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Muammar Fawwaz
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Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Jl. Urip Sumohardjo KM 5 Kampus II, Makassar 90231, Indonesia
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INDONESIA
Pharmaceutical Reports
Published by Universitas Muslim Indonesia
ISSN : 28286030     EISSN : 28288734     DOI : https://doi.org/10.33096/pharm%20rep.v1i2
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical Reports is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, which was first published in 2022. We published two times a year in January-June and July-December. Our mission is to advance the science and practice of pharmaceutical research by working to develop and maintain competence, ethics, and integrity, and the highest professional standards in the specialty for the benefit of the public. Pharmaceutical Reports publishes studies that contribute to an understanding of some specific areas in pharmaceutical sciences including the following: - Analytical chemistry of organic and natural product compounds using instrumental analysis in pharmaceutical sciences including spectroscopy and chromatography method. - Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of biologically active compounds, diagnostic agents, or labeled ligands employed as pharmacological tools. - Molecular modifications of reported series that lead to a significantly improved understanding of their structure-activity relationships (SAR). - Structural biological studies (X-ray, NMR, etc.) of relevant ligands and targets with the aim of investigating molecular recognition processes in the action of biologically active compounds. - Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics - Novel & Targeted Drug Delivery - Pharmacology & Toxicology - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Microbiology - Pharmacy Practice & Hospital Pharmacy - Drug Regulatory Affairs
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 8 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports" : 8 Documents clear
Analysis of Chemical Ingredients in Jamu Pegal Linu Released in Siwa, Pitumpanua District, Wajo Regency Maryam, St; Rahmawati, Rahmawati; Febiyanti, Azalia Zalzabila
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.376

Abstract

Jamu is an indigenous Indonesian traditional herbal medicine commonly prepared in the form of brews, powders, liquids, pills, or capsules. However, some manufacturers irresponsibly add pharmaceutical chemicals (Bahan Kimia Obat, BKO) to enhance the therapeutic effects of these products. One of the most frequently detected adulterants in jamu pegal linu—a herbal remedy used to relieve muscle and joint pain—is diclofenac sodium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This study aimed to identify and quantify the presence of diclofenac sodium in jamu pegal linu samples circulating in Siwa, Pitumpanua Sub-district, Wajo District, Indonesia. Six samples were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The qualitative TLC analysis utilized silica gel GF254 as the stationary phase and an ethyl acetate–n-hexane (7:3) mixture as the mobile phase. All samples exhibited Rf values of 0.8, corresponding to the diclofenac sodium standard, confirming the presence of this compound. Quantitative analysis using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 276 nm revealed the average diclofenac sodium contents as follows: sample A = 17.911%, B = 20.691%, C = 21.016%, D = 20.902%, E = 23.350%, and F = 23.772%. These findings indicate that all analyzed jamu pegal linu preparations contained diclofenac sodium as a medicinal chemical adulterant (BKO). This study underscores the urgent need for stricter regulation, quality control, and consumer awareness to ensure the safety and authenticity of traditional herbal medicines in Indonesia.
Determination of Tannin in Ethanol Extract of Bajakah Tampala Root (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) as an Anticholesterol Saskia, Eka Putri; Tahir, Masdiana; Suhaenah, Asriani
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.377

Abstract

The root of Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) is known to contain several bioactive secondary metabolites, including saponins, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, which contribute to its broad pharmacological potential. Among these compounds, tannins play an important role in various therapeutic applications such as hemostasis, burn treatment, and the management of diarrhea, dysentery, and tumors. In addition, tannins possess anticholesterol properties by precipitating mucosal proteins on the surface of the small intestine, thereby reducing the absorption of cholesterol and lipids into the bloodstream. This study aimed to determine the tannin content in the ethanol extract of Bajakah Tampala root as part of an investigation into its potential as a natural anticholesterol agent. The extraction process was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent to ensure efficient recovery of phenolic compounds. Quantitative analysis of tannin content was performed using the UV-Visible spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 750 nm, with gallic acid employed as the standard reference compound. The results showed that the tannin concentration in the ethanol extract of Bajakah Tampala root was 91.699 mg GAE/g extract (milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract). These findings suggest that Bajakah Tampala root possesses a high tannin content, supporting its potential development as a natural anticholesterol agent and contributing to the growing evidence of its pharmacological benefits in traditional medicine.
Determination of Tannin Content of Gringsingan Stem Extract (Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L) Kuntze) by the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Handayani, Selpida; Aminah, Aminah; Nurliadi, Indah
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.378

Abstract

The Gringsingan plant (Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze) is widely used in traditional medicine and is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. Traditionally, it has been utilized to treat various ailments such as tumors, malaria, headaches, cancer, fever, stomach pain, yellow fever, rheumatism, constipation, urethritis, diarrhea, and kidney disorders, as well as to act as an analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and depurative agent. The present study aimed to determine the total tannin content in the stem extract of Gringsingan obtained through Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) and to evaluate its potential as a bioactive compound source. Microwave-assisted extraction was selected because of its advantages, including shorter extraction time, reduced solvent consumption, and efficient recovery of active compounds compared to conventional methods. This experimental research was conducted in the laboratory and consisted of several stages: sample preparation, qualitative testing for tannin presence, and quantitative determination of total tannin content. Qualitative identification using 1% FeCl₃ reagent produced a dark blue to greenish-black coloration, confirming the presence of tannins in the Gringsingan stem extract. The result was further supported by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) testing with the same reagent, which yielded consistent positive results. Quantitative analysis of the total tannin content was carried out using UV–Visible spectrophotometry, with absorbance measured at the maximum wavelength for gallic acid. The analysis revealed that the tannin concentration in the Gringsingan stem extract was 7.487 mg GAE/g extract, indicating that this plant possesses measurable levels of tannins that contribute to its traditional medicinal value.
Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically Modified Anionic Azo Dyes and Their Potential for Treating Infectious Diseases Mohammed, Aliyu Danmusa; Basiru, Aliyu
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.353

Abstract

This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated with azo dyes—Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine, and Allura Red. FTIR spectroscopic studies confirmed key functional groups and interactions, including azo (–N=N), C=C, and hydroxyl stretches, indicating successful conjugation between dyes and carrier materials. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. Results revealed enhanced inhibition zones, particularly for the dye incorporated with siver nanoparticles (dye-AgNPs) combinations, with Tartrazine + AgNPs (B2) showing the highest efficacy against S. aureus. Quaternary ammonium salts alone displayed moderate activity, while their combinations with azo dyes yielded improved bacterial inhibition, especially against Gram-positive strains. The enhanced antimicrobial performance is attributed to increased lipophilicity and better penetration of bacterial membranes due to dye incorporation. Furthermore, the research highlights the potential use of azo dye-functionalized QAS and AgNPs as effective antimicrobial agents, especially in targeting resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kepok Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Method Damang, Irda Binti; Suhaenah, Asriani; Razak, Rais
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.379

Abstract

Antioxidants are compounds capable of neutralizing the harmful effects of oxidants by donating electrons to unstable molecules, thereby preventing oxidative damage. These compounds play a vital role in protecting biological systems from oxidative stress, which is associated with aging and various chronic diseases. Kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) peel is an underutilized natural resource rich in secondary metabolites such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and quinones, many of which are known for their strong antioxidant potential. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of kepok banana peel using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. Extraction was performed by maceration with 96% ethanol as the solvent to obtain a concentrated extract. The FRAP assay was carried out by reacting the extract with FRAP reagents and measuring the absorbance using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 710 nm. Quercetin was used as a standard antioxidant reference, producing a calibration curve with a linear regression equation of y = 0.0203x + 0.0301 and a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9965, indicating excellent linearity. The results revealed that the ethanol extract of kepok banana peel exhibited high antioxidant capacity, with a value of 81.6939 mgQE/g extract. These findings suggest that kepok banana peel is a promising natural source of antioxidants and could potentially be developed into functional ingredients for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
The Role of Iron (Fe) in Health and Medicine: Scientific Interpretation of Surah Al-Hadid Verse 25 Fawwaz, Muammar; Sampurno, Bambang
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.381

Abstract

Iron is a vital element for life, playing essential roles in oxygen transport, metabolism, enzymatic activity, and cognitive development. Surah Al-Hadid [57]:25 of the Qur’an references iron, which aligns with its biological, medical, and cosmic significance. This review examines the intersection of Qur’anic references, astrophysical evidence, and biomedical research related to iron, highlighting the numerical correlations between the surah number (57) and Fe-57, and verse 25 with iron’s atomic number (26). Modern astrophysics confirms that iron is synthesized in stars and delivered to Earth via supernovae, echoing the Qur’anic expression “We sent down iron”. Biologically, iron deficiency causes anemia, impaired immunity, and cognitive deficits, while iron-based therapeutics—including oral supplements, parenteral formulations, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems—demonstrate its crucial role in human health. Surah Al-Hadid [57]:25 exemplifies the convergence of divine revelation and scientific knowledge, encouraging ethical and informed utilization of natural elements in medicine and technology, reflecting harmony between spiritual guidance and scientific inquiry.
Revealing the Antioxidant Content in Banana Plants: A Nutritional Perspective and Health Benefits Ummum, Andi; Fawwaz, Muammar; Yuliana, Dewi
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.380

Abstract

The banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) is a fruit widely consumed across tropical regions and recognized for its rich nutritional value and diverse bioactive compounds that contribute to human health. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant content of banana plants from both nutritional and pharmacological perspectives through a comprehensive literature review. The review was conducted using scientific articles and official guidelines published between 2015 and 2025. The findings indicate that the banana pulp contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates (27%), proteins (1%), and a variety of vitamins and minerals including calcium, potassium, and iron. In contrast, the banana peel, often considered agricultural waste, is abundant in bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant potential. Antioxidant activity in banana extracts has been reported using various analytical methods, including DPPH (IC₅₀ = 439.12 µg/mL), FRAP (26.5828 mg QE/g extract), ABTS (IC₅₀ = 60.50–95.85 ppm), CUPRAC (EC₅₀ = 101–150 µg/mL), and CAA (397 ± 5 µmol TE/100 g) assays. Moreover, fruit maturity influences antioxidant capacity, with unripe banana peels generally exhibiting higher antioxidant activity than ripe ones. These results highlight that banana plants, particularly their peels, possess considerable potential as natural antioxidant sources for use in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, the valorization of banana peel aligns with the circular economy concept, promoting sustainable agricultural waste management and environmental conservation.
Chemical Profile of Red Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry Anwar, Adillani Nur Mugfirah; Pratama, Mamat; Rahmawati, Rahmawati
Pharmaceutical Reports Vol 4, No 2 (2025): (October) Pharmaceutical Reports
Publisher : Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/pharmrep.v4i2.375

Abstract

Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus), a tropical species native to Asia, has gained attention for its potential as a source of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize the chemical constituents present in the peel of H. polyrhizus using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The extraction process was performed through maceration with 96% ethanol for four days, followed by filtration and concentration using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The resulting ethanolic extract was analyzed using GC–MS under the following parameters: injector temperature of 250 °C and a programmed column temperature ranging from 70 °C (held for 2 min) to 200 °C at a heating rate of 100 °C/min. The chromatographic analysis identified a total of 82 distinct compounds, indicating the chemical diversity of the extract. Among these, the most abundant peak was detected at a retention time (RT) of 22.806 min, corresponding to pentadecanoic acid (C₁₅H₃₀O₂). The presence of fatty acids, esters, and phenolic derivatives suggests that H. polyrhizus peel may serve as a valuable natural source of antioxidants and other pharmacologically active constituents. Overall, the findings provide fundamental insights into the phytochemical composition of red dragon fruit peel, supporting its potential application in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.

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