writer will be able to think on a paper and to gradually discover what ideas that will be developed. Langan explains further that there are five techniques that will help a writer to develop ideas; they are: (1) free writing, which is a brainstorming activity in which a writer can write out every phrase or sentence that come up into mind about possible topics, (2) questioning, which can be an effective way of getting a writer to think about a topic from a number of different angles, which includes What? Why? Where? When? Who? and How? This technique is the one which is studied by the researcher, (3) making a list, in which the writer collects the ideas and details related to the subjects and makes it as a list without trying to sort the major details from minor ones, (4) clustering, which is also known as diagramming or mapping to show the relationship among ideas and detail that occur, (5) making an outline, in which the writer thinks carefully about the point that she will make. Drafting This is the part where the writer starts writing the complete thought that has been collected composition, including the introductory, the body, and the conclusion. Revising Here, the writer begins to revise the composition that has already been made. This stage can be done by rewriting, building on what has already been done, in order to make it stronger. Furthermore, writing is an important part of people’s life for communication. Kelly (1999: 84) states that writing which forever defines communication in the written words is the important form of communication because it can be a solution when spoken communication is not possible. Byrne (1990: 1) supports that writing is one of language skill, which is used for medium of communication, especially indirect communication. People usually use indirect communication because of some problems; for instance: distance, time, activity, etc. by using indirect communication, they can still deliver their message. The Indonesian government gives attention to teach writing by making the English curriculum properly. The curriculum clearly states writing is one skill of learning English (BNSP, 2006: 164). Moreover, writing is a basic language skill of learning English which is important. The students need writing skill to convey their ideas in writing reports, scientific writing, short stories, etc. in the educational field. Unfortunately, many students are not interested in writing because, according to them, writing is difficult. The difficulty comes from the limited time for such an assignment that takes a continuous thinking process. However, it is still an important skill that a learner needs to master. Bramer (1981: 4) states that writing will continue to be an important part of a student’s life, especially in college course and in many careers and profession. It is a skill which can make someone be recognized by the society , the schools, and objective language studies. One genre of texts taught in senior high school is recount text. The social function of recount text is to retell an activity, situation, or event in the past. Language features used in recount text is past tenses, action verbs, adverb of past time. The researcher believes that teaching writing is far more difficult than mastering the writing skill itself. Healon (1991: w135) states that writing skill is complex and sometimes difficult to teach, requiring not only of grammatical and theoretical devices, but also it has conceptual and judgment elements. Based on this problem, the researcher suggested this question and answer technique which could improve the students’ ability in writing. Dealing with teaching and learning process, a technique is essential. A technique that is needed in a writing class is the one that can ease and helps the students to produce a composition. The researcher believed that the best way to stimulate ideas of the students who are learning to make a composition is by giving questions. Questions are used as an indicator of people doubt, which has occurred in his reasoning. Some people can express their thought easily, but some others cannot. It is because each person has different experience. Another influence comes from the person’s psychological state. We can always find a case in a classroom where there are some students who keep the questions for themselves for fear of decision. Questions and answers are essential components of teaching and learning. Asking a good question will help the teacher to motivate students’ curiosity about the topic, and it will help the teacher assesses how well they understand the materials. When constructing sentences, the students were given a series of questions. The complete answers of the questions are then constructed in a certain way to make a well-organized recount composition. RESEARCH METHOD This research is a descriptive qualitative research. This design is used to examine the events or the phenomena that happened in teaching and learning process, especially to get the data about the implementation of question and answer technique to develop student’s writing. The subjects of the study were the teacher and the tenth grade students of MA Ma’arif NU Driyorejo, Gresik. The teacher is Agus Setiono, S. Pd. And there were 30 students of class X-1. The researcher will use three instruments in this study; they are (1) observation checklist, which contains some indicators, such as the teaching and learning process, the topic, and the question and answer technique, (2) field notes, which is a brief note made by researcher to observe the teaching and learning process, and (3) questionnaire, which is useful for the researcher to gather the students’ responses. The data gathered from the teaching and learning process in the subject’s classroom. The data will be collected through non-participant observation. Therefore, the researcher will only observe and make documentation out of the teaching and learning activities. The data will be interpreted in a descriptive manner in which the researcher describes the information which are collected with the instruments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After analyzing all the data, the researcher presents the result and also the discussion which is based on the theories which the researcher was elaborated previously. The Implementation of Question and Answer Technique In the first and second meeting, the teacher started the class with opening session by greeting the students. The teacher then asked the students’ feeling that day. He also checked the attendance list and asked the students to prepare the lesson. The teacher asked the students about their knowledge of kinds of texts, especially recount text. Then he continued to ask the students’ prior knowledge and related information about recount text. In the first meeting, the students could not answer the teacher’s questions completely, so the teacher needed to explain. The teacher explained everything about recount text; the definition, the generic structure, and the language use. In the second meeting, the teacher only reminded them at a glance because they had enough explanation on the first meeting. In the teaching and learning process, only in the first meeting the teacher introduced the technique used. Because it was the first time they applied this technique. He introduced the concept of question and answer technique in writing recount text. The teacher explained the procedure of the technique deliberately and the students paid attention. He also gave the example of how to elaborate the answers on whiteboard. In both meeting, the teacher gave the students question and answer paper. He asked the students to answer the questions on the paper and then elaborated the answer to make a recount text. The teacher asked the students to finish the task on time. The teacher controls the students’ interaction in the teaching and learning process. He asked the students to do the task by themselves. He walked around and asked the students to do the task quietly. He also helped students who had difficulties. In the first and second meeting, the students had done all the steps of question and answer technique. However, in the first meeting, some students still find difficulties in writing recount text. It can be seen from the students who could not use time effectively. The teacher asked to submit their work, but some students had not finished yet. But in the second meeting, they could use time more effectively. Most of them got interested in writing recount texts based on their experiences. After the students submitted their works, the teacher corrected them. The teacher then showed their mistakes in their assignments. He also gave some corrections to the students. The teacher explained the students’ mistakes in details. It means that he gives feedback to the students. The students paid attention to the teacher’s explanation about their mistakes. They took some notes on their notebooks. From the data of the observation, it is obvious that the implementation of question and answer technique was very effective to teach writing recount text. It helps to motivate the students and bring and interest in teaching and learning process. Question and answer technique became a better way that provided a wide opportunity for the teacher and the students to interact each other in an enjoyable learning situation. The Students’ Responses The students’ responses towards the implementation of question and answer technique were positive from the result of the questionnaire. The percentage of the students who likes learning English is more than 50%.most of the students enjoy writing recount text by using question and answer technique. More than half of the students did not find any difficulties in writing recount text by using question and answer technique. They also did not find any difficulties in using vocabulary and language feature. The result of questionnaire showed that the application of question and answer technique was appropriate to overcome the students’ difficulties in writing recount text. Based on the explanation above, it is clear that the students’ ability had progressed in writing recount text. Most of the students could create a better composition than their previous composition. It showed that this technique is effective in improving the students’ skill in expressing their ideas into written form. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion In general, the implementation of question and answer technique in teaching writing in every meeting was quite good. The students could enhance their language skill. This technique is the efficient way to learn about writing, especially in writing recount text. By using this technique, the students have the same opportunities to improve their writing and develop their ideas to write a recount text. It can be concluded that question and answer technique could bring interest to the students in composing a recount text. The response of the students toward the implementation of question and answer technique in teaching writing recount text was positive. The result of the questionnaire shows that most of the students are interested in this technique. They said that this technique was unique that it can reduce their boredom in the normal monotonous classroom activities. Most of the students admitted that they find themselves improving their ability in writing recount text. Suggestion After interpreting and analyzing all the data, the researcher has suggestions for several groups of readers who have similar interest. Using a variety of technique in teaching a foreign language will increase the students’ interest in learning. It will also motivate them more to be actively involved in classroom activities. Therefore, English teachers should not be afraid of implementing every teaching technique provided by the experts. Being a creative teacher will bring effectiveness in teaching and learning process. However, it does not mean to neglect the process of choosing the appropriate materials for them. It will only disturb their confidence in completing every assignment given. This research is conducted to get to know deeper about a technique that has been developed by experts. Therefore, for other researchers who have an interest in investigating more about this technique, the researcher strongly recommends to conduct a research on this technique in different language skills or in different text genres. REFERENCES Abbot Gerry, Greenwood john, Mc Keating Douglas and Wingard Peter. 1981. The Teaching of English as an International Language: A Practical Guide. Great Britain. William Collin Sons and Co Ltd. Adam, Jager. 1998. Beginning to Write. USA: Massachusets, Institute of Technology. Airey, J. 2002. The Way We Do It. English Teaching Professional. http://www.etprofessional.com, retrieved February 28, 2011. Alice, and Hogue, Ann. 1991. Writing Academic English. London: Longman. Alice, and Hogue, Ann. 1999. Introduction to Academic Writing. Weasley Publishing Company Inc. Anderson, Mark, and Kathy, A. 1998. Text Type in English 2. Australia: MacMillan Education Pty Ltd. Bram, Barli. 1995. Write Well: Improving Writing Skill. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Bramer, George R and Sedley, Dorothy. 1981. Writing for Readers. New York: Bell and Howell Company. Byrne, Donn. 1980. Teaching Writing Skill. London: Longman Group Ltd. Carter, Bishop, and Kravits. 2002. Keys to Effective Learning. 3rd Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Comrie, Bernard. 1985. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Creswell, John W. 2008. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research. United States of America: Pearson Prentice Hall. Depdiknas. 2005. Standar Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Sekolah Menengah Atas dan Madrasah Aliyah. Jakarta: Depdiknas. Depdiknas. 2006. Standar Isi: Standar Kompetensi Lulusan Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris (SD, SMP, MTS, SMA, MA, SMK). Jakarta: Depdiknas. Derewianka, Beverly. 1990. Exploring How Text Works. Australia: Primary Teaching Association. Doddy, Ahmad et al. 2008. Developing English Competencies for Senior High School (SMA/ MA). Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas. Doddy, Ahmad et al. 2008. Look Ahead: An English Course for Senior High School Students Year XI, Science and Social Study Program. Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas. Harmer, Jeremy. 2001. The Practice of English Language Teaching. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Heaton, J. B. 1997. Writing English Language Test. London: Longman. Heffernan and Lincon. 1982. Writing: A College Handbook. 1st Edition. USA: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. Hogue, Ann. 2003. The Essential of English (A Writer’s Handbook). New York: Pearson Education Inc. Kagan, Spencer. 1989. The Structural Approach to Cooperative Learning. San Juan Capistrano. Kendall, Julie. 2006. Writing Sense. Portland: Publisher. Krisner, Laurie G, and Stephen R. Mendell. 1987. Basic College Writing. 1st Edition. USA: W. W. Norton & Company. Lado, Robert. 1964. Language Teaching: A Specific Approach. New York: Mc Graw Hill Publishing Scientific Co. Ltd. Lado, Robert. 1977. Language Testing: The Construction and Use of Foreign Language Test. London: Longman Group Ltd. Langan, John. 2000. English Skills. Singapore: Mc Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Langan, John. 2005. College Writing Skills. 6th Edition. The Mc Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2003. Teaching Language: From Grammar to Grammaring. Boston: Heinle. Mc Millan, J. H. 1992. Educational Research: Fundamental for the Consumers. New York: Harper Collin. Mc Worther and Mc Combs. 2001. Write to Read, Read to Write. New York. Meyers, Allan. 2001. Gateway to Academic Writing; Effective Sentences, Paragraph and Essay. NY: Longman. Morreillon, Judi. 2007. Strategy for Teaching Writing. Chicago: American Library Association. Murray, Donald. 1972. Teach Writing as a Process not Product. The Leafleft. Nunan, David. 1996. The Self Directed Teacher, Managing the Learning Process. United States of America: Cambridge University Press. Nunan, David. 1999. Second Language Teaching and Learning. Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publishers. Nunan, David. 2003. Practical English Language Teaching. Singapore: Mc Graw Hill. Petty, T. Walter and Sensen, M. Julie. 1980. Developing Children’s Language. New York: Pearson Education Inc. Raimes. 1983. A Technique in Teaching Writing. New York: Oxford University. Reid, M. Joy. 1993. Teaching ESL Writing. New Jersey: Regents Prentice Hall. Richards, Jack C et al. 2002. Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sugiono, 2005. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: CV Alfabeta Choir. Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1986. Menulis Sebagai Suatu Keterampilan Berbahasa. Bandung: Angkasa. Trevor, Rob. 1998. Educational Leadership. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. White, Ron and Valerie Arndt. 1991. Process Writing. England: Longman House. Wilhem, Jeffrey D. 2007. Engaging Readers and Writers with Inquiry. New York: Scolastic. Wingard, P. 1981. The Teaching of English as an International Language: A Practical Guide. London: William Collin Sons and Co Ltd.
Madurese Interference In An English Teacher’s Talk In A Senior High School In Bangkalan
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Madurese Interference In An English Teacher’s Talk In A Senior High School In Bangkalan Rona Ayu Putri Surya English Education, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya rona.ayuu@gmail.com Dosen pembimbing Ahmad Munir, S.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D English Education, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya munstkip@yahoo.com Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang berbagai interferensi (gangguan) dari bahasa pertama, dalam hal ini Bahasa Madura, dengan pengaruhnya terhadap bahasa yang digunakan seorang guru bahasa Inggris selama kegiatan belajar mengajar. Terdapat tiga rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini, yakni: (1) Ucapan-ucapan mana saja dari teacher talk yang terpengaruhi oleh Bahasa Madura (2) Apa jenis interferensi yang mempengaruhi teacher’s talk, dan (3) Bagaimana pengaruh interferensi bahasa pertama guru terhadap pemahaman siswa pada teacher’s talk. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah seorang guru Bahasa Inggris dan siswa kelas X di salah satu Sekolah Menengah Atas di Bangkalan. Seluruh interaksi yang dilakukan guru dan murid selama proses belajar mengajar berlangsung direkam, ditranskip dan dianalisis untuk menemukan jawaban dari ketiga rumusan masalah. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa interferensi Bahasa Madura banyak ditemukan di fitur-fitur teacher talk tertentu yang paling sering digunakan oleh guru dan memberi kesempatan pada guru untuk sering berbicara selama kegiatan dikelas, seperti: referential question, display question, extended teacher turn, extended wait time, content feedback and confirmation check. Peneliti menemukan 92 interferensi dari Bahasa Madura, terdiri dari: 46 gangguan dalam struktur bahasa , 33 gangguan dalam fonologi and 13 dalam kata. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa interferensi Bahasa Madura ditemukan di beberapa ungkapan atau kalimat yang digunakan guru dalam fitur teacher talk. Jenis interferensi yang sering muncul adalah grammatical interference dan phonological interference. Interferensi dalam tatabahasa terjadi karena guru menggunakan struktur tatabahasa Bahasa Madura didalam berbahasa Inggris, sedangkan interferensi fonologi ditunjukkan oleh pelafalan kata dan intonasi guru yang . Interferensi-interferensi tersebut, kemudian, berdampak negatif pada pemahaman siswa terhadap teacher’s talk. Kata Kunci: interferensi bahasa, Bahasa Madura, teacher talk. Abstract This study is dealing with the variety of first language interference, in this case Madurese, with its typical influence on English teacher’s talk in classroom discourse Three research questions are formulated in this study, including: (1) which utterances of teacher talk are interfered by Madurese language, (2) what the types of interference have influenced the teacher talk, and (3) how the language interference in the teacher’s talk affects the students’ understanding. This research is designed in descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this study are an English teacher and his students of X grade in one of Senior High School Bangkalan. All the interaction between the teacher and students during the teaching-learning process are recorded, transcribed, and analysed to find out the answers of three research questions. The result of this study shows that the Madurese interferences were dominantly detected in the certain teacher talk features which were mostly used by the teacher and gave the teacher chance to take up a major portion of talk in classroom interaction, such as: referential question, display question, extended teacher turn, extended wait time, content feedback and confirmation check. It was found there were 92 Madurese interferences, which 46 grammatical interferences, 33 phonological interferences and 13 lexical interferences. In conclusion, the Madurese interference was found in some utterances used in some teacher talk features. The types of interference which mostly appeared are grammatical interferences and phonological interference. The grammatical interference occurred when the teacher adopted the grammar structure of Madurese language to English, while the phonological interference is shown in the teacher’s pronunciation and intonation which indicated by characteristics of Madurese language. Those interferences, then, affect the students’ understanding toward the teacher’s talk in negative way. Keywords: language interference, Madurese language, teacher talk. INTRODUCTION Language is a media of communication that is used by teachers and their students to interact each other in the classroom discourse. According to Parrish (2004), the language that teachers use in class, or “teacher-talk,” can have a tremendous impact on the success of interactions they have with students. That because every single word the teacher said will determine how well they make their teaching, and guarantees how well students will learn. Except that, the classroom interaction can also enhance students’ understanding about the subject. they teach and how well the students learn. Thus, a teacher should choose the classroom language selectively in order to achieve the success of teaching-learning process. “A teacher’s voice is her essential realia. As with any other piece of valuable realia, it needs to be authentic, meaningful, engaging, and appropriate for learners”. (Weddel, 2008:3) Therefore, a teacher, especially an English Foreign Language (EFL) teacher, should notice her or his talk whether in vocabulary or language structures. But in fact, there are still many teachers that ignore that, they teach their learners without paying attention to their talk and learners’ understanding. As we know, basically, the foreign language teacher is also a learner. Although they are foreign language teachers, it does not cover the possibility that they also have done a mistake in producing target language since English is not her/his native language. As Ellis (1997) states that in second language acquisition often occurs some speaker’s errors and mistakes. A mistake that often occur in learning a new language is the learners always try to transfer directly the surface structures of L1 into L2 surface structures without paying attention to the second language rules (Dulay et.al, 1982). If the structures of the two languages are distinctly different, then one could expect a relatively high frequency of errors to occur in L2, thus indicating an interference of mother tongue on second language; this is most often discussed as a source of errors (negative transfer) (Dechert, 1983; Ellis, 1997). Interference is a condition when the rules of speakers’ native language (L1) influences the production of target language (L2). That was happened automatically due to habit. When writing or speaking the target language (L2), second language learners tend to rely on their native language (L1) structures to produce a response. Weinreich (1953) divided the interference into three types, namely: phonological interference, grammatical interference, and lexical interference. Berthold et al. (1997) defined the phonological interference as items including foreign accent such as stress, pronounciation, intonation and speech sounds from the first language influencing the second. Grammatical interference is defined as the first language influences the second language in terms of word order, use of pronouns and determinants, tense and mood. While, lexical interference was defined as the error in transferring and changing syllable of morpheme, affixes, phoneme, and diphthong of the lexical item of the one language into another language (Dyakov, 2008). Some studies have been conducted in the area of language interference related to the second language acquisition, and almost of them found that learner’s mother tongue or first language rules influenced the production of target language in several of levels. Lekova (2010) wrote an article about the variety of language interference with its typical influence on French language learning by students. He concluded that the language interference is directly related to the place attributed to the mother tongue in the foreign language teaching system. Firdaus (2012) has done an observation about the interference of Madurese in use of English in an English course in Probolinggo. He declared that the learner was interfered his L1 (Madurese) when he spoke in English. The interference that often happened was in the form of grammatical interference and lexical interference. English sentences and word formation they said were interfered by the structure of Madurese. In the writer’s experience in her Senior High School, her English teacher was also a Madurese native speaker. The language used by the teacher during interaction in the classroom sounded complicated because he tended to translate the language rules from Madurese to English. This made the students confused and did not understand what the teacher was talking or asking about. This example above has proven that the interference of mother tongue or first language can affect the second language acquisition. This language interference may occur because Madurese and English are distinctly different. Madurese language has a distinctive characteristic whether in its intonation, stress or speech sounds which are very different from another language including English. Fatah (2007) has observed the spoken English by Madurese Senior High School students. Then, based on his observation results, he found that the students faced some problems in stress, intonation pattern and pronunciation of their mother tongue (Madurese) interfered their spoken English. Madurese is famous with its intonation characteristic that is swaying; high pitch, suddenly low tone, and long-rising tone. Madurese also has striking differences from the other languages. This language is considered as unique language, especially in structure and syntax. Madurese and English have much distinction, especially in the term of Functional Sentences Perspective. Haq and Damanhuri (2013) declare that the third person pronoun which is usually used in English, such as “it”, “he” or “she”, does not exist in Madurese. Madurese people prefer to use “jiyah”, “roah” or mention his/her proper name. Another differences also occur in the question word formation. According to Davies (2003), the question word formations of Madurese are special. The Madurese people usually placed the WH-questions in the middle or in the end of sentence. Meanwhile, the correct structure of interrogative sentence in English, the question words are always placed in the beginning of sentence. Based on the fact above, the writter was curious to analyse the case of first language interference deeply. This research, therefore, attempts to discuss language interference with special reference to the Madurese language, which can affect Madurese English teacher’s talk during the classroom discourse. In addition, the research also investigated types of interference influenced teacher’s talk and identified how the students respond to the teacher’s talk that was interfered by the teacher’s Madurese. METHOD This study has been undertaken to find out whether there was the influence of the interference of teachers’ first language to the teacher-talk in classroom discourse, and also how its effect on learners’ language learning. Based on the objectives, the researcher decided to describe it by using words. In other words, the research was conducted in qualitative research approach. The appropriate research method for this study was the descriptive qualitative research. The descriptive method, which is a method that describes how the things really happen, was considered as appropriate method for this research because the researcher would explain the problem further and focuses on particular subjects. This research was a case study. Young (2009) states qualitative approaches have been used in a number of recent studies, especially in a case study which involves collection of detailed information about a particular case, such as; a learner, a small group of learner, teacher, or classroom. The reasons above became consideration why the researcher used descriptive qualitative method to conduct this study. The research was held in one of Senior High Schools in Bangkalan. This school was chosen because the research objects that writer needs to be observed were available, it had some teachers with Madurese background and the students tended to use bilingual languages; Bahasa and Madurese, as their daily language. It made the researcher easier to observe the case. In this research, an English teacher in one of Senior High Schools Bangkalan was the subject. He was 35 years old and has been an ELT teacher for more than ten years and absolutely has tonnes of teaching experience. He graduated from State University of Malang. This teacher has heavy Madurese accent because he is from one of rural area in Madura, so it may he uses Madurese in almost his daily activities. Moreover, this research only focused on Madurese interference in the teacher-talk during classroom discourse. Other subjects of this research were the students taught by the teacher. Because students’ learning needs were considered in this study, interview was used as a necessary research tool in order to get more complete and detailed data. There were 19 students in a class, consisted of 15 female and 4 male students. However only 5 students, as samples, who were going to be interviewed related to the teacher-talk that was interfered by first language (Madurese) used by the teacher. The data in this study were taken from utterances spoken by the teacher-talks that were used in classroom discourse. That was noted by using audio recorder and observation sheet. The whole process of teaching was recorded and transcribed to reflect what actually happened in classroom and it would be an authentic data to investigate learner’s preference towards teacher talk and their evaluation about their teachers’ talk. Other source of data was gotten from the interview result. The interview was formed in unstructured interview and also free opinion. It was addressed to some students who were taught by that teacher. It was done to bring out whether the students comprehend the instructions or explanation delivered by the teacher. For observation instruments, the researcher used an audio recorder and observation sheet. The researcher attended the class and recorded all the teacher and students interaction during the teaching learning process. Observation sheets were used for taking a note all information about how the classroom discourse is running. It helped the researcher to record the data or findings everything occurred in the class, in order to collect some information that were needed. During the observations, the researcher asked some questions to the students related to their understanding about the instruction or explanation delivered by the teacher. From the student’s answer, indirectly, could be identified whether the interfered utterances used by the teacher were understood by students or not. The utterances of teacher’s talk in classroom and student’s statements in the recording were transcribed. Then, the transcription of recording was analysed to find out whether the teacher’s first language (Madurese) interferes the use of second language in her teacher-talk. According to Richards (2003), the researcher can produce an adequate transcription for collecting and analysing the spoken interaction. In addition, for describing the phonological interference produced by the teacher; such as pronounciation and intonation, the researcher used the suprasegmental transcription. After all data were collected, the teacher talk was analysed with regard to the three research questions which the study set out to address. For the research questions, the researcher gained the data from observing and taking note how the class was running. To answer the research question number one, firstly, the researcher noted the utterances used by teacher in the feature of teacher talk and analysed which utterances were interfered by the teacher’s native language. The second research question would be answered by identifying what types of interference those are. The types of interference was grouped based on the theory from Weinreich (1953) which devided the interferences into three types, namely: grammatical interference, phonologial interference, and lexical interference. Meanwhile, the answer of last question would be gotten from analysing the students’ response during teaching learning process and the result of interview. The interview was done informally. The researcher gave several questions to some students about the teacher’s explanation or instruction during the teaching learning process. From this interview result, the researcher would get some information about students’ comprehension toward teacher’s talk. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION After doing close examination to the transcript, the following features were found in the teacher talk performed by the English teacher during the classroom discourse. The researcher found that from fourteen features listed on SETT framework in Walsh (2006) there are only eleven features of teacher talk performed by the teacher, those are: scaffolding, direct repair, content feedback, confirmation check, extended wait-time, extended learner turn, teacher echo, extended teacher turn, turn completion, display questions and referential questions. However, not all teacher talk features were influenced by Madurese interference. The Madurese interferences were dominantly detected in the certain teacher talk features which were mostly used by the teacher and gave the teacher chance to take up a major portion of talk in classroom interaction, such as: extended teacher turn, extended wait time, content feedback, confirmation check, referential question and display question. The process of its occurrence was the teacher tends to transferred Madurese language rules into the English in his talk, especially when the teacher delivered questions whether it was referential question or display question. The table below shows the examples of utterance used by the teacher which influenced by Madurese interference found in referential and display question. Extract 1 T: Your school in where when Junior High School? S: Hah? Ya I was Junior high school a year ago, Sir. T: No no..emm..I mean where did you study in Junior High School? S6: Oooo... in Junior High School 2 Bangkalan . T: Before month February, month what that? Ss : err... T : Iya.. before February is?? Extract 2 Ss: Ooo.. January, Sir. From the extracts above, it was apparent that the Madurese interferences did exist when the teacher delivered those referential question (extract 1) and display question (extract 2). Referential questions are genuine questions which those answers are not known by the questioner since the responses given change from person to person. Those are needed to gain the students’ opinion related to the teacher questions or class discussion. From the example above, it was apparent that the Madurese interferences did exist when the teacher delivered those referential questions. Most of referential questions were interfered by Madurese in its structure (grammatical interference) and intonation (phonological interference). Although the language used was English, but the interrogative structure was simply Madurese. The error of word orders also caused the different intonation. The intonation used by the teacher when he expressed the interrogative sentences was like the way he expressed in Madurese intonation. Meanwhile, the extract 2 above is an example of display question used in teacher’s talk. Display questions were identified when the teacher gave question about holiday in this week. In researcher opinion, the point worth making in this occasion means that the teachers want to invite the students to participate in the classroom discourse. By asking some display question, the teacher can dig out students’ understanding and memorization about the knowledge they already know. The language interference in table 4.2 above was not much different from interfered utterances in referential questions. The teacher seemed to directly translate the interrogative sentence from Madurese to English in word by word. It was shown from the inappropriate placement of wh-question in interrogative sentence. This interfence is included in the grammatical interference type. According to Ellis (1994), an error of producing target language occurs as a result of interference when learners transferred their native language habit into second language. Both the similarity and difference between L1 and L2 may lead to first language transfer and it occurs inevitably, so that every second language learner is prone to have his first language interference in producing the target language, no exception for a teacher. It must be considered that every second language speaker has different level of competence and ability in expressing an idea. The lack of second language mastery is also one of factor of interference (Milroy and Wei, 1995). But somehow, the teacher intentionally used the Madurese interference; such as in his intonation and word-using, to amuse or make a joke with his students. Following Weinreich (1953) who divided the language interference into three types, namely grammatical interference, phonological interference and lexical interference. These three types of language interference were never absent in every meetings during the observations. The grammatical interference occurred when the teacher adopted the grammar structure of Madurese language to English. For instance: The example of teacher’s utterances (Madurese Structure) The correct structure of English S V N (1) you know juvenile V Qw delinquency that means what? (Be’en taoh “juvenile delinquency” jiah artenna apah?) Adv. Phrase N (2) Before month February, month Qw N what that? (sabellumma bulan Pebruari, bulan apah jiah?) Do you know what the meaning of juvenile delinquency? What is month before February? From the table above, we can clearly see that the grammatical interference occurred in the teacher’s utterances. In the example 1 and 2, the utterance structures were interfered by Madurese structure although the language used by the teacher was English. Both of those utterances were the display questions which were delivered in the teacher talk during classroom discourse. The teacher seemed to translate the interrogative sentence directly from Madurese to English. Mostly Madurese people placed the question word in the middle or in the end of sentence; it has already been their speech habit and came out unconsciously. The second type of interference that was often found in teacher’s talk during the observations was phonological interferences The distinctive characteristic of accent between Madurese and English; such as its intonation, stress or speech sounds, raised the difficulty in second language acquisition. These differences will cause negative transfer or interference, which is called phonological interference. Sometimes the teacher unconsciously spoke in Madurese intonation which absolutely different from English intonation should be spoken, for the Madurese intonation was swaying; high pitch, suddenly low tone, and long-rising tone. The examples were provided below: Do you still reme~m ber last meeting I asked you to do what? Madurese English teacher’s intonation: The Intonation of yes-no question in English should be Do you still remember last meeting what I asked you to do? The intonation of yes-no question in English should be rising in the end of sentence (Jones, 1950). However, the intonation used by the teacher when he expressed yes-no question was like the way he expressed in Madurese intonation, such as the example above. And for lexical interference, it was shown when the teacher used formation of non-existing lexical items. It was described in the example below: Extract 3 1) S : I want to hang out with Ruri to the Bangplaz on holiday tomorrow Sir. Ss : Wuuiii..... T : Ooo... You will spend your holiday by king-walking with Ruri yeh! Who want to join them? Ha ha.. Reduplication (Verb): king-walking à lan-jhalan [lən-jhələn] à take a walk The word “king-walking” in the extract 3 above was meant take a walk in English. This is kind of lexical interference dealed with reduplication Verb which is usually used in Madurese. In Madurese does exist in verb while not in English, for example: bhuk-rembhuk à discussing, bu-dhabu à talking. The teacher seemed that he wanted to make a joke or amuse the students by saying this kind interfered word (king-walking) intentionally, while the student understood what the teacher intended. Based on the findings, it was noticed that those three types of interference occurred, since the Madurese language has distinctive characteristics of language rule. However, the type of interference which mostly influenced the teacher’s talk was grammatical interference and phonological interference. According to Berthold et al. (1997), grammatical interference is defined as the first language influencing the second in terms of word order, use of pronouns and determinants, tense and mood. The grammatical interferences mostly found when the teacher produced interrogative sentences. Moreover, the Madurese interference often found in the using of third person singular. This is similar to what Haq & Damanhuri (2013) state, in that Madurese language does not know the third person. Madurese people prefer to use proper name or the word “roah”or “Jiah”. The phonology interference is related to the matters of phonology of the speaker’s native language interferes the use of target language. When the speakers are speaking a foreign language they seem to use sounds and sound patterns that were familiar with their mother tongue, objectively, rather than sounds it in the way how the native speakers speak. Avery and Ehrlich (1992) supported the idea that the learners will directly transfer their L1 sound patterns into the second language when they are not able to produce L2, and this transfer is likely to cause an error. Meanwhile, the last result to be discussed was got from the students’ responses during the classroom interaction and their statement in the interview. This discussion would give answer to the last research question. After investigating the findings, the researcher concluded that the first language interferences that were shown by the teacher gave effect to the student’s understanding toward the teacher’s talks. Most of students could not understand or catch well what the teacher question or explanation. It was proven when the students gave incorrect responses and also, sometimes, they were silent when the teacher asked questions using the utterances which interfered by Madurese language. Except that, the teacher’s mistake in pronouncing a word also affected the student’s comprehension, they would imitated that. As Weddel (2008) mentioned that the teachers’ talk always becomes their essential realia. Thus, somewhat, the students will imitate every single word the teacher said and it will be a new information or knowledge that the students keep in their memory as an input. CONCLUSIONS Based on the through elaboration and discussion upon the data on the fourth chapter, three conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, some Madurese interferences were found in English teacher’s talk in a Senior High School Bangkalan. Some utterances in some teacher talk features contained Madurese interference in all language levels; whether in grammatical, phonological and lexical. The teacher tends to transferred Madurese language rules into the English in his talk, especially when the teacher delivered questions whether it was referential question or display question. Second, it was also found that the types of interference mostly occurred during the observations was grammatical interference. Lastly, the existence of first language interference in the teacher’s talk gave effect to the student’s understanding toward the teacher’s talks. Most of students could not understand or catch well what the teacher question or explanation which was shown from the students’ responses. It happened because the language used by the teacher sounded confusing. REFERENCES Avery, P. & Ehrlich, S. (1992). Teaching American English Pronounciation. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Berthold, M. et al. (1997). Bilingualism & Multiculturalism: Study Book. Distance Education Centre, Universty of Southern Quessland: Towoombaa. Dulay, H., Burt, M. & Krashen, S. (1982). Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press. Davies, W. D. (2003). Extreme Locality In Madurese WH-questions. Syntax 6(3): 237-259. Davies, W. D. (1954). A Grammar of Madurese. New York: De Gruyter Mounton. Ellis, R. (1997). Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (1994). The Study Of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fatah, A. C. (2007). Spoken English by Madurese Senior High School Students. Unpublished S-1 Thesis. State University of Surabaya. Firdaus, A. Y. (2012). Madurese Interference in the Use of English by the Students of Foreign Language Development Institute, Probolinggo, East Java. Unpublished S-1 Thesis. State University of Surabaya. Haq, D. D., & Damanhuri, A. (2013). Code-Mixing And Code Switching Toward English Use At Pondok Pesantren Nurul Jadid Paiton – Probolinggo. Language Horizon 1(1): 3-15. Jones, D. (1950). The Pronounciation of English. London: Cambridge University Press Lekova, B. H. (2010). Language Interference And Methods Of Its Overcoming In Foreign Language teaching. Trakia Journal of Sciences 8(3): 320-324. Milroy, L., & Wei, L. (1995). One Speaker, two languages: cross-diciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Parrish, B. (2004). Teaching Adult ESL A Practical Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill. Richards, K. (2003). Qualitative Inquiry in TESOL. Birmingham: Language Studies Unit Aston University. Walsh, Steve. (2006). Investigating Classroom Discourse. New York: Routledge. Weddel, K.S. (2008). ESL Teacher Language (Teacher Talk) For Effective Classroom Interactions: Independent Study Course For Teachers of Adult English as a Second Language. Colorado: Northern Colorado Professional Development Center. Weinrich, U. (1953). Language in Contact Finding Problem. The Hague: Mounton. Young, Richard F. (2009). Qualitative Research. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
The Implementation of Animated Film as Media to Teach Writing Narrative Text to the Eighth Grade Students of Junior High School
RETAIN Vol 2 No 2 (2014): Volume 2 No 2 2014
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Abstract

The Implementation of Animated Film as Media to Teach Writing Narrative Text to the Eighth Grade Students of Junior High School Fatimatus Zahroh English Education, Languages and Arts Faculty, State Unuversity of Surabaya Fatim.english@yahoo.com Dosen pembimbing Him’mawan Adi Nugroho, S.Pd., M.Pd English Education, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya Him’mawan_19@yahoo.com Abstrak Menulis adalah salah satu kopetensi dalam bahasa inggris.Bagi murid,Menulis di anggap keahlian yang sangat sulit, karena tidak hanya mengorganisir ide, tetapi menterjemahkan suatu ide pada text sehingga bisa di baca. Animasi film adalah salah satu media yang dapat di gunakan dalam mengajar khususnya Menulis. Tujuan dari studi ini mempunyai tiga rumusan masalah: (1) penerapan animasi film sebagai media pembelajaran narrative text pada kelas delapan SMP N 1 Bangkalan. (2) masalah yang dihadapi oleh guru dalam pembelajaran narrative text engan menggunakan animasi film pada kelas delapan SMP N 1 Bangakalan.(3) respon murid dalam penggunaan animasi film dalam pembelajaran menulis text narrative pada kelas delapan SMP N 1 Bangkalan. Design penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subject yang di gunakan pada penelitian ini adalah guru dan murid kelas VIIIG SMP N 1 Bangkalan. Adapun instrument yang di gunakan pada penelitian ini, di antaranya menggunakan Checklist, Field note, wawancara dan angket. Hasil dari penerapan animasi film dalam mengajar menulis text narrative di katakan sukses. Hampir seluruh siswa bisa menulis text narrative dengan baik penerapan animasi flm dalam mengajar text narrative mendapatkan positif respon dari murid. Dan permasalahan yang di hadapi oleh guru dalam mengajar narrative text dengan menggunakan animasi film, salah satunya adalah murid merasa kesulitan dalam menangkap maksud dari pembicara pada animasi film tersebut. Kesimpulan, dari penerapan animasi film dalam mengajar text narrative mendapatkan positive respon dari murid. Dengan menggunakan animasi film sebagai media pada pembelajaran menulis narrative text bisa menambah motivasi siswa dan juga antusias dalam pembelajaran text narrative. Dan bisa di simpulkan media yang di gunakan pada pembelajaran text narrative di kelas sangat menarik dan menyenangkan. Kata Kunci: menulis, teks narrative, animasi film Abstract Writing is one of the competences in English. It is considered as the most difficult skill for the students because not only generating and organizing ideas, but also translating these ideas into text which can be read. Animation is kind of media that can be used in teaching writing. The purpose of this study was to describe : (1) the implementation of animated film as a media in teaching writing narrative text to the eight grade student of SMP N 1 Bangkalan.(2) problems are faced by the teacher in teaching writing narrative of using animated film text to the eight grade student of SMP N 1 Bangkalan.(3) the students’ responses toward the use of animated film in teaching writing narrative text to the eight grade students of SMP N 1 Bangkalan This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects are the teacher and the students of VIII G SMP Negeri 1 Bangkalan. The instruments which are used in this research are observation checklist, field note, Interview and questionnaires. The result of the implementation of animated film in teaching writing narrative was successes. Most of students were able to composing a good narrative text. The implementation of animated film gets positives responses from the students. Students are willing to compose a narrative text. For the problem faced by the teacher, by using animated the teacher was the students difficult to catch the native speaker. In conclusion, the implementation of animated film in teaching writing narrative text gets positives responses from the students. By watching animated film as media in teaching writing narrative can gains the students motivation, and also their enthusiasm in teaching learning writing narrative text. It could be concluded that techniques applied in the class were more fun and enjoyable. Key Words : Writing, Narrative text, Animated Film INTRODUCTION Writing is one of the competences in English. It is considered as the most difficult skill for the students. selecting the topic is the important thing that students have to do before they start writing. But the fact, when th students start to write, they get difficulty. In teaching writing, the teacher can use various media. Video film is a kind of media that is usually used in the classroom. According to Stemplesky and Tomalin (1990:6-7) animated film has difference types of purpose, there are : active viewing, vocabulary, grammar, pronunciations, listening and speaking skill, reading and writing skill, cross-cultural concern, and testing. Teaching with video can be exciting. Four or five minutes video tape material can easily provide enough stimulating input for one hour’s teaching, Lonergan (1984:2). Animated films are the ones in which individual drawing, paintings, or illustrating is photographed frame by frame. According to Hornby, (1995:171) animated film is a film made photographing a series of a gradually changing drawing, so they look as if they are moving. Animation videos are often directed by to apply by most children, but easily can be enjoyed by all. It means that by using animated film in teaching writing can bring new atmosphere for the students in teaching and learning process. In junior high school up to senior high school students are obliged to master short functional text such as descriptive text, recount text and also narrative text. Narrative is text which tells a story and entertains or informs the reader or listener (Anderson 1998:8). Narrative usually tells one’s experiences or a short story which states and resolution of problem. In teaching writing nnarrative,The researcher wants to take a research entitled “the implementation of animated film as material to teach narrative text to eight graders student”. According to Harmer (2007, 4-5), There are four step how to teach writing, (1).Planning.Writers plan what they are going to write, before starting to write or type, they Try and decide what it is they are going to say. To make easy, for some writers this may involve making detailed note. When planning, writers have to think about three main issues, the first place they have to consider, the purpose of their writing since this will influence. Not only the type of the text the wish to produce, but also the language they use, and the information they choose to include. The secondly, the writers think of the audience, this will influence not only the shape of the writing, but also the choice of language. For example, it is formal or informal in tone. Thirdly, writers have to consider the content structure of the piece, which means how best to sequence the fact, ideas, or arguments which they have decide to include. (2) Drafting. it can refer to the first version of a piece of writing as a draft. This first ‘go’ at Text is often done on the assumption that it will be amended later. At the writing process proceeds into editing, a number of drafts may be produced on the way the final version. (3)Editing .(Reflecting and Revising) Writers have to produce a draft, they then, usually, read though what they have Written to see where it works and where it does not. Although, the order of information is not clear and also the ambiguous or confusing, they can move paragraph around or write a new introduction and also they may use a different form of words for a particular sentence. Reflection and revising are often helped by other readers who comment and make suggestion. For another reader’s reaction to piece of writing will help the author to make a appropriate revisions. (5)Final Version Writers have edited their draft, making changes they consider to be necessary, They produce their final version. This may look considerably different from both the original plan and the first draft, because things have changed in the editing process. For the writer is now ready to send the written text to it intended audience Those stage in the following by: Planning à drafting à editing à final version Media is one of the ways in teaching new material to the students is to use many kinds of media. Commonly, media can be divided into three types. They are visual media, audio media, and audio visual There are some steps that have to be done in order to reach the successful in teaching writing using video, especially there stages in writing: pre writing, whilst writing, and post writing. (a) Pre writing activities. In pre writing activities, include pre-viewing activity and viewing activity. (b) Pre viewing activities,In pre- viewing activity, the teacher gives information about what will be played, the theme of animated film. The teacher asks to the students to keep silent and also gives command about what students should do during the viewing activity. (c) Viewing activity During the viewing activity, the teacher plays animated film twice. The animated video is about 7 minutes. In this activity students should take a note about the important part in the animated film. (d) Whilst Writing activities,In whilst writing activity is includes the post viewing activity. The students are asked to make summary about way they have watched in the form of narrative composition. (e)Post writing activities.The teacher collects the student work then asks some students to present their work in front of the class. The teacher gives comment orally.In the end of observation, the researcher interviewed the teacher toward the implementation of animated film in teaching writing narrative text. Also the researcher gave some questionnaire toward the responses of students by using animated film. Based on the background above, the research questions are formulated to the following: 1. How is the implementation of animated film as a material in teaching writing narrative text to the eight grade student of SMP N 1 Bangkalan ? 2. What problems are faced by the teacher in teaching writing narrative of using animated film text to the eight grade student of SMP N 1 Bangkalan ? 3. How are the students’ responses toward the use of animated film in teaching writing narrative text to the eight grade students of SMP N 1 Bangkalan? According to research question above, the objectives of study are to: Todescribe the implementation of animated film as a material to teach writing narrative text to the eighth grade student of SMP N 1 Bangkalan. To identify problems faced by teacher in animated film in teaching writing narrative text to the eighth grade student of SMP N1 Bangkalan. Describe the students’ responses toward the use of animated film in teaching writing narrative text to the eighth grade students of SMP N 1 Bangkalan. From this study, the researcher expects that this study will be useful and beneficial for the English teachers by using animated film as a media in writing narrative texts. The finding of this study will give the valuable and useful information for the English teacher in the junior high school as feedback or reflection of their teaching. The teacher can use the information to reflect whether they have achieved the objectives of their teaching or not, so they can improve their teaching media. In addition, the student participation toward the media can become feedback for the teacher whether the media used in the class have already aroused the student interest or not. METHOD The research design in this study is descriptive qualitative. The design is used since this study is aimed to describe the media applied by the teacher in teaching writing narrative. According to Bogdan & Biklen (1992:29-32), a study is categorized as qualitative if the study meets one of the following characteristics. First, the setting and the data are natural. It means that there is no intervention from the researchers so that the events being observed happened as the natural condition. Second, qualitative data are described in the forms of words rather than number. Third, the sample taken is determined purposefully. Fourth, data analysis is one while collecting and interpreting data. The last, a context and meaning is an essential concern to the qualitative approach. It means that the research that uses this approach focuses on how people make sense of their experience. There is no attempt to predict what will happen in the future but rather to understand a unique and particular context. This study is categorized as descriptive qualitative since it met those five characteristics above. In this study, the writer tries to describe, explain, and report the application of animated film to teach writing narrative texts. The subject of the study conducted the students of class VIII of SMP N 1 Bangkalan priode 2013/2014 which consists of 32 students and also their teacher, Ms. Husnul khotimah, S.Pd. it was supposed to learn narrative text for their material in the second semester. The teacher used animated film in teaching writing narrative text. The setting of this study conducted in SMP N 1 Bangkalan. It is located in jalan Trunojoyo no.2, Bangkalan. In SMP N 1 Bangkalan these are first, second and third grades. Meanwhile the researcher chooses the second graders. The setting is chosen based on some consideration. The first consideration is because the location of this school is strategies. The second consideration is because this school was appointed by the government to be national school. Therefore, the school is believed to have a better quality in term of curriculum, teacher, students, facilities, headmaster, officers’ and management of the school. Therefore, English teachers and the students of SMP N 1 Bangkalan will be the sources of data in this study. According to Ary et.al (2006:453), the instruments in qualitative research used by researcher are field notes, interview guides and documentation. In this study to gain the data, the researcher will used checklist, field notes during observation as the primary instrument, students’ writing task, and interview guide and questionnaire sheet. 1. Observation Checklist During the observation, the researcher used the observation checklist to help the collecting data. The research will observe all the activities of writing during teaching learning process. The checklist consisted list of the material used by the teacher when she is explaining the lesson in teaching learning process. The observation checklist is in the form yes or no answer. (see appendix 1) 2. Field Notes According to Ary et.al (2006:477), field notes are the instrument to collect data during the observation. In this study, the field notes become the primary instrumentation since they are used to get data about the kinds of techniques, the procedures or activities in applying them, students’ participation towards the techniques, material and media in the classroom. To gain the data during observation, the researcher writes the events happening in the class. The field notes are used since field notes in qualitative research are brief notes included of all written reports during the observation (Ary et.Al,2006:477). The purpose of applying the daily field note is to make the researcher remembers the facts and details that happened during observation. It is used to observe the implementation of animated film as material to teach writing narrative. 3. Interview Guide This instrument is used to get-depth information from the teachers about the media of teaching writing narrative. The interview guide for the teacher consist of the question that the problem face by the teacher. These questions are based on the indicators of the sub variables with the data. The questions in the interview guide are asked one of the team teachers in the regular class. As stated by Good (1972:238-239), interview can provide many types of information that can only be secured though face-to-face contacts an more complete answers since the interviewer can ask the answer directly. 4. Questionnaire In this research, questionnaire is given to the students to know their response about teaching writing narrative text by using animated film. It would be given at the end of the observation to enable the students to answer all the questions. She asked the students to answer 8 questions in written form. For number one up to number two are about English in writing, For number three up to number five are about narrative text and last for number six up to number are about the implementation of animated film in teaching writing narrative. The data of observation sheet are collected by observing teacher’s and students’ activities when animated film is implemented in the teaching writing in the classroom. The problem faced by the teacher, the researcher used interviewed. And also the last the result of the questionnaires described the students’ responses toward the used of animated film as a material in teaching writing narrative text the research observed the activity during the teaching and learning process in detail. checklist, Field note, interview guide and Questionnaires. In doing the observation, the researcher will enter the classroom and become a passive observer since the beginning of the lesson until the period of the English time ended. A passive observer means that the researcher observed the events happening in the class and made notes on the field note and checklist. The last observation, the researcher interviewed the teacher problems faced by the teacher in teaching writing narrative by using animated film. Next questionnaires the researcher would ask the students to do the questionnaires about students’ responses to the implementation of writing narrative text by using animated film. The data of the study analyzed qualitatively by using descriptive analysis. The first analysis of process was based on the result of checklist, field note, The teacher faced problem in teaching writing narrative text. The last the students’ responses analyzed based on opinion during the implementation of animated film to teach writing narrative text. It got from result of observation sheet, interview guided, and questionnaires. The data of observation sheet are collected by observing teacher’s and students’ activities when animated film is implemented in the teaching writing in the classroom. For the result of interviewed that faced the problem by the teacher, in using animated film. In the end of observation, the researcher interview the teacher dealing with the used of animated film also, the result of the questionnaires described the students’ responses toward the used of animated film as a material in teaching writing narrative text THE FINDINGS OF THE CLASSROOM OBSERVATION The first observation was conducted on January 7th. It was on Tuesday and the class began at 08.05 am until 09.25 a.m. On the first meeting the teacher and researcher entered the class, the students were noisy and most of the students were not in the class, the leader of the class called several students comes to the class. The teacher started the class by greeting them and introduced the researcher to the students. After that the teacher checked the attendance list; there were two students who were absent in that day and the class consisted 32 students. Before teaching learning process started, the teacher asked the students the example of narrative text, the teacher helped the students in order to get the idea of the narrative text; the teacher brainstormed the students and gave the students about a minute to think. Then, the students told their opinion dealing with the example of narrative text. After all the students gave their opinion about example of narrative text, the teacher added the example of narrative text. The teacher stated that brainstorming was applied in the classroom to make the students think more easily in finding out ideas about the material that the teacher gave. Therefore, they could give their opinion as many as possible guided by the example of narrative text. Besides, the question-answer technique was chosen to improve the students’ to gave their opinion of the example of narrative text. before started the material since they had to think fast and speak spontaneously in answering some question that related with the teacher commanded. The teacher used some media to help the teaching and learning process. The first media used in the class was visual media, that were the LCD projector and whiteboard. LCD was the main media since it helped the teacher in showing the materials and read the material directly. The teacher told the students that they were going to learn about tenses that used to tell past activity, the teacher started to explained about simple past tense, However the teacher repeated the explanation in Indonesian to make sure students could understood. Next activity, the teacher told the students the material, the teacher showed some slides and explained about narrative text, The Purpose of Narrative Text and also the generic structure of narrative text, narrative text consists of three parts: orientation, complication, and resolution, and also language feature, then the teacher repeated the material in order that they could understand. Sometimes the teacher mixed language; she used Indonesian, especially in explanation narrative text to the students. To measure the understanding of narrative text to the students, the teacher gave an example of narrative text in her slide, in narrative text there are factual and non factual (imaginary).The examples of factual texts are: someone’s experience, adventure, historical narratives, etc. The examples of non factual (imaginary) texts are : fairytales, fables and moral tales, myths and legends. The teacher gave example of narrative text the title was Timun Mas there are four paragraph in the story of Timun Mas. Timun Mas one of story tells in the past, in Timun Mas story has orientation, complication, and the last is resolution She asked one student to read the first paragraph of story. After the student read the story based on the slide, teacher explained that the first paragraph on story is Orientatation. Teacher asked the student to read the second and third paragraph after that, the teacher explained that the second and third paragraph were Complication. For the last paragraph the teacher read by her and explained for the last paragraph was Resolution. In the first observation the teacher use pre writing activity, means that in pre writing activity consist of pre viewing activity also viewing activity, in pre viewing activity, the teacher gives information about what will be played, the theme of animated film. The teacher asks to the students to keep silent and also gives command about what students should do during the viewing activity. Also in viewing activity, During the viewing activity, the teacher plays animated film twice. The animated video is about 7 minutes. In this activity students should take a note about the important part in the animated film. Then, several minutes before the class was ended. The teacher showed an animated film with the title Malin Kundang, It took ten minutes, Then the teacher played the animated film and repeated the film twice. After watching animated film, the teacher asked to the students some important thing related to the film and made same note about the characters, setting, and conflict which was found in the film. Finally the teacher left the class by giving nice greeting. The second observation was conducted on January 11th. It was on Saturday and the class began at 06.45 am until 08.05 a.m. The class was started in the same greeting and checking the students’ attendance list. All the students were presents in that time. Before started the lesson the teacher checked the students’ understanding in previous meeting by asking a several students about narrative text, the generic structure and language feature of narrative text. Then, the teacher prepared all the instruments, material, media, etc that were needed because they were going to watch animated film again. Then, the teacher started to play two films like in previous meeting, the first film was about Little Red Riding Hood it took eight minutes and replay the film was twice, the second film was about Malin Kundang it took ten minutes in the film and replay the film twice. They had to choose one film to write by using owns words. The teacher remained the students about the generic structure, language feature of narrative text. In narrative text used past activities in simple past tense, the past form of verb, and also the time signal of past tense. The teacher gave a paper to the students’ to write the story based on the film. The class was silent because the student concentrated the animated film. The teacher asked the students to write the information based on that film, The teacher used Bahasa to make students understood the instruction and to stimulate and arouse the students’ activeness. The participation of the students was enthusiastic when they watched the film, but there were two students who felt sleepy when they were watched animated film. While the students were watching film, they took some notes, to get information’s about the characters, setting, conflict, etc. They also tried to get some important point from that film. The teacher used of LCD or white board as visual media were to make the students understand the materials more clearly since they could directly see what was being explained by teacher. And also made the students get an enjoyable atmosphere in learning English. After watching the film and writing the important thing based on the story, the teacher asked the students’ to write whole story based on the information on the film. The teacher let the students to write as they could; the teacher let their students to open their dictionary for finding the correct past form. It seems that the important thing for the teacher is that the students were able to write the story based on the film. The teacher moved around the class and check whether the students got difficulty or not. Before the class was ended the teacher asked the students to submit their work. There were 32 students submitted their works. The teacher did not forget reviewing of the material in that time. For the last meeting the teacher will gave the result of the students’ writing. In the second observation, the teacher in the implementation of animated film in teaching writing narrative use in pre viewing activity, the teacher gives information about what will be played, the theme of animated film. viewing activity, also in during the viewing activity, the teacher plays animated film twice the last whilst writing activities means that the teacher asked the students to compose a narrative text based on the film. Also the teacher gives 30 minute to the students to write a narrative text. The trird observation was conducted on January 18th. It was on Saturday and the class began at 06.45 am until 08.05 am. It was Saturday and it was the last meeting of the observation. When the teacher and the researcher came to the class, one of the students came late and the teacher let the student followed teaching learning process in the class. Then, the teacher greeted and checked students’ attendance list. All students’ were present at the time. The teacher gave the students’ last meeting work. For students’ who got less ability had to revise their task also the teacher prepared the media that would be taught. The teacher explained narrative text and played the film again and discussed the student task on the previous meeting. For the students’ who got excellent ability, they helped the students’ who got poor ability. The teacher gave several times to students’ to revise their writing. Some students did it well, while the rest still needed more attention in using the past form of the verbs. After they finished in writing task, at the time they submitted their works, the teacher corrected and gave score to them. In post writing activity, the teacher collects the students work, then asks some student to present their work in front the class, also the teacher give comments orally. Next activity, the teacher checked students understanding dealing animated film as the media in teaching narrative text by asking a questions in term of narrative. The teacher Also told the students’ to answer the questionnaires that the researcher gave. The questionnaires were about finding the students’ responses toward the implementation of writing narrative text that had been done by the teacher. The researcher interviewed the teacher related with the teaching writing narrative by using animated film. After all questionnaires were submitted, the teacher closed the class with the same way as usual. Finally, the researcher was greatful to all participants for three-day meeting and class over. The Problem Faced by the Teacher in Teaching and Learning Writing Narrative Text by Using Animated Film.This part deals with the second research question which is about the problems faced by the teacher during the implementation of animated film. In the end of observation the researcher interviewed the teacher. In this part, the researcher used interview to know the problems face by the teacher in using animated film.. The question was the problem of teaching narrative text with animated film. There are many problem faced by the teacher using animate film, the first about in teaching writing narrative by using film for the students who sitting in back of the classroom get difficulties to watched animated film so they must move to front sit. Also in given command to the students to keep off and focus to the film need several time to make the class become quiet. The Second was the student difficult to catch the native speaker, because some of them have limited vocabulary, lastly the students difficult to string up grammar when they had to retell the story in writing form The students’ responses was discussed in the third research question. It got from the questionnaires. The first one is about the students’ opinion toward the implementation of animated film in teaching writing narrative text. There were 32 students who filled the questionnaire. During the process of the teaching narrative text, the researcher gave the questionnaire which consist of eight question. a) Yes, b) No, c) Optional based on the given choice from the researcher such as: hard enough, necessary enough, fairly clear, pretty understand, and pretty interesting. CONCLUSION The researcher conducted observation in eighth grades of the junior high school 1 Bangkalan. In junor high school 1 Bangkalan taught English three times in a week. However in implementation of animated film in teaching writing narrative text there were three steps. In the first step, pre-writing activities included of giving instruction, watched animated film, told the student to take note about the important part of the animated film. The second step,whilst-writing, the teacher asked the students to compose narrative writing based on the animated film that had watched, while the teacher let the student to checked dictionary and guidance the students when there were witting. For the last in post writing, the students writing were submitted and checked by the teacher. By watching animated film as media in teaching writing narrative can gains the students motivation, and also their enthusiasm in teaching learning writing narrative text. it could be concluded that techniques applied in the class were more fun and enjoyable. Visual media used were LCD and whiteboard to help the students watched the film in teaching writing narrative also help teacher in students’ listening skill and the last make more fun atmosphere in the class. For the problem faced by the teacher, the teacher made good conditional to overcome the problem by the teacher, although some of students difficult to catch the native speaker, because some of them have limited vocabulary also the students difficult to string up grammar when they had to retell the story in writing form. It can be seen from their result of students writing in narrative text, some of them had excellent very good, Good Average, fair to poor also Very poor. The students were interested by using animated film. It could be seen that almost of the students gets positive responses of this animated film in teaching narrative text. In result of student writing, the result can be concluded that most of students were able to write narrative text. Although some of students faced some problem in using grammar. SUGGESTION Based on the findings of this study, there are several suggestions offered. The suggestions are addressed to the English teachers of junior high school 1 Bangkalan, the teacher should know the students level when delivering material, and the teacher should create an enjoyable condition in teaching narrative by using animated film. Also, the teachers should encourage the students more to make the students accustomed to using English Reviewing at students’ scores is important because it can give feedback. The teacher should use English optimally so that the student will be accustomed to hear that REFERENCES Alkire, S. 2002. Teaching English as a Foreign Language. New York: Longman Inc. Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education. An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Inc. Brown, H. D. 2001. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy, Second Edition. New York: Longman Inc. Callahan, J. F. & Clark, L. H. 1982. Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools: Planning for Competence (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. Carter V. Good.1972. Essentials of Educational Research Methodology and Design Second Edition. London: Prentice-hall International, inc. Cook, V.1996. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching, Second Edition. London: Arnot Hidder Headline Group. Curzon, L.B.1990. Teaching in Further Education: An Outline of Principles and Practice. London: Cassel Education Davies, I. K. 1981. Instructional Techniques. Washington, D.C : McGraw-Hill Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nasional. 1994. Dekrit Menteri Depdikbud Tentang Muatan Lokal Sekolah Dasar. Jakarta: Depdiknas. Depdiknas. 2006. Standar Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Sekolah Menegah Pertama dan Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Good, C.V. 1972. Essentials of Educational Research Methodology and Design Second Edition. London: Prentice-Hall Intenational, Inc. Grant, N. 1991. Making the Most of Your Textbook. New York: Longman. Hidayatullah. 2006. Using Smallvielle Film Series to Actieve Students to Write Narrative text. Unpublised Thesis:UNESA Heinich, R., Molsenda, M., and Russel, J.D.. 1993. Instructional Media and the New Technology of Instruction. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Jacob, L. H,. et.al (1981). Testing ESL Composition: A Practical Approach. Newbury House Publishers, Inc. Rowley, Massachusetts 01969. Rowley. London. Tokyo. Littlewood, W. 1992. Communicative Language Teaching: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. Livingstone, C. 1983. Role Play in Language Learning. London: Longman Group. Lonergan, j . 1984. Video in Language Teaching. Cambridge : Cambrige University Press. Nunan, D. 1991. Language Teaching Methodology: A Text Book for Teachers. New York: Prentice Hall. O’ Malley, J, Michael and Pierce. 1996. Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners: Practical Approaches for Teachers. Virginia: Addison-Weasley. Orstein, A. C. 1990. Strategies for Effective Teaching. New York: Harper Collins. Sherman, j. 2003 Using Authentic Video in the language Classroom. United Kingdom: Cambrige University Press.
THE UTILIZATION OF TEXTBOOKS FOR TEACHING ENGLISH TO THE FIRST GRADE OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN SDN 2 TANJUNG, KEDAMEAN, GRESIK
RETAIN Vol 2 No 3 (2014): Volume 2 edisi Yudisium Agustus 2014
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Buku teks merupakan hal yang penting bagi proses belajar siswa. Buku teks dipakai sebagai media, sumber bahan ajar, bahkan sebagai kurikulum untuk mengajar di sekolah. Tetapi pada kenyataannya buku teks tidak digunakan secara maksimal oleh guru, terutama terhadap siswa kelas satu sekolah dasar. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap penggunaan buku teks untuk pengajaran bahasa Inggris di kelas satu seklah dasar di SDN 2 Tanjung, Kedamean, gresik. Penggunaan buku teks di kelas mengharuskan guru untuk mempertimbangkan kareakteristik dari siswa. Bahan ajar tulis tidak dapat diaplikasikan begitu saja kepada siswa dari segala usia. Desain penelitian dari penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Wawancara dan observasi dilakukan untuk memperoleh data. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah interview guidelines dan lembar observasi. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru bahasa Inggris tidak menggunakan buku teks dengan cara yang dianjurkan dalam berbagai teori penggunaan nuku teks yang seharusnya. Guru hanya menekankan pada pembelajaran tekstual dalam proses belajar mengajar. Karakteristik pembelajar pemula tidak diperhatikan oleh guru. Tes tertulis yang diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah menjadi alas an mengapa guru menekankan pada pembelajaran tekstual. Buku teks penting untuk pembelajaran. Hanya saja, keuntungan dari penggunaan buku teks hanya dapat diperoleh dengan penggunaan yang baik. Disarankan kepada guru bahasa Inggris untuk mempertimbangakan karakteristik siswa sebelum menggunakan buku teks di dalam kelas. Kata kunci: Penggunaan, buku teks, pengajaran, sekolah dasar Abstract Textbooks are important for students’ learning process. Schools use textbooks as media, teaching sources and even curriculum for teaching. However, in fact textbooks are not utilized maximally by teachers, especially at first grade students. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the utilization of textbook for teaching English to the first grade of elementary school in SDN 2 Tanjung Kedamean Gresik. Utilizing textbooks in classrooms requires the teacher to consider the characteristic of the students. Written materials cannot be applied to all ages of learners. The research design of this study is descriptive qualitative. Interview and observation are conducted to get the data. The data are interview result and observation result. The instruments are interview guidelines and observation sheet. The results show that the English teacher does not utilize the textbook as in the theory of textbooks utilization. The teacher emphasizes textual learning in the teaching learning process. The characteristics of young learners are not considered by the teacher. The written tests held by the government become the reason why the teacher emphasizes on written language teaching. Textbooks are important for learning. However, the benefit of the textbooks can only gotten by good utilization. It is suggested that English teachers consider the students’ characteristics before using the textbooks in the classroom. Keywords: Utilization, textbook, teaching, elementary school
THE READABILITY LEVEL OF READING TEXTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEXTBOOKS USED BY THE TENTH GRADE
RETAIN Vol 2 No 3 (2014): Volume 2 edisi Yudisium Agustus 2014
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Memprediksi tingkat keterbacaan teks dapat membantu guru untuk menyesuaikan teks dengan tingkatan siswa. Teks bacaan yang sesuai diharapkan dapat mempermudah siswa dalam memahami materi. Teks bacaan untuk siswa SMA terdiri dari naratif, deskriptif, teks berita, dan recount.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari dan membandingkan tingkat keterbacaan teks bacaan dalam buku bahasa Inggris yang digunakan oleh siswa kelas sepuluh. Penelitian ini juga menguji apakah tingkat keterbacaan teks bacaan dalam buku-buku bahasa Inggris telah sesuai dengan tingkatan siswa kelas sepuluh. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif untuk menganalisa data yang ada. Teks bacaan diambil dari dua buku bahasa Inggris; “Developing English Competencies for Grade X” yang diterbitkan oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (awalnya diterbitkan dalam format buku elektronik) dan “English Today 1” yang diterbitkan oleh penerbit Quadra. Enam teks dengan jenis yang berbeda dipilih dari masing-masing buku bacaan. Semua teks yang telah dipilih kemudian dianalisa dengan menggunakan formula Flesch Reading Ease dan Grafik Fry. Kedua formula menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar teks bacaan berada pada level ketujuh. Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa bacaan-bacan tersebut mudah dibaca oleh siswa kelas sepuluh. Dalam penelitian ini juga ditemukan bahwa “English Today 1” memiliki teks bacaan dengan tingkat kesulitan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan “Developing English Competencies for grade X”. Dengan kata lain, teks bacaan yang terdapat pada buku “English today 1” lebih menantang bagi siswa sehingga guru harus memberikan lebih banyak bimbingan pada sesi membaca. Kata kunci: Keterbacaan, Developing English Competencies for Grade X, English Today 1 Abstract Predicting readability level of reading texts can help the teachers to match the texts with students’ grade. The appropriate reading text is expected to ease the students in comprehending the material. Reading texts for Senior High School students consists of narrative, descriptive, news item, procedure, and recount. The purpose of this study is to find and compare the readability level of reading texts in English language textbooks used by the tenth grade students. The study also verify whether the reading materials of the textbooks have matched the grade level of the tenth grade students. This research used descriptive approach to analyze the data. The reading texts were taken from two English language textbooks; “Developing English Competencies for Grade X” published by the Department of National Education (originally published in the form of electronic book) and “English Today 1” published by Quadra. Six texts with different type are selected from each textbook. All of selected texts are analyzed by using Flesch Reading Ease formula and Fry Graph formula. Both formulas show that the reading texts mostly appear on 7th level. It indicates that the texts are easily to be read by tenth grade students. The study also found that “English Today 1” has some texts with higher difficulty level than “Developing English Competencies for grade X”. In other words, the reading texts in “English Today is more challenging for the students so that the teacher should give more guidance in reading session. Keywords: Readability, Developing English Competencies for Grade X, English Today
The Implementation of Group Working in Teaching Reading  Narrative Text for Nine Graders of SMP Negeri 50 Surabaya
RETAIN Vol 2 No 3 (2014): Volume 2 edisi Yudisium Agustus 2014
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Ada empat keterampilan yang termasuk didalam bahasa Inggris, seperti menulis, mendengar, berbicara, dan juga membaca. Melalui membaca, siswa bisa mendapatkan lebih banyak informasi yang mereka butuhkan selama hidup mereka. Ada begitu banyak metode yang dapat digunakan untuk guru mengajar membaca dan juga untuk membantu siswa meningkatkan kemampuan membaca mereka, seperti menggunakan peta konsep dengan kerja kelompok. Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dan tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaplikasian kerja kelompok dengan menggunakan metode peta konsep dalam membaca teks naratif, untuk mengetahui respon siswa terhadap pengaplikasian kerja kelompok dengan menggunakan metode peta konsep, serta respon siswa terhadap kerja kelompok. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas sembilan dari SMPN 50 Surabaya yang terdiri 37 siswa IX-C. Subjek diambil berdasarkan nilai rata-rata tertinggi diantara kelas 9A-C sesuai dengan yang disarankan oleh guru bahasa Inggris. Untuk instrumen penelitian, peneliti menggunakan, observasi checklist, catatan dilapangan dan kuesioner . Peneliti menemukan bahwa peta konsep dengan kerja kelompok cukup mudah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam keterampilan membaca. Mengajarkan membaca dengan kerja kelompok menggunakan metode peta konsep menjadi metode baru untuk siswa selama pertemuan. Para siswa mengatakan metode ini lebih baik daripada metode biasa yang mereka gunakan di kelas. Ini akan membantu baik guru dan siswa untuk membuat segala jenis teks lebih mudah untuk dipahami. Kata kunci: Peta Konsep, kerja kelompok, membaca, teks naratif. Abstract There are four skills that are included in English language, such as writing, listening, speaking, and reading. Through reading, students can get more information that they need during their lives. There are so many methods that can be used for teachers to teach reading and also to help the students improve their reading skills, such as using mind mapping with group working. This study is qualitative descriptive research, the purposes of the research are to find out how the application of mind mapping with group working in reading narrative text, to determine students' response toward mind mapping with group working, and also the students' response toward group working. The subjects were ninth grade students of SMPN 50 Surabaya which consists of 37 IX-C students. Subject taken based on the highest average score among the class of 9A-C in that suggested by the English teacher. For the research instrument, the researcher uses, observation checklists, field notes and questionnaires. Researcher found that mind mapping with group working fairly easy to improve students' ability in reading skills. Teach reading by using mind mapping with group working into a new method for students during the meeting. The students said that this method is better than the usual method that they use in the classroom. It will help both teachers and students to make any kind of text easier to understand. Keywords: Concept Maps, group work, reading, narrative text.
THE APPLICATION OF STAD TO TEACH WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT TO THE FIRST GRADE OF SMAN 10 SURABAYA
RETAIN Vol 2 No 3 (2014): Volume 2 edisi Yudisium Agustus 2014
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Penelitian ini dibuat untuk menggambarkan penerapan tekhnik Student Team Achivement Division (STAD) untuk mengajar menulis teks naratif untuk kelas 1 Sekolah Menengah Atas. Penelitian ini mengambil beberapa permasalahan: (1) bagaimana penerapan tekhnik STAD dalam mengajar menulis teks naratif untuk kelas 1 SMA? (2) bagaimana hasil menulis teks naratif siswa setelah diterapkan tekhnik STAD? Dan (3) bagaimana tanggapan siswa terhadap tekhnik STAD dalam pembelajaran menulis teks naratif? Ketika tekhnik STAD diterapkan dalam kelas Bahasa Inggris hususnya pelajaran menulis teks naratif. Hal ini bisa dijelaskan bahwa tekhnik ini bisa diterapkan di kelas Bahasa Inggris dan siswa tertarik dengan tekhnik ini. Hal ini bisa dilihat dari hasil quisioner; 12% dari mereka memilih sangat menarik. 68%, memilih menarik, 16% memilih kurang menarik dan hanya 6% memilih tidak menarik. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa tekhnik STAD dapat membantu siswa dalam membuat tulisan teks naratif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan manfaat dari tekhnik STAD terhadap hasil tulisan siswa. Berdasarkan tulisan siswa menunjukkan hasil yang baik setelah dianalisis dengan menggunakan penilaian ESL oleh Jacob. Analisis hasil meliputi isi tulisan, kosa kata, organisasi, bahasa yang digunakan, dan mekanik. Komposisi penilaiannya berdasarkan empat tingkatan, yaitu; sempurna, sangat baik, baik – lumayan, lumayan – jelek, dan sangat jelek. Kata kunci: menulis, teks naratif dan STAD. Abstract This study is designed to describe the application of Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) technique in teaching narrative writing to the fisrt grade of senior high school. This study composes some questions: (1) How is the application of Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) in teaching writing narrative text to the first grade of senior high school? (2) how is the writing of the students after they studied by using STAD technique? And (3) how are the students’ responses toward the teaching and learning process of writing narrative text through STAD technique? Since the STAD Technique was applied in English class especially in learning writing narrative text, it can be explained that this technique is applicable and students were interested in it. It can be seen by the students' response that 12 % of the students said that it was very interesting, 68% said it was interesting, 16 % said it was less interesting and only 6 % said it was not interesting. This study has proved that the STAD Technique can help the students in composing writing a narrative text. The study shows the benefits of the STAD Technique towards the students writing composition. The students’ composition showed good result after being analyzed by using ESL Composition Measurement by Jacob. The analyzing was including content, organization, vocabulary, language used, and mechanics. The composition was scored into four levels. They are excellent to very good, good to average, fair to poor, and very poor. Key word: writing, narrative text and STAD.
THE USE OF NUMBERED HEADS TOGETHER TO TEACH DESCRIPTIVE TEXT TO THE SEVENTH GRADERS OF SMP NEGERI 1 KOTA MOJOKERTO
RETAIN Vol 2 No 3 (2014): Volume 2 edisi Yudisium Agustus 2014
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Abstrak Membacaadalahsalahsatudariempatketerampilanpenting yang harusdikuasaiolehsiswa di semuakelas, daripadamendengarkan, berbicara, danmenulis.Denganmembaca, parasiswaakanmendapatkanlebihbanyakpengetahuandaninformasi. Keterampilaninisamapentingnyadenganketerampilanlainnya. Kenyataannya, beberapa guru hanyamengajarmembacacaramonoton. Hal inimembuat guru harusmenemukancara yang menarikuntukmengajarkannya. Berdasarkanpermasalahantersebut, guru dapatmenggunakanteknik Numbered Heads Together sebagaiteknikalternatifdalampengajaranmembaca.Penelitimelakukanpenelitian di SMP Negeri 1 Kota Mojokerto. Berdasarkan fakta di atas, peneliti melakukan penelitian pada Numbered Heads Together teknik untuk mengajarkan teks deskriptif untuk kelas tujuh SMP. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan Numbered Heads Together dalam mengajar teks deskriptif untuk siswa kelas tujuh dan untuk menggambarkan pemahaman bacaan siswa saat pelaksanaan Numbered Heads Together dalam mengajar teks deskriptif untuk siswa kelas tujuh. Rancangan penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas tujuh SMP Negeri 1 Kota Mojokerto. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari hasil lembar observasi dan hasil tugas siswa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan Heads Together Numbered mendorong siswa untuk berpartisipasi aktif dalam seluruh kegiatan. Setelah menggunakan teknik ini, siswa saling membantu untuk memahami teks serta menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan dari teks. Selain itu, jumlah siswa yang mendapatkan prestasi yang baik meningkat dari satupertemuan ke pertemuan lain. Artinya pemahaman membaca siswa lebih baik setelah pelaksanaan Numbered Heads Together. Kesimpulannya, Numbered Heads Together adalah teknik yang bagus untuk digunakan dalam mengajar teks deskriptif, terutama untuk siswa kelas tujuh, karena membantu siswa untuk mengatasi kesulitan mereka dalam membaca, menciptakan suasana yang positif di kelas, dan bangunan interaksi yang baik bagi guru dan siswa. Kata Kunci: Numbered Heads Together,teksdeskriptif, membaca Abstract Reading is one of the four important skills that have to be mastered by students in all grades, instead of listening, speaking, and writing. By reading, students will get more knowledge and information. This skill is as important as other skills. In reality, some teachers only teach reading monotonous way. It makes the teacher must find an interesting way to teach it. Based on that problem, the teacher can use Numbered Heads Together technique as the alternative technique in teaching reading. The researcher conducts a research in SMP Negeri 1 Kota Mojokerto. Based on the fact above, the researcher conducted a study of Numbered Heads Together technique to teach descriptive text to the seventh grade of junior high school. This study aimed to describe the implementation of Numbered Heads Together in teaching descriptive text to the seventh graders and to describe the students’ reading comprehension when the implementation of Numbered Heads Together in teaching descriptive text to the seventh graders. The design of this study is descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this study are the seventh graders of SMP Negeri 1 Kota Mojokerto. The data of this study are collected from the result of observation checklist and the result of students’ task. The result of this study shows that the implementation of Numbered Heads Together encourages the students to participate actively in the whole activities. After using this technique, the students help each other to comprehend the text as well as answer the questions of the text. In addition, the number of students who get good achievement increasing from one meets to another. It means that the students’ reading comprehension is better after the implementation of Numbered Heads Together. In conclusion, Numbered Heads Together is a good technique to be used in teaching descriptive text, especially for the seventh graders, since it helps the students to overcome their difficulties in reading, creates a positive atmosphere in the class, and buildings a good interaction for teacher and students. Keywords:numbered heads together, descriptive text, reading
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDIRECT CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK ON AL-FALAH JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ COMPOSITIONS
RETAIN Vol 2 No 3 (2014): Volume 2 edisi Yudisium Agustus 2014
Publisher : RETAIN

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Abstract

Abstrak Feedbackadalahbagianpentingdalam proses pembelajaranmenulisdenganmenstimulasisiswauntukmenulislebihbaik(Bitchener & Knoch, 2008; Littleton, 2011; Mi, 2009; Purnawarman, 2011; Reigeluth, 1999). DalampraktekEFL di Indonesia, indirect corrective feedback(ICF)adalahteknik yang seringdigunakandalammengoreksitulisansiswakarenadipercayadapatmenstimulasisiswauntukmenulislebihbaik.Olehkarenaitu, menggunakandesainpenelitiandeskriptifkualitatif, penelitianinibertujuanuntukmendeskripsikanpenggunaanICFpadakarangansiswadalam proses pembelajaranmenulisdeskriptifteks di SMP Al-Falah, menganalisatulisansiswa, danmengetahuiresponsiswaataspengimplementasianICF.Catatanlapanganmenunjukkanbahwa guru sudahmenerapkanICFsesuaidenganprosedur yang diterapkanoleh Coffin et al (2003) and Hartshorn et al (2010). Selainitu, hasilanalisakesalahandalamtulisansiswamenunjukkanbahwamerekamenulislebihbaiksetelahICF diterapkan.Sebagaitambahan, data darikuesionermenunjukkanbahwaICF membantusiswadalammengenalitipekesalahan yang merekabuatdanbagaimanacaramengoreksikesalahansendiri.Kesimpulannya, ICFtelahditerapkandenganbaikdanbenarpadatulisansiswakarenaterbuktiefektifdanguru telahmengikutiprosedur yang dianjurkanoleh para penelitisebelumnya. Kata kunci: indirect corrective feedback, karangansiswa, teksdeskriptif Abstract Feedback comes as a vital part in teaching writing process by stimulating students to write better (Bitchener & Knoch, 2008; Littleton, 2011; Mi, 2009; Purnawarman, 2011; Reigeluth, 1999). In the practice of EFL in Indonesia, indirect corrective feedback (ICF) is regarded as a preferable technique in providing correction on students’ compositions for it is believed to be able to stimulate students to write better. Therefore, using descriptive qualitative research design, this study aimed to describe the implementation of ICF on students’ compositions in the process of teaching descriptive writing in Al-Falah Junior High School, analyse students’ composition, and gather students’ responses toward the ICF given. The data from the field notes revealed that the teacher implemented ICF in such a way following up the procedures proposed by Coffin et al (2003) and Hartshorn et al (2010). Furthermore, the analysis of errors on students’ compositions confirmed that they wrote better after the provision of ICF. In addition, data from questionnairepresented that ICFhelped students recognise the types of errors they made and the way to provide self-correction. In sum, ICF had been well implemented on students’ composition for it was effective and followed the procedures proposed by the previous researchers. Keywords: indirect corrective feedback, students’ compositions, descriptive text