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Automotive Experiences
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
ISSN : 26156202     EISSN : 26156636     DOI : 10.31603/ae
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering
Automotive experiences invite researchers to contribute ideas on the main scope of Emerging automotive technology and environmental issues; Efficiency (fuel, thermal and mechanical); Vehicle safety and driving comfort; Automotive industry and supporting materials; Vehicle maintenance and technical skills; and Transportation policies, systems, and road users behavior.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik Otomotif
Articles 17 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 9 no. 2 (2026)" : 17 Documents clear
A Comprehensive Review of Red-Light Violation Warnings and Green Light Optimal-Speed Advisory Systems in V2X-Enabled CAVs Venkata, Santhosh Krishnan; Sreesha, Sandesh Raghupathyrao
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14868

Abstract

The advancement of connected autonomous vehicle (CAV) technologies has significantly accelerated the development and deployment of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems, which are essential for enhancing traffic connectivity and safety. Among the prominent applications, red-light violation warning (RLVW) and green light optimal speed advisory (GLOSA) systems have emerged as key innovations, drawing interdisciplinary interest from computer science, intelligent transport systems (ITS), civil engineering, and electronics. The RLVW system uses CAV capabilities to monitor and analyse driver braking behavior in response to traffic signal changes, aiming to reduce red-light violations and improve intersection safety. In contrast, the GLOSA system offers speed recommendations and estimates time to the next green signal, thereby contributing to reduced fuel consumption, lower CO₂ emissions, and enhanced driving efficiency. Both systems rely on signal phase and timing (SPaT) and map data message (MAP) protocols to transmit real-time traffic signal information and intersection geometry from roadside units (RSUs) to on-board units (OBUs). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the operational principles, benefits, and limitations of RLVW and GLOSA systems and identifies key research gaps that warrant further investigation to support the future evolution of V2X-enabled traffic management solutions.
Effect of Curvature on the Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of Serpentine Battery Cooling Channels Ariwibowo, Teguh Hady; Raharja, Lucky Pradigta Setiya; Adiwidodo, Satworo; Perdana, Fengky Adie; Alia, Nila; Moballa, Burniadi; Mustaghfirin, Muh. Anis; Abrari, Arya Rafi; Fitrony, Muhammad Aghist; Tsani, Charitsma; Adelwise, Probo Yekti Salsabilla; Imandini, Putri Dwi
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15222

Abstract

Efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are essential for ensuring the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. This study numerically investigates the influence of serpentine channel curvature on the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of a liquid-cooled prismatic battery module. Four channel designs were evaluated: a base case and three serpentine configurations with curvature values of 0.075 mm⁻¹, 0.1 mm⁻¹, and 0.15 mm⁻¹. Simulations were conducted under steady-state and transient conditions with discharge rates of 0.5C–2C and mass flow rates of 2.41 × 10⁻³ – 3.61 × 10⁻² kg/s. The results show that higher curvature and mass flow rates reduce maximum battery temperature and improve temperature uniformity, but at the expense of increased pressure drop and pumping power. At 3.61 × 10⁻² kg/s, the base-case channel exhibited a 28% increase in pressure drop compared to 2.41 × 10⁻² kg/s, while the 0.15 mm⁻¹ channel recorded up to a 60% rise under the same condition. Transient analysis revealed that curved channels enhanced heat dissipation, achieving up to 8.56% higher cooling performance than the base case. These findings highlight the trade-off between thermal improvement and hydraulic penalty, providing valuable guidance for optimizing liquid-cooled BTMS in electric vehicle applications.
Simulation of a Multi-Source Hybrid Electric Vehicle Integrating Battery, Fuel Cell, Photovoltaic, and Compressed-Air Systems Taha, Zeedan; Aydin, Kadir
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15654

Abstract

This paper presents a simulation-based system-level evaluation of a four-source hybrid electric vehicle integrating a LiFePO4 battery, a PEMFC, a VIPV, and a compressed-air energy storage subsystem. A detailed MATLAB/Simulink model is developed using a common DC-bus architecture and four independent in-wheel hub motors with a total rated power of 12 kW. A rule-based energy management system is used to control how power is shared among different sources, maintain the battery's charge, and regulate the DC-bus voltage. The vehicle's performance is evaluated using the WLTP Class 2 driving cycle, and seven hybrid configurations are systematically compared under the same operating conditions. Simulation results confirm accurate tracking of the reference velocity profile and stable DC-bus regulation at 225 ± 3 V across all configurations. The measured specific energy consumption is approximately 5.05 kWh/100 km, including regenerative braking. Energy flow analysis shows that the battery provides short bursts of power and recovers energy from braking. In contrast, the fuel cell offers a consistent power source, which is especially useful for long-distance travel. With a 50 L hydrogen tank at 350 bar, the fuel cell extends the estimated driving range from about 95 km in battery-only operation to approximately 513 km. The integration of VIPV and compressed-air subsystems provides additional auxiliary contributions, increasing the total achievable range to roughly 606 km under full battery utilization, while improving current smoothing and transient load support. Parametric assessment of hydrogen and compressed-air storage systems reveals that hydrogen storage capacity is the principal determinant of operational duration, while compressed air provides only a modest increase in range, though it is useful for short-term support. These findings validate the technical viability of four-source hybridization and elucidate the complementary functions of electrochemical, photovoltaic, and pneumatic energy sources within a practical multi-motor vehicle framework.
Optimized Flux-Weakening Strategy in Field-Oriented Control for High-Speed IPMSM Drives Le, Ho Minh Khoa; Le, Thanh Phuc
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16198

Abstract

Unlocking the dynamic performance of electric vehicles is often limited by the voltage constraints of the battery system. This study proposes an optimized control strategy for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors based on an analytical formulation of direct-axis current trajectories to maximize speed extension while maintaining torque smoothness under strict battery voltage constraints, utilizing parameters characteristic of commercial C-segment electric vehicles (e.g., VinFast VF e34). Through a comprehensive simulation framework, the research investigates a coordinated Field-Oriented Control scheme integrated with a Flux-Weakening strategy through direct-axis current adjustment to reconcile the conflict between high-speed operation (up to 6 times the base speed of 100 rad/s) and power quality. The analysis identifies a critical operating point at a direct-axis current of -25 A, which effectively prevents voltage saturation while maintaining torque smoothness. The results demonstrate that, when evaluated against the baseline Field-Oriented Control without flux-weakening at 600 rad/s, this specific trajectory significantly reduces torque ripple by 8.6 Nm and suppresses Total Harmonic Distortion to a negligible 0.19%. This combined mitigation contributes to the high-speed operating capability by preventing system oscillations and preserving linear voltage modulation at this upper speed limit. These findings provide a validated guideline for enhancing powertrain stability and mechanical lifespan in modern electric mobility.
Hybrid Statistical and ANN-Based Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation under UDDS-Based Simulated Urban Driving Profiles Mrah, Muhannad M.; Al-Haddad, Luttfi A.; Nussrat, Taymoor Husham; Ogaili, Ahmed Ali Farhan; Nussrat, Hala Husham; Al-Karkhi, Mustafa I.
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16287

Abstract

The research will enhance the forecasting of the lithium-ion battery degradation to facilitate more secure and sustainable energy storage in the electric vehicle. An analytical ‎framework that is hybrid in nature, incorporating both statistical analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling, was developed and verified using a long time dataset of INR21700- M50T cells being cycled in realistic urban driving profiles according to the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule ‎(UDDS). The indicators of key degradation were first described using statistical analysis where it was found that there were strong negative relationships between capacity retention and capacity C-rate (Pearson r = -0.83) and internal resistance (r = -0.71). Based on these findings, a feedforward neural network, whose features were selected using ReliefF algorithm, was built which was used to model nonlinear aging behavior at lower input dimensionality. ANN inputs were chosen as the 2 most powerful features low-frequency impedance at 0.01 Hz and internal resistance. The resulting model had a high predictive performance of a root mean squared error (RMSE) less than 1.2% and a ‎coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.97 on the original data. These results underscore the fact that combining data-based feature relevance analysis with machine learning is useful in improving the accuracy of prediction as well as the interpretability of the model. The obtained results demonstrate that combining statistically supported feature relevance analysis with reduced-input ANN modeling can improve both predictive capability and model interpretability for battery degradation estimation. The proposed hybrid framework provides a computationally efficient approach for lithium-ion battery state-of-health prediction under the investigated dataset conditions and may support future development of simplified battery management system strategies.‎
Effect of Manufacturing Route and Fiber Orientation on the Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites for Automotive Lightweight Components Abdurohman, Kosim; Adhitya, Mohammad; Istiyanto, Jos; Kurniawan, Farohaji; Habibullah, Mohammad; Agustian, Rialdi; Pratama, Mikhael Gilang Pribadi Putra; Utama, Agus Bayu; Aritonang, Rian Suari
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16310

Abstract

This study evaluates the effects of manufacturing method and fiber orientation on the mechanical performance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites for automotive applications. Unidirectional CFRP laminates were fabricated using vacuum bagging (VB), vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI), and hand lay-up (HLU). Specimens with 0° and 90° fiber orientations were tested under tensile and compressive loading, while ±45° specimens were evaluated for in-plane shear response through tensile testing. Short-beam and V-notched beam tests were conducted to determine interlaminar shear and shear properties. Microstructural characterization of the manufactured laminates and fractured specimens was performed using CT-scan and SEM, supported by finite element validation. Unlike previous studies focusing on limited properties or a single manufacturing route, this work provides a comprehensive comparison of HLU, VB, and VARI CFRP laminates by integrating mechanical testing, defect analysis, fracture observations, and numerical assessment. The results show that VARI produced superior laminate compactness and the highest tensile-related properties, although this improvement did not correspond to higher interlaminar shear strength, highlighting the influence of manufacturing-induced laminate architecture. For 0° specimens, ultimate tensile strengths were 507.72 ± 52.14 MPa for HLU, 685.69 ± 62.65 MPa for VB, and 774.31 ± 58.18 MPa for VARI. At ±45°, tensile strengths were 20.85 ± 0.82, 21.20 ± 0.45, and 22.18 ± 0.81 MPa, respectively. At 90°, manufacturing method had no significant effect on tensile strength, although tensile modulus remained method-dependent. The highest 0° compressive strength was obtained by HLU at 124.8 ± 13.1 MPa, whereas VARI showed the highest 90° compressive strength at 44.60 ± 0.82 MPa. VARI exhibited lower shear and interlaminar shear strengths of 15.31 ± 1.01 and 13.68 ± 0.85 MPa, respectively, indicating that increased fiber volume fraction did not substantially improve these properties. Nevertheless, VARI achieved the highest tensile and shear moduli, reaching 39.31 ± 4.58 GPa and 1.50 ± 0.15 GPa. Microstructural observations confirmed that improved resin distribution, reduced defects, and stronger fiber–matrix bonding in VARI contributed to enhanced overall mechanical performance. These findings demonstrate that manufacturing route governs different failure mechanisms and should therefore be selected according to the dominant loading mode and required laminate properties.
Socio-Environmental Evaluation of Overload Truck: Carbon Emissions, Carbon Tax, and Policy Intention Perspectives Jasmine, Tamara Latifah; Prilandita, Niken; Putro, Heru Purboyo Hidayat; Yudoko, Gatot
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16388

Abstract

The issue of global warming and the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) represents a significant environmental challenge, with the transportation sector contributing approximately 23% of global greenhouse gas emissions. One of the crucial problems is the operation of Over-Dimension Over-Load (ODOL) trucks, which generate serious negative environmental and social impacts. This study conducts a socio-environmental evaluation of ODOL trucks from the perspectives of carbon emissions and carbon tax, and further analyzes the acceptance of the Zero ODOL and Carbon Tax policies in Indonesia. The technical evaluation involves simulates fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and carbon tax burdens based on ODOL truck travel data. Meanwhile, the social evaluation is conducted through a survey of two respondent groups, namely truck drivers (97 respondents) and the general public (214 respondents), using a questionnaire that integrates constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM), risk perception, user cost, law enforcement knowledge (LEK), and the Policy Acceptance Model (PAM). The technical findings indicate that ODOL trucks have higher fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and carbon tax burdens compared to non-ODOL trucks. From the social perspective, acceptance of the Zero ODOL policy is influenced by different determinants across the two groups. For drivers, policy acceptance is highly sensitive to economic-based instruments such as carbon tax and knowledge of sanctions. In contrast, the general public is more driven by safety perception, traffic order, and the social impacts of road disturbances. These findings emphasize the importance of tailored policy implementation strategies, where economic incentive–based approaches are more effective for drivers, while safety- and public order–based approaches are more resonant for the public.
Modulating Factors in the Development of Motion Sickness in Transportation Vehicles: Malaysia Case Study Sefee, Mohd Iyad Akmal Mohd Indra; Karjanto, Juffrizal; Hasan, Muhammad Zahir; Ahmad, Fauzi; Zulkifli, Abd Fathul Hakim; Sulaiman, Syabillah; Jawi, Zulhaidi Mohd; Rauterberg, Matthias
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14475

Abstract

Motion sickness (MS) is a common issue for vehicle passengers, characterized by symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, and discomfort due to sensory conflicts between the visual and vestibular systems. This study aims to identify and quantify the modulating factors contributing to MS in vehicles within the Malaysian context. A systematic questionnaire was conducted, incorporating subjective feedback from 634 participants. The results highlight key factors like seating position, visual activities, and environmental conditions that influence MS susceptibility showing the most prominent factors are from Visual Activity with a mean of 3.44 among the others contributing most susceptibility from the activities of Reading (83.2%) and Writing (79.2%). Older people and females seemed to report greater susceptibility to motion sickness. This vulnerability is shown to increase with age as those 45+ years and above show the highest susceptibility, reporting a 69% rate on curvy roads and 66% during reading, in contrast with those between 18-29 who report a 52% and 50% susceptibility rate. Females again reported consistently higher rates than males, with the difference being larger in situations involving rear-facing seating or tasks requiring significant visual focus, such as reading (female 63% vs. male 46%) and driving on curvy roads (female 68% vs. male 50%). These factors of rear-facing seating and tasks involving intense visual focus, like reading or watching videos, were the strongest modulators identified, with a strong aggravating influence on symptoms across all groups. The findings provide crucial baselines for engineering future vehicle layouts, optimizing cabin climate systems, and designing targeted mitigation systems required to support human comfort and accelerate Automated Vehicle (AV) adoption in developing transport infrastructures.
Enhancing CAN Bus Security via Lightweight Hardware‑Based Identifier Randomization Darouiche, Mohammed Saad; Tazi, Elbachir
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15497

Abstract

The controller area network (CAN) communication protocol used in vehicles relies on fixed message identifiers, which makes it vulnerable against frame injection and replay attacks. This study proposes an efficient lightweight hardware method that randomizes the identifier while preserving the priority rules that control bus arbitration. The design is implemented in a hardware description language (Verilog) and uses a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) as the randomization engine. The upper four bits of the identifier are kept unchanged to retain priority, where the lower seven bits are randomized. The module supports reseeding from a cryptographically secure random source. However, for the baseline statistical evaluation, reseeding was intentionally disabled to measure the intrinsic distribution. The design was evaluated using Xilinx Vivado environment. Statistical analysis was performed on 8,188 randomized ID, achieving a Shannon entropy of 6.999978 bits (maximum 7), and a chi‑square goodness‑of‑fit test that showed no detectable deviation from a uniform distribution (  = 0.2482, -value ≈ 1). Synthesis to a Artix-7 field‑programmable device reported only 15 lookup tables and 23 flip-flops (<0.1% of resources), with a maximum operating frequency of 482 MHz, indicating a minimal hardware footprint. The mechanism was further validated on a physical CAN testbed confirming protection against replay and spoofing attempts, while the mechanism added no measurable bus or timing overhead. These results show that simple, hardware‑level identifier randomization can strengthen in‑vehicle communication while keeping arbitration behaviour intact and without requiring protocol changes.
Effect of Moisture Content on Boiling Point Characteristics and Bubble Formation in DOT 4 and 5.1 Brake Fluid Wijayanta, Setya; Prakosa, Dzaki Putra
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15640

Abstract

The performance of hydraulic braking systems is strongly influenced by the condition of brake fluid, particularly boiling point and tendency to form vapor bubbles that may lead to vapor lock. Glycol-based brake fluids, such as DOT 4 and 5.1, are hygroscopic, causing moisture content to increase over their service life. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of moisture percentage on boiling point and bubble formation characteristics of DOT 4 and 5.1 brake fluid. An experimental method was applied by adding distilled water to brake fluid at varying concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, followed by gradual heating. The boiling point was recorded using a temperature sensor connected to a data logger. At the same time, bubble formation was visually observed during the heating process using a high-speed camera with a frame rate of 240 fps. The recorded images during the analysis were subsequently examined using ImageJ processing software. The results showed that increasing moisture content led to a significant reduction in boiling point for both types of brake fluid. At identical temperature levels, fluids with higher moisture content indicated larger bubble volume formation. These results indicated that moisture content played a critical role in degrading the thermal performance of brake fluid and increased the risk of vapor lock in automotive braking systems.

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