International Journal of Disaster Management
The International Journal of Disaster Management (IJDM) is addressing the results of applied research to advance the knowledge in minimizing the potential impact of threats or warnings caused by natural or man-made disasters in a way to reduce the exposure of human activities to risks. IJDM is a journal for researchers, practitioners and policy makers from various disciplines to publish the knowledge advancement on the dynamic relationship between human and disaster, local indigenous knowledge as well as the strategies and technology applied in different elements of the disaster management cycle, including in the response, recovery, reconstruction, prevention, mitigation, and preparedness. The journal scope covers a multi-disciplinary approach in the following key topics: Lessons learned on disaster management from past disasters Technology application for disaster response, reconstruction, and mitigation Management of early response, reconstruction, and recovery Disaster education and strategy to increase awareness and preparedness Post-disaster recovery process and strategies Governance in disaster management Early-warning system, technology, and strategies Knowledge Management for Disaster Risk Reduction GIS and Remote Sensing for Disaster Management Community-Based Disaster Management Climate Risk Management Environmental Aspect in Disaster Natural Hazards coupled with Technological Failures Children Protection and Participation in Disaster Management Local and Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Risk Reduction Numerical Analysis for Disaster Management Supports
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<![CDATA[Management of Chemical Terrorism and Chemical Disasters ]]>
<![CDATA[Kannan Gajendran Balachandar]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021): December ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21584
<![CDATA[Though the possibility of terrorist groups obtaining chemical weapons and inflicting mass destruction is relatively low, the relevance of chemical agents remains high since the use of such chemical agents in causing potentially dangerous consequences remains very high. Sporadic chemical attacks and chemical disasters happen all over the world, and they cause long-lasting damages. Easy accessibility to various toxic industrial chemicals and the relatively simple know-how needed to synthesize chemical agents pose a serious threat. However, technological developments and the easy availability of information have empowered the security forces and law enforcement agencies to formulate a responsive mechanism to mitigate the ill effects of chemical disasters. Though the international and national agencies strive hard to ward off the debilitating effects of chemical agents and disasters, such efforts' capability to address the potential risks remains doubtful. This review describes the characteristics and classification of chemical agents and toxic industrial chemicals, their physicochemical properties, detection, decontamination, and response by the security agencies and first responders in addressing the threat to humanity in the form of chemical terrorism and chemical disasters.]]>
<![CDATA[Smart Folding and Floating Shelter Design for Disaster Mitigation with Natural Ventilation and UVC System ]]>
<![CDATA[Ndaru Nuridho Alfian]]>;
<![CDATA[Damara Kartikasari]]>;
<![CDATA[Nur Setyo Adi Widodo]]>;
<![CDATA[Dwi Joko Suroso]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021): December ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22814
<![CDATA[The global COVID-19 outbreak has hit the world in the last two years. Indonesia itself recorded positive cases of COVID-19 of approximately 4 million cases as of September 15, 2021. In addition, the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters in Indonesia, which is relatively high every year, requires our collective attention. In early 2021, there have been several natural disasters, including floods in South Kalimantan, earthquakes in West Sulawesi, and others. If the impact of the natural disaster makes residents must do the evacuation, a proper shelter (evacuee camp) and prioritizes health protocols are needed. Therefore, this study discusses the design innovation of disaster response shelters in the form of smart folding and floating shelters designed for a shelter with a capacity of one family (4-5 people). This capacity limitation is to maintain health protocols and suppress the transmission of the Coronavirus in evacuation areas. Our designed shelter prepared in a compact form to facilitate evacuation mobility and can be implemented in all types of disasters with a folding and floating structure system (the shelter can float and be folded). The material used is light steel as the main structure and cork wall as a material that allows the shelter to float. We designed natural ventilation to regulate air circulation, integrated with an ultraviolet C (UVC) lamp. The UVC lamp is intended as a disinfectant against the Coronavirus. Thus, the application of natural ventilation and disinfection using UVC can provide a cleaner air supply. This air supply and circulation are shown in our simulation results using ANSYS Fluent. These results show that smart folding and floating shelter designs can be used for disaster mitigation.]]>
<![CDATA[An Investigation into Emergency Planning Requirements and Challenges of Disaster Management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ]]>
<![CDATA[Naif Rashed Alrehaili]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021): December ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21722
<![CDATA[Every year, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is exposed to different natural hazards. However, flash floods have been the most common hazard during the previous few decades. Between 2000 and 2020, over 1,000 people lost their lives from flash floods, resulting in an economic loss amounting to billions of US dollars. By focusing on flash floods, a systematic review of the extracted data was conducted. They were analyzed based on the suitability of their content and data for emergency planning requirements and disaster management challenges in the KSA. A total of 104 articles, papers, and plans were reviewed, of which only 18 complete papers met the inclusion criteria, including one plan and the General Directorate of Civil Defense (GDCD) website. The author has concluded that: 1) the essential requirements for emergency planning in the KSA include: conducting studies that show potential natural hazards, their locations, and their implications, and taking appropriate measures that reduce the possible causes of natural hazards; 2) The challenges facing the disaster management in the KSA are: lack of policies; the ambiguity of legislation and plans; poor coordination between stakeholders; lack of databases. This is the first investigation into emergency planning requirements and challenges of disaster management in the KSA. Furthermore, a scientific consensus predicts an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flash floods in the KSA. Therefore, the gaps need to be addressed in order to reduce the impact on inhabitants and infrastructure.]]>
<![CDATA[Missed Opportunities in the Early Response to COVID-19 in Aceh Province: January to May 2020 ]]>
<![CDATA[Sofyan Sufri]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurhasanah Nurhasanah]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurhayati Nurhayati]]>;
<![CDATA[Munazar Munazar]]>;
<![CDATA[Ainal Mardhiah]]>;
<![CDATA[Hermansyah Hermansyah]]>;
<![CDATA[Saiful Bakri]]>;
<![CDATA[Misbahul Jannah]]>;
<![CDATA[Febi Dwirahmadi]]>;
<![CDATA[Shannon Rutherford]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021): December ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21609
<![CDATA[Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had catastrophic health and economic impacts worldwide. As of 20 September 2020, Indonesia ranked the third highest of fatalities due to COVID-19 infection in Asia and the second highest of confirmed cases in Southeast Asia. Aceh, a province in the westernmost of the country, has also been impacted by the virus infections.This study aims to investigate the current Central and Aceh provincial government-led responses to COVID-19 pandemic from January to May 2020. It utilises existing regulations, official reports and relevant websites in order to assess and analyse the responses. The findings identify delayed early responses taken by Central and Aceh governments to stop and prevent the virus transmission; the absence of lockdown implementation (border restrictions at entry points such as borderland areas, seaports and airports); premature introduction of the new normal era; the absence of checkpoints and village alert teams throughout 23 districts; and inadequate enforcement of the established regulations to halt the spread of the virus in the province.Various recommendations are provided to enhance the current responses to COVID-19 in the province in order to reduce the pandemic risk to the community going forward, and strengthen the pandemic preparedness and response system. ]]>
<![CDATA[Lightning Climatology and Human Vulnerability to Lightning Hazards in a School Community: A Case Study in Sri Lanka using LIS Data from TRMM Satellite ]]>
<![CDATA[U. G. D. Maduranga]]>;
<![CDATA[Mahesh Edirisinghe]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021): December ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22068
<![CDATA[This study reported lightning climatology and human vulnerability to lightning in a 20 km × 20 km high-density school area in Colombo city in Sri Lanka from 1998 to 2014 using Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) flash data of NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). An average annual flash density recorded over the study area was 9.43 flashes km-2 year-1. A maximum of 49% lightning flashes happened during the first inter-monsoon season. There were only 4% lightning flashes that occurred during 06.00-12.00 LT and during 18.00-24.00 LT, it was 67%, whereas 94% of lightning flashes within a day had occurred after 14.00 LT. It is recommended that, without having proper lightning hazard preventive measures, schools in the study area should avoid or minimalize scheduling their outdoor activities in high lightning risk months of April and November. Especially, after-school outdoor activities should be planned with proper safety measures during the aforementioned months as per the diurnal analysis. Moreover, May to September and December to February were the months with the least lightning risk levels. It is recommended to follow the proposed five-level lightning safety guideline which includes, schedule outdoor activities by considering the variation of lightning activities, follow the 30-30 rule whenever required, avoid staying at the most hazardous locations which are vulnerable to lightning accidents, crouching action if required and providing first-aid whenever necessary. Not only for the Sri Lankan context but also the study is crucial and highly applicable for all schools and other institutes especially in other tropical countries.]]>
<![CDATA[Missed Opportunities in the Early Response to COVID-19 in Aceh Province: January to May 2020 ]]>
<![CDATA[Sufri, Sofyan]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurhasanah, Nurhasanah]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurhayati, Nurhayati]]>;
<![CDATA[Munazar, Munazar]]>;
<![CDATA[Mardhiah, Ainal]]>;
<![CDATA[Hermansyah, Hermansyah]]>;
<![CDATA[Bakri, Saiful]]>;
<![CDATA[Jannah, Misbahul]]>;
<![CDATA[Dwirahmadi, Febi]]>;
<![CDATA[Rutherford, Shannon]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21609
<![CDATA[Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had catastrophic health and economic impacts worldwide. As of 20 September 2020, Indonesia ranked the third highest of fatalities due to COVID-19 infection in Asia and the second highest of confirmed cases in Southeast Asia. Aceh, a province in the westernmost of the country, has also been impacted by the virus infections.This study aims to investigate the current Central and Aceh provincial government-led responses to COVID-19 pandemic from January to May 2020. It utilises existing regulations, official reports and relevant websites in order to assess and analyse the responses.The findings identify delayed early responses taken by Central and Aceh governments to stop and prevent the virus transmission; the absence of lockdown implementation (border restrictions at entry points such as borderland areas, seaports and airports); premature introduction of the new normal era; the absence of checkpoints and village alert teams throughout 23 districts; and inadequate enforcement of the established regulations to halt the spread of the virus in the province.Various recommendations are provided to enhance the current responses to COVID-19 in the province in order to reduce the pandemic risk to the community going forward, and strengthen the pandemic preparedness and response system.]]>
<![CDATA[Lightning Climatology and Human Vulnerability to Lightning Hazards in a School Community: A Case Study in Sri Lanka using LIS Data from TRMM Satellite ]]>
<![CDATA[Maduranga, U. G. D.]]>;
<![CDATA[Edirisinghe, Mahesh]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
Show Abstract
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22068
<![CDATA[This study reported lightning climatology and human vulnerability to lightning in a 20 km 20 km high-density school area in Colombo city in Sri Lanka from 1998 to 2014 using Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) flash data of NASAs Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). An average annual flash density recorded over the study area was 9.43 flashes km-2 year-1. A maximum of 49% lightning flashes happened during the first inter-monsoon season. There were only 4% lightning flashes that occurred during 06.00-12.00 LT and during 18.00-24.00 LT, it was 67%, whereas 94% of lightning flashes within a day had occurred after 14.00 LT. It is recommended that, without having proper lightning hazard preventive measures, schools in the study area should avoid or minimalize scheduling their outdoor activities in high lightning risk months of April and November. Especially, after-school outdoor activities should be planned with proper safety measures during the aforementioned months as per the diurnal analysis. Moreover, May to September and December to February were the months with the least lightning risk levels. It is recommended to follow the proposed five-level lightning safety guideline which includes, schedule outdoor activities by considering the variation of lightning activities, follow the 30-30 rule whenever required, avoid staying at the most hazardous locations which are vulnerable to lightning accidents, crouching action if required and providing first-aid whenever necessary. Not only for the Sri Lankan context but also the study is crucial and highly applicable for all schools and other institutes especially in other tropical countries.]]>
<![CDATA[Management of Chemical Terrorism and Chemical Disasters ]]>
<![CDATA[Balachandar, Kannan Gajendran]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21584
<![CDATA[Though the possibility of terrorist groups obtaining chemical weapons and inflicting mass destruction is relatively low, the relevance of chemical agents remains high since the use of such chemical agents in causing potentially dangerous consequences remains very high. Sporadic chemical attacks and chemical disasters happen all over the world, and they cause long-lasting damages. Easy accessibility to various toxic industrial chemicals and the relatively simple know-how needed to synthesize chemical agents pose a serious threat. However, technological developments and the easy availability of information have empowered the security forces and law enforcement agencies to formulate a responsive mechanism to mitigate the ill effects of chemical disasters. Though the international and national agencies strive hard to ward off the debilitating effects of chemical agents and disasters, such efforts' capability to address the potential risks remains doubtful. This review describes the characteristics and classification of chemical agents and toxic industrial chemicals, their physicochemical properties, detection, decontamination, and response by the security agencies and first responders in addressing the threat to humanity in the form of chemical terrorism and chemical disasters.]]>
<![CDATA[Smart Folding and Floating Shelter Design for Disaster Mitigation with Natural Ventilation and UVC System ]]>
<![CDATA[Alfian, Ndaru Nuridho]]>;
<![CDATA[Kartikasari, Damara]]>;
<![CDATA[Widodo, Nur Setyo Adi]]>;
<![CDATA[Suroso, Dwi Joko]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
Show Abstract
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22814
<![CDATA[The global COVID-19 outbreak has hit the world in the last two years. Indonesia itself recorded positive cases of COVID-19 of approximately 4 million cases as of September 15, 2021. In addition, the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters in Indonesia, which is relatively high every year, requires our collective attention. In early 2021, there have been several natural disasters, including floods in South Kalimantan, earthquakes in West Sulawesi, and others. If the impact of the natural disaster makes residents must do the evacuation, a proper shelter (evacuee camp) and prioritizes health protocols are needed. Therefore, this study discusses the design innovation of disaster response shelters in the form of smart folding and floating shelters designed for a shelter with a capacity of one family (4-5 people). This capacity limitation is to maintain health protocols and suppress the transmission of the Coronavirus in evacuation areas. Our designed shelter prepared in a compact form to facilitate evacuation mobility and can be implemented in all types of disasters with a folding and floating structure system (the shelter can float and be folded). The material used is light steel as the main structure and cork wall as a material that allows the shelter to float. We designed natural ventilation to regulate air circulation, integrated with an ultraviolet C (UVC) lamp. The UVC lamp is intended as a disinfectant against the Coronavirus. Thus, the application of natural ventilation and disinfection using UVC can provide a cleaner air supply. This air supply and circulation are shown in our simulation results using ANSYS Fluent. These results show that smart folding and floating shelter designs can be used for disaster mitigation.]]>
<![CDATA[An Investigation into Emergency Planning Requirements and Challenges of Disaster Management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ]]>
<![CDATA[Alrehaili, Naif Rashed]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Disaster Management Vol 4, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[TDMRC, Universitas Syiah Kuala ]]>
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DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21722
<![CDATA[Every year, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is exposed to different natural hazards. However, flash floods have been the most common hazard during the previous few decades. Between 2000 and 2020, over 1,000 people lost their lives from flash floods, resulting in an economic loss amounting to billions of US dollars. By focusing on flash floods, a systematic review of the extracted data was conducted. They were analyzed based on the suitability of their content and data for emergency planning requirements and disaster management challenges in the KSA. A total of 104 articles, papers, and plans were reviewed, of which only 18 complete papers met the inclusion criteria, including one plan and the General Directorate of Civil Defense (GDCD) website. The author has concluded that: 1) the essential requirements for emergency planning in the KSA include: conducting studies that show potential natural hazards, their locations, and their implications, and taking appropriate measures that reduce the possible causes of natural hazards; 2) The challenges facing the disaster management in the KSA are: lack of policies; the ambiguity of legislation and plans; poor coordination between stakeholders; lack of databases. This is the first investigation into emergency planning requirements and challenges of disaster management in the KSA. Furthermore, a scientific consensus predicts an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flash floods in the KSA. Therefore, the gaps need to be addressed in order to reduce the impact on inhabitants and infrastructure.]]>
