Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive
ublic Health and Preventive Medicine Archive (PHPMA) is an open access, peer reviewed journal published by Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. Issues covered in the journal are as the following: Environmental and occupational health Field and Clinical Epidemiology Global health Health policy analysis Health promotion Health systems and health care management Maternal and child health Program monitoring and evaluation Public health nutrition Reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections and HIV related issues Travel health and health tourism Population and family planning Disaster management
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<![CDATA[Tantangan dalam akreditasi terbitan berkala ilmiah ]]>
<![CDATA[Dewa Nyoman Wirawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p01
<![CDATA[Dengan adanya Peraturan Direktur Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Nomor 49/Dikti/Kep/2011 tentang Pedoman Akreditasi Terbitan Ilmiah maka langkah-langkah dalam tiga tahun ke depan yang perlu ditempuh menjadi sangat jelas dan rinci baik bagi pengelola maupun calon penulis tetapi akan diperlukan kerja amat keras untuk mewujudkannya. Namun, dengan semangat yang tinggi, dedikasi dan kerja keras, baik dari pengelola maupun calon penulis, maka saya yakin akreditasi Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive pada akhir tahun 2016 akan bisa diraih. Semoga kita semua mendapatkan berkah dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.]]>
<![CDATA[History of contact and age as determinants of rubella among children in Badung District year 2012 ]]>
<![CDATA[I Ketut Subrata]]>;
<![CDATA[Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri]]>;
<![CDATA[Dewa Nyoman Wirawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p02
<![CDATA[Rubella remains as a health concern in Bali. There have been seven times rubella outbreaks in the last two years, three of which occurred in Badung. No previous research exploring risk factors of rubella have been conducted in Bali. This case control study aimed to obtain the description of risk factors contributing to the incidence of rubella among children in Badung. Total samples were 69 cases and 138 controls. Data were collected by document analysis, interviews, observation and measurements. The instruments used are questionnaires, digital scales brand AND, multifunctional height gauge and meter. Data were analysed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate (logistic regression) methods. The majority of subjects were school-age 170 (82.1%), in a good nutrition status 193 (93.2%), non-immunised 197 (95.2%) and never had contact with the patient 118 (57%). The socioeconomic status is 172 (83.1%) above the regional minimum wage, 77 (37.2%) as private sector employees and 153 (86%) were highly educated. There were four variables found to increase risk of contracting rubella: children age OR=7.19 [95%CI: 2.12-24.36], contact history OR=45.23 [95%CI: 17.67-115.77], residential density OR=2.9 [95%CI: 1.31-6.46] and ventilation OR=3.34 [95%CI: 1.67-6.68]. In the multivariate analysis, contact history OR=44.09 [95%CI: 16.51-117.74] and age OR=16.83 [95%CI: 3.46-18.84] are two dominant factors contributing to rubella among children. Health promotion related to prevention and control, research with accurate diagnosis for control and considering rubella vaccination as a national program need to be conducted.]]>
<![CDATA[Environmental conditions, mobility and history of contact as determinants of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Denpasar, 2012 ]]>
<![CDATA[Kenyem Subagia]]>;
<![CDATA[Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri]]>;
<![CDATA[Dewa Nyoman Wirawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p03
<![CDATA[Bali Province is endemic for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Denpasar is reported to have the highest cases with incidence rates of 143.2 per 100.000 persons in 2011. Vaccine has not been available until recently and efforts to control the endemic are only achieved modest result. This case control study was aimed to identify risk factors for high incidence rate of DHF in Denpasar. Total cases were 80 and controls were 160 persons. The variables explored were characteristics of the respondents, indoor and outdoor environtment, respondent mobility, history of contact with the DHF patients and larvae presence in public places with a maximum radius of 100 m from respondent’s residence. The data were collected from documents, interviews and observations. The instruments used were questionnaires and check lists. Data analysis was carried out using univariate, bivariate (chi-square) and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis. Bivariate analysis showed several factors which increase the risk of dengue incidence in Denpasar: age OR=1.88 [95%CI: 1.09-3.23], indoor condition OR=8.27 [95%CI: 2.63-26.07], mobility OR=2.78 [95%CI: 1.57-4.92] and contact history OR=2.85 [95%CI: 1.62-5.03]. After multivariate analysis, the variables that contributed to increase the risk of DHF incidence in Denpasar were age OR=1.09 [95%CI: 1.06-1.11], indoor environment condition OR=10.74 [95%CI: 2.94-39.32], respondent mobility OR=3.12 [95%CI: 1.55-6.28] and history of contact OR=2.4 [95%CI: 1.21-4.79]. Health promotion need to be improved to prevent DHF by increasing indoor environmental quality including intervention to refregerator drainage and residual water tapping at dispenser]]>
<![CDATA[Women’s vulnerability to STIs and HIV transmission: high risk sexual behaviour in Denpasar City ]]>
<![CDATA[Desak Made Sintha Kurnia Dewi]]>;
<![CDATA[Luh Putu Lila Wulandari]]>;
<![CDATA[I Nyoman Mangku Karmaya]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p04
<![CDATA[Department of Health of Bali Province reported an increase of reported HIV cases among pregnant women. A sero-survey among pregnant women in 2010 has found 1% of pregnant women are HIV positive. This fact might indicate the possibility of women’s vulnerability to HIV in Bali, mainly due to the high risk behavior of their sexual partner. There has been limited study exploring this vulnerability, and how this vulnerability might affect their risk in contracting HIV. This study aimed at exploring women’s vulnerability to HIV by looking at the individual, households and their community high risk behaviors which might consequently affect the women risk to HIV transmission. Qualitative study was employed by using indepth semi structured interview with 21 informants. The informants were chosen to ensure the variations of the risk behaviors as such might reveal different risk which might affect women. The informants consisted of men, women, HIV counselor and health providers in three different health services in Denpasar. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. To improve data validity, member checking and peer debriefing techniques were used. The study found that there has been variation in the factors which affects women’s vulnerability within individual, household, and community levels. These included the multisexual partners of women and or their sexual partners, buying sex, drug injecting behaviours of their partners and inconsistent condom use which due mainly to the low bargaining position of women in condom negotiation.]]>
<![CDATA[Anemia among pregnant women first and second trimester increases risk for low birth weight babies in Wangaya Hospital, Denpasar ]]>
<![CDATA[I Ketut Labir]]>;
<![CDATA[I Ketut Tangking Widarsa]]>;
<![CDATA[Ketut Suwiyoga]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p05
<![CDATA[Low birth weight is one of the major contributors to infant mortality rate (IMR). One of the dominant risk factors for the low birth weight is anemia. This study aimed to investigate the effect of anemia in pregnant women at first and second trimester to the incidence of low birth weight at Wangaya Hospital Denpasar. This study is a retrospective cohort design. The total samples were 150 respondents; 50 pregnant women with anemia in the first trimester, 50 pregnant women with anemia in the second trimester and 50 pregnant women without anemia. Samples were taken from medical records at Wangaya Hospital Denpasar using simple random sampling method. Data were collected by documentation study and data analysis was done using logistic regression. The results showed that pregnant women with anemia in the first trimester were having a risk of 10 times to give low birth weight compared to pregnant women who are not anemia [RR=10.29; 95%CI: 2.21-47.90], whereas pregnant women with anemia in the second trimester were at risk 16 times greater of having a low birth weight baby compared to pregnant women who are not anemia [RR=16; 95%CI: 3.49-73.41]. There was no difference in the incidence of low birth weight among anemia first and second trimester [p=0.297]. We can conluded that anemia among pregnant women in the first and second trimester increased the risk of low birth weight. The results of this study can be used by policy makers to planning prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of low birth weight babies including intensify the antenatal care program for pregnant women.]]>
<![CDATA[Group breathing-based exercise to improve cardiopulmonory fitness of aged care patients in Werdha Wana Seraya Denpasar ]]>
<![CDATA[Ni Made Parwati]]>;
<![CDATA[I Nyoman Mangku Karmaya]]>;
<![CDATA[Dewa Putu Sutjana]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p06
<![CDATA[The aging process greatly impacts upon individual’s physical, mental, psychosocial and spiritual health. Those aged 30 years and over experience an annual 1% decline in cardiopulmonary fitness every year. Based on this, it is estimated that oxygen consumption capacity by cardiopulmonary fitness of someone aged 60 years will eventually decline to 35%. This study assessed the positive impact of breathing-based exercise on cardiopulmonary fitness of the aged patients of Werdha Wana Seraya in Denpasar. The aims of this study were to identify and to analyze differences of mean cardiopulmonary fitness among aged care patients before and after carrying out breathing-based exercise. Study design used one group pretest and posttest based on sample of 15 individuals using a purposive sampling. The cardiopulmonary fitness is measured using the Rockport method. The independent variable was breathing-based exercise and cardiopulmonary fitness was the dependent variable. Breathing-based exercise was held three times a week over a period of eight weeks during which time data on the impact on cardiopulmonary fitness were collected. Data were analysed using a paired sample t test. The study found that breathing-based exercise can improve cardiopulmonary fitness from 21 ml/kg/min up to 21.87 ml/kg/min [p=0.0001]. To conclude, conducting breathing-based exercise with aged cared patients can have a positive impact on their cardiopulmonary fitness and such activities should be supported.]]>
<![CDATA[Relationship between staff characteristics, motivation and financial incentive upon performance of maternal and child health workers in public health centres, Gianyar District ]]>
<![CDATA[Oka Beratha]]>;
<![CDATA[Ida Bagus Wirakusuma]]>;
<![CDATA[I Gede Adnyana Sudibya]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p07
<![CDATA[Maternal and child health (MCH) program plays a vital role in improving mother and child health. The success of such a program depends on the quality of service obtained from health care providers. The MCH program coverage in Gianyar District is still below the national target. This study aims to determine the relationship between staff characteristics, motivation and financial incentive upon the performance of MCH workers in public health care centres. The study design was cross-sectional with sample of 70 people. Samples were selected using a systematic random sampling. The independent variables were age, duration of employment, education, training, motivation and financial incentive while the dependent variable was the official performance. Data was collected using interview and observation. Data were analysed using univariate, bivariate (chi-square) and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis. The majority of respondents 41 (58.6%) were lower age, shorter tenure 39 (55.7%), college-educated 57 (81.4%), 36 (51.4%) had received training, 42 (60.0%) of participants demonstrated low motivation, 47 (60.7%) were influenced by amount of financial incentives and high performance staff is only 40 (57.1%). From the bivariate analysis, there was a significant association between training [OR=2.88; 95%CI: 1.08-7.67], motivation [OR=6.77; 95%CI: 2.15-21.29] and financial incentives [OR=4.09; 95%CI: 1.30-12.85] and staff performance. From the multivariate analysis, only training [OR=6.11; 95%CI: 1.61-23.23], motivation [OR=7.48; 95%CI: 1.81-30.93] and financial incentives [OR=5.09; 95%CI: 1.12-23.21) were found to have significant association. Based on study findings, there is a need to increase incentive and further staff training to increase staff motivation to improve the overall performance output.]]>
<![CDATA[Factors related to parent’s participation in child dental health care in Tegallalang I Public Health Centre ]]>
<![CDATA[Vivin Sumanti]]>;
<![CDATA[I Ketut Tangking Widarsa]]>;
<![CDATA[Dyah Pradnyaparamita Duarsa]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p08
<![CDATA[The public health centre reports showed that the level of parent’s participation in children dental health care in Tegallalang I Public Health Centre was low (31.7%-35.1%). This study aims to determine the relationship between parent’s knowledge, attitudes, motivation and transportation accessibility to parent’s participation in child dental health care in Tegallalang I Public Health Centre. A cross-sectional study was conducted to 100 parents whose children were referred to undergo dental health examinations in Tegallalang I Public Health Centre using a systematic random sampling method. Data of knowledge, attitudes, motivation and transportation accessibility were collected using an interview guide, while parent’s participation was obtained from dental care registration. The data were analised by logistic regression. The results showed that level of parent’s participation in child dental health care was low (41%). Variables that were significantly associated with level of parent’s participation in child dental health care were knowledge [OR=7.35; p=0.001], motivation [OR=4.89; p=0.028] and attitudes [OR=4.19; p=0.039). Transport accessibility was not associated with parent’s participation [OR=2.35; p=0.123]. The conclusion of this study is that parent’s participation in child dental health care was influenced by parent’s knowledge about oral health, motivation and attitudes towards child dental health care. It is recommended to upscale health promotion related to dental health and the benefits of treatment in order to encourage parent’s participation in children dental health care.]]>
<![CDATA[Low proportion of contact among people attending early detection for pulmonary tuberculosis in South Denpasar I Public Health Centre year 2012 ]]>
<![CDATA[Anak Agung Gede Agung]]>;
<![CDATA[Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri]]>;
<![CDATA[Dewa Nyoman Wirawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p09
<![CDATA[Family members with positive BTA tuberculosis (TB) are vulnerable to be infected due to regular contact. However, awareness of early detection is still low, resulting in low rates of TB suspect identification and low detection of new cases in the public health centre. The study aims to measure the proportion of contacts in the house for people attending early detection for pulmonary tuberculosis, and to analyse the influence of perception of contacts to the behavior of early detection. This cross-sectional analytic study include 110 respondents taken from all family members of BTA pulmonary TB cases as recorded in TB register at South Denpasar I Public Health Center between 2010 and 2011. There were 49 samples who have ever underwent early detection and 61 samples have not. Data collected were analysed using univariate, bivariate (chi square) and multivariate with cox regression. The proportion of contact in the house who underwent early detection is still low (22.55%). The perception of vulnerability and threat were found to be associated with the early detection behavior. Cox regression analysis however showed none of those variables associated with the early detection of pulmonary tuberculosis. The study concluded that only small proportion of people who had contact with TB patient in a house was underwent early detection. The perception of vulnerability and threat influence the early detection behavior of pulmonary tuberculosis in South Denpasar I Public Health Center. The awareness campaign to increase early detection of pulmonary tuberculosis needs to be improved through enhancing the knowledge regarding the spread of TB and its symptoms.]]>
<![CDATA[Knowledge as determinant in deciding expectant mother’s birth assistance at Taliwang Public Health Centre, West Nusa Tenggara, 2013 ]]>
<![CDATA[M. Karjono]]>;
<![CDATA[Luh Putu Lila Wulandari]]>;
<![CDATA[Nyoman Tigeh Suryadhi]]>
<![CDATA[ Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Udayana ]]>
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DOI: 10.53638/phpma.2013.v1.i1.p10
<![CDATA[Regional government directives push for 90% of all expectant mothers to utilise birthing assistance from trained health care providers, however recent data from Taliwang Public Health Center indicates this falls well below the target only 56.8%. The choice of alternative forms of birthing assistance can often result in risky and dangerous birthing methods, thereby increasing the possibility of infant/maternal mortality. In order to explore this, a study to explore factors influencing the birth assistance choice at Taliwang Public Health Center was conducted. A cross sectional design was adopted in the study. Total sample of 160 pregnant mothers was selected from a total of 1068 population using systematic random sampling. Each respondent was interviewed using a questionnaire. Data were analysed using univariate, bivariate (chi square) and multivariate analysis (logistic regression). The results of bivariate analysis indicate that factors influencing a choice of birth assistance were: knowledge levels [X2=20.79; p=0.003]; access to the health service [X2=10.34; p=0.006], access to reliable information [X2=6.15; p=0.011), parent’s role [X2=10.64; p=0.002] and influence of authority/religious figures [X2=10.21; p=0.006). The multivariate analysis revealed that knowledge levels of mothers was the most significant and influential factor in birthing assistance choice [OR=2.02; p=0.013; 95%CI 1.16-3.51; R2=0.13]. It is evident that there is a need to upscale efforts in improving the knowledge levels of expectant mothers regarding risky birthing practices, through health promotion programs, and to increase the frequency of the current antenatal classes. Furthermore, studies regarding other factors which might influence expectant mothers birthing assistance choice, such as socio-cultural factors, the role of healthcare providers, traditional birthing mythologies could be explored.]]>
