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The Differences of the Prevalences and Serotypes of Dengue Virus on Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes from Pagutan and Pagutan Timur in the Sub District of Mataram Nurul Inayati; Supargiyono -; Sitti Rahmah Umniyati
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Sub district of Mataram is one of endemic area of Dengue Haemoraghagic Fever in the West of Nusa Tenggara province, the number of dengue cases are reported increasing every years. Pagutan is a village that has been reported as higth case incidance area and Pagutan Timur as low case insidance area.Objectives: The aims of this study is to determine the density of the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and to know the prevalence and dominant serotypes of dengue virus in the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from the village of Pagutan and Pagutan Timur Mataram sub district.Methods: The Collection of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were conducted by ovitrap provided indoor and outdoor of randomly selected houses. The mosquitoes density was determined by calculating the average number of mosquitoes emerged from eggs collected each houses. The prevalence of dengue virus were calculated by the percentage of mosquitoes that containing of dengue virus as examined by immunocytochemistry method, using the monoclonal antibody anti-dengue DSSE10, while dengue virus serotypes determined by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction using Lanciotti specific primers.Results: The density of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Pagutan is significantly higher than Pagutan Timur Village (p<0.05). The confirmed statistical analysis with Paired t test were obtained. The prevalence of dengue virus in Pagutan and Pagutan Timur are 18.4% and respectively 14.3%. The serotypes of dengue virus in Pagutan areas is dengue 1, dengue 2 and dengue 3, whereas in Pagutan Timur areas is dengue 1.Conclusion: There is diffences of mosquitoes density, prevalence and the serotypes of dengue virus found in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Pagutan and Pagutan Timur in the sub district of Mataram.Keywords: Mosquito density, Aedes aegypti, dengue virus, prevalence and serotype

Laboratory Testing of Transovarial Transmission in Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Guntur Benedict Hutadjulu; Sitti Rahmah Umniyati; Jarir At Thobari
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Ae. aegypti is one of the vectors causing Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) that feeds on human blood suffering from DHF and transmit it to another healthy human. The ability of Dengue Virus (DENV) to survive in nature is due to 2 mechanisms i.e. horizontal transmission among viremic vertebratae infected by Aedes mosquitos and vertical (transovarial) transmission from infected female mosquito to another generation.Objectives: To know the differences between next generation’s viral carriage, percentage ofmosquito descendants carrying DENV, and the distribution of DENV in its infected mosquitos.Methods: Study design was a quasi experimental posttest-only design with control group. The study was conducted on 53 second-generation female Ae. aegypti mosquitos which are grouped into treatment and control groups. Dengue Viral antigen in both groups were detected by immunohistochemistry method using Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (SBPC) in paraffin embedding preparation of mosquitos aged 1-7 days. Fisher exact test was used to compare proportion of virus detected in moaquitos between 2 groups.Results: The virus detected in second generation of DEN-infected and uninfected mosquitos were 100% and 85.7%, respectively. The virus was distributed from day 1 to 7 in all organs such as brains, thorax, salivary gland, gastric epithelial cells, and ovarium of the infected mosquitos. Similar distribution was not detected in control mosquitoes.Conclusion: There was no difference in next mosquito generation’s transovarial infection among DENV-infected and uninfected Ae. aegypti mosquitos.Keywords: Ae. aegypti mosquito; Dengue virus (DENV); transovarial transmission; immunohistochemistry method, Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (SBPC).

Malaria Risk Factors and Mapping in Amfoang Barat Daya-Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur Dwita Anastasia Deo; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti; Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Amfoang District is one of malaria-endemic areas in East Nusa Tenggara Province. The areas are adjacent to the shore at the lowland and adjacent to the forest at the highland respectively. Residential areas are surrounded by forest, shrubs, field, streams and pools of water. Most population work as farmers, have low education levels and do not use mosquito bed netObjectives: This study aims to investigate the factors that influence the incidence of malaria risk and determine the pattern of clustering of cases in the Amfoang Barat Daya, District of Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur.Methods: Mass blood surveys were conducted to investigate malaria cases in three villages in October 2011, January 2012 and April 2012. The 3,515 blood samples were collected for thick blood film. Riskfactors were identified through questionares and OR were calculated. Significance was assumed at p <0.05. Coordinates were taken from residence of patients by GPS and analyzed with Purely Spatial Bernaullymodel to investigate any cluster of malaria cases. River with potentials breeding place was buffered 1km by ArcGis to determine whether malaria cases were in the mosquito fly distance areas.Results: Dry land farmer, education, malaria symptomatic, habitual of sleep outdoors, farming and fishing (06.00pm-06.00 am), outdoors gathering (06.00pm-06.00 am), wooden wall, mosquito wire, ventilation, plafond, animal shelter distance, breeding place and climate were insignificant for prevalence of malaria. Bed nets and breeding place were significant for prevalence of malaria. Potential of malaria vectors (An. barbirostris and An. sundaicus) were found in lowlands but was not found in highlands. Bed nets is protective factor from incidence of malaria. One primer most likely cluster and 3 secondary clusters were insignificant.Conclusion : Lowland has risk from malaria. The use of bed nets during 06.00pm – 06.00am is as protective factor for malaria OR 0.1.Keyword:Amfoang Barat Daya, risk factormalaria, thick blood smear, Anopheles sp., bed nets,mapping

In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of Brucein A Semisynthetic Compounds Priska Ernestina Tenda; Eti Nurwening Solikhah; Mahardika Agus Wijayanti
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Brucein A has been known to have antiplasmodial activity. Some new compounds were synthesized to increase their antiplasmodial activity, i.e 3-benzoylbruceinA, 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A, 3-choro benzoyl brucein A, and 3-chloro acetyl bruceine A.However, their antiplasmodial activity have not studied yet.Objectives: To know the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of 3-benzoyl brucein A, 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A, 3-choro benzoyl brucein A, and 3-chloro acetyl bruceine A.Methods: Antiplasmodial activity was conducted by incubating FCR-3 strain of P. falciparum with 3- benzoyl brucein A, 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A, 3-choro benzoyl brucein A, and 3-chloro acetyl bruceine A in various concentrations for 72 hours. Parasitemia after incubation period of each compound was calculated by making a thin smear stained with 5% Giemsa.Results: Semisynthetic compounds of bruceine A have antiplasmodial activity in vitro with IC50 value were 2.648 ± 1.30 ng/mL for 3-benzoyl bruceine A, 1.098 ± 0.510 ng/mL for 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A, 50.246 ± 0.207 ng/mL for 3-chloro benzoyl bruceine A and 67.951 ± 11.517 ng/mL for 3- chloro acetyl brucein A. The IC50 value of Bruceine A as the lead compound was 3.87 ± 2.530 ng/mLConclusion: The 3-dimethyl sulphate bruceine A showed the highest antiplasmodial activity among 4 semisynthetic compounds of Bruceine A.Keywords:bruceineA, semisynthetic compound, Plasmodiumfalciparum, invitroantiplasmodial activity.

The HLA-DR Expression on Monocytes in Acute Dengue Infection Umi Solekhah Intansari; Muhammad Ilham Bin Azib; Mohd Nazirul Shareef bin Mohd Ridhwan; Ida Safitri Laksanawati
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Dengue is the most common disease of mosquito-borne infection. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that 50 million cases ofdengue infection have been reported annually. Macrophages andmonocyte are thought to play an important role in dengue infection both as primary targets of viral infection and as a source of immunomodulatory cytokines.Whenmonocytes are infectedby dengue viruses, it processed the virus by lyses it and expressed the antigen on its surfacemembrane bind together with HLA class II molecules. HLA-DR-expressing monocytes in acute dengue patientsespecially the intensity is still poorly understood.Measurement of at difference days of infectionwill give an evidence about the role ofmonocytes in dengue pathogenesisObjectives: To observe the kinetics on percentage of HLA-DR expressingmonocytes and themedian of HLA-DR expression intensity in acute dengue infection.Methods: This researchwas an observational type study conducted by cross sectionalmethod towards all the dengue patients in Dr. Sardjito’s General Hospital. Blood samples were drawn from 32 acute dengue infected patients from Day 1 to Day 6th. The HLA-DR expression was measured flow cytometrically using FACS Calibur.Results: The data showed that the mean difference in acute dengue infection from Day 1 to Day 6 is not significant with the p-value larger than 0.05, (p>0.05).Conclusion: The peak level of activated HLA-DR monocyte was at day 2 and then decreasing until day 6. There were no significant changes in percentage of HLA-DR-expressing monocytes from the day 1 to the day 6 and the median intensity of HLA-DR expression in acute dengue infection.Keywords HLA-DR-expressing monocytes, Acute Dengue Infection

Spatial Analysis on Vulnerability to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Kotabaru Subdistrict, Jambi Municipality, Jambi Province Suhermanto -; Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto; Barandi Sapto Widartono
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: High incidence of DHF in Kotabaru Subdistrict was high even endemic in all villages. Utilization of Geographical Information System technology integrated with the wide of settlement land, the density of Aedes sp, maya index, resistance and transovarial of virDen, got a picture or map vulnerable areas prone event of DHF in Kotabaru Subdistrict.Objectives: This study to map areas vulnerable to dengue hemorrhagic fever is based on the highest incidence of DHF in Kotabaru Subdistrict, Jambi Municipality.Methods: This study is an observational survey with cross sectional design. The variable of the study was population density, the wide of settlement land, the density of Aedes sp. population, rainfall, vector vulnerability, and transovarial of virDen.Results: The result showed population density had no correlation to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) incidence, whereas the wide of settlement land (p=0.004) and population density of Aedes sp. (p=0.001) influenced DHF incidence. The number water containers controllable sites (89%) and percentage of Maya Index (p=<0.001) was high influenced DHF incidence. Rainfall not influenced DHF incidence. The vector resistance not influenced the high of DHF incidence and the high of DHF incidence was not influenced by transovarial of virDen. The high vulnerability to DHF in Kotabaru Subdistrict occurred in 2 villages and the intermediate vulnerability happens in 4 villages. The area with intermediate vulnerability generally have direct border to the village with high vulnerability category.Keywords: Spatial, Maya Index, Resistance, DHF

The effect of Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) leaves extract on histopathology of rat’s kidney Royhan Rozqie; Maulina Diah; Woro Rukmi
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: “Jati Belanda”(Guazumaulmifolia Lamk) is a common tropical plant that its leaves extract has long been used traditionaly to treat some tropical diseases and also to reduce body weight as slimming herbs in some of tropical countries. However, the side effect of the administration of“Jati Belanda”leaves extract on themost sensitive excretory organ, the kidney is still notwell documented.Objectives: To study the effect of the oral administration of “Jati Belanda” (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk.) leaves extract on the histopathology of the kidney.Methods: The study was a pretest and posttest experimental design using four groups of three rat. The study was a pretest and posttest experimental design using four groups of three rat. The exctract of “Jati Belanda” leaves was prepared by boilling of a certain weight of dried “Jati Belanda” leaves in 200 ml of destilated water until the volume of the water became 100 ml. Rat in group I was a control group which were given destilated water, group II were given 0,53 g/100 ml extract, group III were given 1,06 g/100 ml extract and group IV were given 2,12 g/100 ml extract, and the histopathological changes of the rat kidney before, 1 day and 7 days after administration of the extract were compared.Results: Histopathological changes were found in rat kidney following single dose treatment while the control group was not. At one day after administration, mesangial cells proliferation was found in 33,3% of rat in group II and 33,3% of rat in group III, while congestion of blood vessels was found in 66,6% of rat in group III and all rats at the highest dose, group IV. Meanwhile, after 7 days, congestion of micro-vessels was found in all rats of group II, III and IV. Moreover, necrosis of cells was found in 33,3% of rat in group III and infiltration of inflammation cell was found in 66,6% of rat in group IV.Conclusion: A single dose treatment of “Jati Belanda” leaves extract caused histopathological changes on rat kidney. The changes include increased in mesangial cell proliferation, congestion of renal blood vessels in the glomerulus or tubulus, inflamatory cell infiltration and tissue necrosis.Keywords: herbal medicine, “Jati Belanda” Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. Histopathology, kidney.

Mucolitic Ambroxol Versus Hypertonic Saline Nebulizer Induction: For Increasing Sputum Volume And Finding Acid-Fast Bacilli Sunarto Ang; Sumardi -; Erna Kristin
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Tuberculosis, a major killer disease in the community, was caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to WHO (2006), pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Indonesia was third ranked in the world. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Eastern Indonesia was higher than in Java and Bali, but the findings of positive smear was lowest. AFB discovery will be decreased because of the poor quality and quantity of sputum.The useful of mucolitic ambroxol or hypertonic saline nebulizer induction will be to increase quality and quantity of sputum smear.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine and to compare the effectiveness of ambroxol and use a hypertonic saline induction on new suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients to increase sputum volume and to find AFB.Methods: 76 new suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients were divided into 2 groups with doubleblind and open-label simple randomsampling RCT (Randomized Controlled ClinicalTrial-Parallel design) study.The sputum induction using ambroxol or 3%hypertonic saline solution.The primary and secondary outcome were increasing sputum volume and finding AFB by Ziehl-Neelsen staining to calculate the AFB count per 100 fields of view. Non parametric statistical analysis and percentage of success.Results: All patients can produce sputum. Only one patient ambroxol group can’t produce it.The quality and quantity of sputum hypertonic saline induction volume better than ambroxol. AFB finding increaseboth groups, but no significant difference. AFB finding increase 26.47%(9/34)with ambroxol and 27.78% (10/36)with hypertonic saline induction compared than previous negative smear.Conclusions: Significant differences increase sputumvolume hypertonic saline induction compared than ambroxol.No significant difference AFB finding improvement hypertonic saline induction compared for ambroxol. Finding AFB increase 26.47% with ambroxol and 27.78% with hypertonic saline induction compared previous negative smear.Keywords: Tuberculosis, Ambroxol, Nebulizer induction, Sputum volume, AFB

Mosquito Larval Density, Incidence Rate, CFR, and Domestic Water Storage System During Transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, 2012 Ragu Harming Kristina; Irfan -
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: The number of dengue cases in the city of Kupang was quite high when compared to previous years. Number of deaths due to dengue fever was also considered high. When compared between the months of January, February and March 2012 with January, February and March of 2011, there was an epidemiologically significant increase in cases (the increase was higher than 2-fold). In epidemiological sense, this situation was considered as dengue outbreak or extraordinary event.Objectives: To calculate and investigate mosquito larval density (density rate), incidence rate, case fatality rate (CFR), and water storage system in community.Methods: This research was a descriptive survey study using a cross sectional design.The size of samples to be studied was 300 samples allocated evenly to the 10 kelurahan (urban villages), including Bakunase, Kuanino, Bonipoi, Nunhila, Oetete, Sikumana, TDM, Pasir Panjang, Penfui, and Kelapa Lima.Results: The mosquito larval density in Kupang consisting of CI = 39.80%, HI = 67%, BI = 1.97 and LFI (larva free index) = 33%. Incidence Rate (IR) =0.3% and Case Fatality Rate (CFR)= 1.2%. Types of containers used here were Drum, water tanks, Jars/buckets/pot, and others (kettles, jerrycans, cooking pots). The majority of containers used were drums. Water storage duration was on average 3-7 days.Conclusion: The density of larvae in the city is quite high based on CI, HI, BI, and LFI. Themortality rate (CFR) is far in excess of the national standard, where it is directly proportional to the density of Aedes larvae. The drumis themost commonly container used. Water distribution systemfromthe PDAMof the Kupang city constitutes amajor factor causing people to store water for a long time.Keywords: larval density, Incidence Rate, CFR, water storage system

DYNAMICS OF DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER INCIDENCE WITH SPATIO-TEMPORAL APPROACH IN MARITENGNGAE SUBDISTRICT, SIDENRENG RAPPANG DISTRICT, SULAWESI SELATAN PROVINCE, IN 2008-2009 I Made Swastika; Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto; Anis Fuad
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 1, No 2 (2011): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

Introduction: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) causes 40% of world population at risk for infection, and 50 million people get infection with as many as 24,000 die every year. Incidence rate in Indonesia, particularly in Maritengngae Subdistrict, Sidenreng Rappang District, is increasing and needed to be controlled. Disease distribution has not been documented regionally. The dynamics of the incidence,that comprises the characteristics of the patient, environmental conditions, susceptibility of mosquitoes resulted from insecticide use, transovarial infectivity, and the incidence pattern were unknown.Objectives: To identify the dynamics of DHF incidence with spatio-temporal approach, includes gender, age, the habit of cleaning the water containers, house density, the density of water containers within the radius of 100 meters from the house of the patient, resistance of the mosquito, and transovarial transmission of Dengue virus.Methods: Subjects were DHF patients in Maritengngae Subdistrict. It was an epidemiological observational study with cross-sectional design and spatio-temporal approach to variables of the study, which included the patient characteristics (age, gender, habit of cleaning the water containers), environmental conditions (house density, water container density within 100 meter radius around the patient’s house), and vector conditions (resistance status to organophosphate insecticide, and transovarial transmission of Dengue virus).Results: Cases of DHF in Maritenggae Sub district, Sidenreng Rappang District, South Sulawesi decreased from 95 cases in 2008 to 38 cases in 2009, except in Kelurahan Majeling. Incidence distribution of DHF in 2008-2009 based on gender were not different (p=1.000), patients with age <15 years old were different from age ≥15 years (P=0.016 and p = 0.013), house density and density of water containers around the patient’s house were not different (p=0.829 and p = 0.538). The habit of cleaning water containers at the house was 43.84%. There were 1.94% of Aedes aegypti samples showed medium resistance (tolerance) status against organophosphat insecticide and 33.33% of samples showed transovarial transmission of Dengue virus. The highest of transovarial transmission occured in Kelurahan Majeling with transovarial transmission index of 100%.Conclusion: The transmission dynamic of DHF in Maritengngae sub district is not influenced by gender, house densities, water container densities, and the frequency of source reduction, but influenced by ages. Most of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are still susceptible against organophosphate insecticides. The highest of transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Ae. aegypti in Kelurahan Majeling with Transovarial transmission index of 100% may contribute in the increasing of DHF cases in the Kelurahan Majeling in 2009.Keywords: dynamics, dengue, spatio-temporal, Ae. aegypti, Maritengngae.

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