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The Effects of Curcumin Against Dengue-2 Virus Based on Immunocytochemistry Technique Dewi Marbawati; Sitti Rahmah Umniyati
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne flavivirus disease. The number of Dengue cases in Indonesia in 2010 range from 150,000 cases with the deaths of around 1,317 people. Huge number of cases have made Indonesia was the first ranked as the state with the highest Dengue cases in the ASEAN region and the world's second ranking after Brazil. The drugs or antibiotics that can be administered effectively to cure this disease has not been found yet. Many study have been done and some that have been reported include viral RNA synthesis inhibitors, protein inhibitors of NS3 helicase and protease and inhibitors that inhibit Dengue virus maturation. Curcumin have preventive activity against several viruses: vasicular stomatis ( VSV ), HSV 1 and 2, parainfluenza - 3, reovirus - 1, feline corona virus, feline herpes virus . Curcumin also known have ubiquitin proteasome inhibition system was able to decrease the production of Japanese ensefalitis virus.Objectives: This study aims to determine safe concentrations of curcumin against vero cells (cytotoxic test results) and know the Dengue-2 antiviral potency of curcumin.Methods: Including quasi-experimental study. The anti viral potency of curcumin seen from the result of immunocytochemistry Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (SBPC). Data were analyzed by ANOVA.Results: The results showed that secure concentrations from cytotoxic of curcumin against vero cells is 6.25 ppm. The calculation of positive rate from immunocytochemistry in vero cells infected by Dengue - 2 incubation 1 and 3 days were the result is significantly different than the control.Conclusion: The secure concentration of curcumin against vero cells was 6.25 ppm and curcumin was able to lower the positive rate due to Dengue-2 infection.Key Words : Dengue virus, Curcumin, Immunocytochemistry.

Risk Factors Analysis of Typhoid Fever Occurence of Inpatient in Kebumen Public Hospital in 2013 Rina Hudayani; Hari Kusnanto; Rizka Humardewayanti; Trisno Agung Wibowo
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection of Salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid bacteria. There are 350-810 people who get this disease per 100.000 people and the percentage of death is 0.6-5%. Typhoid fever in Kebumen Regency always belongs to the big five diseases. The criteria are the number of in-patient in the hospital and the extraordinary occurrence for 4 years (from 2007 to 2010). This disease is related to unhealthy sanitation and bad individual hygiene practice.Objective: To analyze the risk factors of typhoid fever occurrence of inpatient in Kebumen Public Hospital in 2013.Methods : This research is an analytical observational research with control case study design. The sample subject was taken by using consecutive sampling method and there were 148 respondents, consisting of 74 case respondents and 74 control respondents. The data were analyzed by using McNemar (bivariate) test and conditional logistic regression (multivariate).Results : Most respondents are in the age of 15-20 years old (32.43%), female (70.27%), the graduates of Senior/Vocational High School (29.05%) and student/university student (34.46%). The results of multivariable analysis are the risk factor of eating non-homemade snack habit is high (p=0.000; OR=5.586; CI 95% 2.142-14.571) followed by the habit of washing hands before eating (p=0.003;OR=2.835; CI 95% 1.433-5.609). Water clean sources, facility for defecation, defecation habit in latrine, and typhoid fever history in family are not the risk factors of typhoid fever occurrence of in-patient in Kebumen Public Hospital.Conclusion : The risk to get typhoid fever in Kebumen Regency is higher on those whose habits of eating non-homemade snacks and not washing hand by using soap before eating. Therefore, the health officer should improve individual hygiene promotion and give information to society and those who manage food processing public place.Key Words: Risk factors,Typhoid fever, Kebumen.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dengue Fever Transmission Among Urban and Periurban Residents of Dhaka City, Bangladesh Muhammad Sohel Rana; Mohammad Syaket Ahmed Shakil
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue is one of the most important emerging viral diseases of major public health concern in Bangladesh.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue fever transmission and prevention among the residents of Dhaka city, Bangladesh.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among three hundred and forty three randomly selected residents of urban and periurban regions of Dhaka city in November in 2012 using a pretested and self administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed by a Chi square test and p value less than 0.05 is considered as significant.Results: The study found that among the respondents 63.3% were female, 48% were married and 37.7% were of age group of 21-30 (mean=31.34, SD=11.758). Majority of the respondents had secondary/higher secondary (50.9%) and students represented 34.1% of the total respondents. It was found most of them had no history of having affected from dengue fever (97.7%) and 53.2% did not travel to the subtropical or tropical region. Television (61.2%) and radio (50.4) were most common source of information of dengue fever. Majority of the respondents had low level of knowledge on dengue (89.1%). It was found that 81% knew that mosquitoes generally lay their eggs on dirty water, 79.6% knew mosquitoes spread dengue from one person to another and 70.6% were aware that dengue can fever is flu like illness that affects infants, young, children and adults. The study revealed 50.1% had neutral attitude towards dengue fever, and there was significant association between age and practice (p=0.031); knowledge and practice (p<0.000) and also attitude and practice (p<0.000). Conclusion: There is a different level of knowledge regarding dengue fever among respondents in the study area. Public awareness is necessary to address the knowledge gap revealed by this study. Hence it is necessary to organize the public education program to prevent the people from the outbreak of dengue by increasing level of Knowledge so that they can attain positive attitude and adopt desired behavioral changes.Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome.

Geographic Information System (GIS) for Dengue Research in Indonesia: A Review Adnanto Wiweko
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Geographic information system (GIS) can be very effective tool in combating dengue infection. However, there is only few study that apply GIS in dengue research in IndonesiaObjectives: The purpose of this literature review is to identify how geographic information system (GIS) applications have been used in dengue mapping in Indonesia and to critically examine the issues, strengths, weakness and challenges inherent to those approaches, especially from the spatial analysis and public health point of view.Methods: The research articles in English or Indonesian were taken by online only using Google Scholar search engine. Only articles that addressed GIS methodology or dengue–related GIS applications were selected for this review. These articles must contain the combination three words including Geographic Information System (GIS), dengue and Indonesia in its titles or abstracts.Results: Through the review process, conducted in October 2013, it is evident that the applications of GIS in dengue research can be generally categorized into four issues including dengue risk mapping and surveillance (n = 5), combined remote sensing-GIS (n = 4) web application (n = 2), and climatic and other associated factor with dengue (n = 3). This review explores how GIS approaches have been used to analyze the correlation of dengue incidences with environmental risk factor. GIS also used as a tool to improve dengue surveillance and outbreak management. This review also revealed the lack of GIS techniques using in Indonesian dengue research.Conclusion: GIS-related methodological techniques and tools can be meaning fully applied in dengue research and management.Keywords: Geographic Information System (GIS), dengue, Indonesia

Risk Factors of Pneumonia Among Under Five Children in Purbalingga District, Central Java Province Ni Kadek Nira; Dibyo Pramono; Roni Naning
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children and burden of disease disproportionately high in South-East Asia Region. Pneumonia incidence in Indonesia is sixth rank in the world. Pneumonia were leading causeof infants mortality about 23.8% and among children, pneumonia contribute 15.5% of total mortality after diarrhea. Risk factors associated with pneumonia are: individual, environment, and social economic.Objectives: The aim of study to identify relationship between individual, environment, and social economic risk factors with pneumonia incidence among under five children in Purbalingga District.Methods: This research was an analytical and observational study using case control design. Subjects were 210 children aged 2-60 month which consists of 105 cases and 105 controls. This study conduct at 9 Public Health centers in Purbalingga District on April to June 2013. Cases were children with pneumonia diagnose by trained doctor or paramedic. Controls were children without diagnosed pneumonia who visited the same Public Health Centers as cases. Results fromunivariate, McNemar test was used to bivariate analysis and conditional logistic regression in multivariate analysis with 95% confidence interval.Results: In the multivariate analysis showednot exclusively breastfed (OR=3.99, 95% CI=1.851-8.596), househumidity (OR=3.13, 95% CI=1.382-7.096), house ventilation (OR=6.62, 95% CI=2.847-15.369), overcrowding (OR=2.74, 95% CI=1.230-6.121) and without kitchen smoke hole (OR=6.14, 95% CI=1.932-19.497) had significant association to pneumonia incidence. Ventilation showed the highest risk for pneumonia incidence among under five children.Conclusion: Factors such as not exclusively breastfed, live in house with high humidity, lack of ventilation, over crowding and without kitchen smoke holewere risk factors for pneumonia among under five children. Ventilation was dominant risk factor for developing pneumonia. Promote breastfeeding and improve house condition such as improve house ventilation and make kitchen smoke hole could lead to reduction of pneumonia under five children.Keyword: under five children, pneumonia, risk factors, Purbalingga District

Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis among Tuberculosis Patient in Kebumen District Edwin Sovvan Aritonang; Ning Rintiswati; Riris Andono Ahmad
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tuberculosis is a major global health problem. It is estimated that almost 9 million new cases detected in 2011 and 1.4 million died because of TB. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are the key elements of the TB control program. Delayed diagnosis associated with a longer duration of infectiousness, increase the severity of the disease, more severe complication and even death.Objectives: To determine the factors associated with delayed diagnosis among tuberculosis patients in Kebumen District.Methods : A cross sectional study among newly diagnosed TB patients in April to June 2013 in Kebumen was conducted. The data was collected using a questionnaire interviewing officers of government health care facilities which have implemented DOTS programs already. Data was analyzed by a logistic regression test with confidence interval (CI) of 95%.Results: Eighty five pulmonary TB patients were studied consisting of 65 TB smear positive and 20 smear negative/roentgen positive patients. The median duration of delayed patients was 3.9 weeks; delayed health service was 2.6 weeks and delayed diagnosis was 7.6 weeks. Multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with delayed diagnosis were the type of health services which first visited (p value = 0.002 and OR = 6.87), level of knowledge about TB (p value = 0.002 and OR = 6.41), educational level (p value = 0.024 and OR = 5.68) and the number of visits to health service (p value = 0.021 and OR = 3.87).Conclusion : The median duration of delayed diagnosis was 7.6 weeks. Delayed diagnosis among TB patients in Kebumen Distict was associated with type of health services which is non-DOTS, low level of knowledge about TB, low levels of education and the number of visits to health services ≥3 times.Keywords: delayed diagnosis, TB patients, Kebumen District

Effication Test of Srikaya Seeds Extract (Annona squamosa L.) to Kill Aedes aegypti Larvae in Laboratory Eny Sofiyatun; Joko Malis Sunarno
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue fever is still becoming national health problem. Control of it have been done but the cases still increase significantly. One way to control the disease is vector control of Aedes sp. Generally, people prefer to choose synthetics insecticides than botanical insecticides and environmental management. Used of synthetics insecticides causing mosquito resistence.Objectives: To know the potency of Srikaya seeds as botanical larviciding to Aedes aegypti larvae as main vector of dengue fever.Methods: Experimental study with cross sectional design have done with three times repeat of efication test. Extraction process of Srikaya seeds according to Kardinan (2000). Concentration of Srikaya seeds extracts are 25%, 50% and 75% with control. Population of the study is Ae.aegypti larvae (L3) from Entomology Laboratory of Balai P2B2 Banjarnegara. Data was observed are mortality and growth of larvae into pupa and imago stages. Probit analyzed was done and describes by graphic and table.Results: Srikaya seeds extracts effect to Ae. aegypti larvae and causing larvae death for each concentration test (concentration 25%, 50%, and 75%). Growth of Ae.aegypti larvae also decreases that shown by pupa failure to reach imago stages after 6th day. This result shows that Srikaya seeds extracts have potency as larvicide might be due to annonain and squamosin content as acetogenine that can cause mortality of some insects Ordo.Conclusion: Srikaya seeds extracts have potency as larvicide on Aedes aegypti larvae. Srikaya seeds extract have a potency as botanical insecticides, not only to pest control on farm and poultry but also in vector diseases control.Keywords: Srikaya seeds extracts, larvicide, Aedes aegypti, mortality

Immune Response against Hepatitis B Virus after Vaccination among Low Birth Weight and Preterm Newborns: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Magelang District Central Java Muhardison Muhardison; Hari Kusnanto; Nenny Sri Mulyani
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Over 2 billion people are infected with HBV and 378 million are carriers. The mortality rate is approximately 1-2 million and over 4 millions acute clinical cases are documented each year. The prevalence of HBV infection in Indonesia is 3-20%. Vertical and horizontal transmission in newborn and children occurs in 25-45%. Near 25-50% of children are infected before 5 years. The most effective approach to reduce the burden of HBV infection is mass vaccination of newborns and children.Objectives: To determine immune response against HBV after HBV vaccine among low birth weight (LBW) and preterm newborns after HBV vaccination, and factors related to the immune response i.e. gender and weight gain in the first 6 months of life.Methods: During May-July 2012, 106 infants aged 13-15 months were recruited after HBV vaccination. They were completed 4 doses of HBV basic vaccination in 0, 2, 3, and 4 months of life. Sera were examined for anti-HBs antibody titers using ELISA.Results: A total of 98 subjects (92.5%) completed the study. Immune response of LBW subjects were positive in 89.7%, newborns were 95.9%. The Relative Risk (RR) were 2.5 CI (0.50 to 12.2) p=0.2178. Gender was not related to immune response RR 0.6 CI (0.15 to 2.69) p=0.6996. Gestational age associated with immune response RR 8 CI (1.05 to 63.9) p=0.0399. The first 6 months weight was not related to immune response RR 3.6 CI (0.73 to 17.7) p=0.1178. Logistic regression analysis showed LBW was not correlated with the immune response OR 1 CI (0.16 to 7.17) p=0.929. Gestational age correlated with immune response OR 9 CI (1.05 to 79.3) p=0.044 and the first 6 months of weight was not correlated with immune response OR 3.7 CI (0.65 to 21.1) p=0.138.Conclusion: Immune response against HBV after vaccination was similar between LBW and NBW. Immune response was correlated with gestational age.Keywords: Hepatitis B vaccine, immune response, LBW and preterm.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-Alpha) And Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Expression of Plasmodium Berghei Infected Swiss Mice Treated with Red Fruit (Pandanus Conoideus Lam) Ethanol Extract Demianus Tafor; Achmad Djunaidi; Widya Wasityastuti; Eti Nurwening Sholikhah
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Malaria infection could activate T cell helper 2 CD4+ which release cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 was a kind of immunosuppressant cytokines and prevented a cerebral tissue damage from the expression intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by TNF-α, ended with a cerebral malaria. The red fruit was proved as antioxidant but its effect to reduce TNF-α and expression of ICAM-1 in cerebral tissue endothelial cell remained unknown.Objectives: to know the effect of red fruit ethanol extract toward the change of TNF-α secretion number and ICAM-1 in Swiss male mice’s cerebral endothelial cell infected with P.berghei.Methods: Sixty Swiss male mice were divided in to 6 groups, group I was not given the red fruit (BM) ethanol extract and not infected P.berghei, Group II was given BM 260mg/kg BB but not infected P.berghei, group III, IV, V were given BM 130, 260, and 520 mg/kg respectively and infected with P.berghei. Red fruit extract or carrier substance was given for 4 weeks, P.berghei was given in the early of third week. TNF-α level check was done in third and ninth day after the injection, with TNF-α ELISA kit mouse. ICAM-1 cerebral endotel cell expression check was done in third and nine day with immunohistochemistry (IHC) coloring.Results: TNF-α level in third day after infected to the groups given red fruit extract (group III, IV, and V) showed no significant difference (p=0,839) compared to group which was not given red fruit but infected (group VI). TNF-α level in ninth day after infected to groups given red fruit ( group III,IV,V) lower (p<0,05) compared to groups which was not given red fruit but infected. ICAM-1 expression in third and ninth day after treatment to group given red fruit extract was lower (p<0,05) compared to groups given red fruit extract but infected. Conclusion: Red fruit ethanol extract ( P conoideus Lam) could decrease TNF-α level and ICAM-I expression in Swiss mice’ endothelial cerebral cells after infected by P.berghei.Key word: Pandanus conoideus Lam, TNF-α, ICAM-1 expression, Plasmodium berghei, Swiss mice

Validity of p-LDH/HRP2-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Diagnosis of Malaria on Pregnant Women in Maluku Vebiyanti Vebiyanti; Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati; Bambang Udji Jokorianto
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Pregnant women are one of the groups at risk for infection by the malaria parasites in endemic areas. The dangerous impacts of malaria in pregnancy are anemia and severe malaria that can cause death for mother, fetus and newborn. Clinical symptoms that are likely to be not typical until asymptomatic in pregnancy are one of the obstacles on diagnosing malaria in pregnancy in endemic areas. p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) is one of the WHO recommended RDT product on round 1-4 and has been used in Maluku. This tool is able to detect antigens of the Plasmodium metabolism results in peripheral blood so that it is regarded to be more sensitive than microscopic examination. The use of p-LDH and HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) for the detection of P. falciparum HRP-2 antigen and P. vivax, P.malariae, P.ovale p-LDH antigen have not been previously evaluated in the Province of Maluku.Objectives: To evaluate the validity of p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) compared with microscopic examination and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy in Maluku.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a diagnostic test of malaria in pregnant women. The study was conducted in Ambon City health center, Savana Jaya Buru Island health center and Haulussy Ambon Local Hospital. Sample data, the data of pregnancy, RDT results and microscopic results on the field were recorded in the questionnaire. Nested PCR examination was conducted at the Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada as well as second reading for microscopic examinationResults: The results showed that p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) had the same sensitivity with micoscopic of 11%, a specificity of 100% higher than microscopic 96% compared with nested PCR as the gold standard, p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) had PPV and NPV of 100% and 98% compared with nested PCR as the gold standard. p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) sensitivity was 80% compared to the microscopic examination.Conclusion: diagnostic malaria in pregnancy in Maluku with p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) was less sensitive than nested PCR and microscopic.Keywords: Malaria, pregnant woman, diagnostic test, validity, p-LDH/HRP2 Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) (Pf/Pan)

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