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Metalurgi

metalurgi
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Published by BRIN Publishing

ISSN : 01263188 EISSN : 24433926 DOI : 10.55981/metalurgi

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

The objective of this journal is the online media for disseminating results in Research and Development and also as a media for a scientist and researcher in the field of Metallurgy and Materials. The scope if this journal related on: Advanced materials and Nanotechnology Materials and Mineral characterization and Analysis Metallurgy process: extractive Ceramic and composite Corrosion and its technological protection Mineral resources manifestation Modelling and simulation in materials and metallurgy Engineering Metallurgy instrument

Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Material (semua kategori) - Ilmu Material (Lain-Lain)

Articles 282 Documents

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Pengujian Dan Analisis Metalurgi Terhadap Cacat Yang Terbentuk Pada Dinding Bagian Dalam Lubang Utama Sebuah Aileron Block Hasil Proses Permesinan [Metallurgical Assesment of A Broken Gearbox Intermediate Shaft of A Reciprocating Compressor] D.N. Adnyana
Metalurgi Vol 31, No 1 (2016): Metalurgi Vol. 31 No. 1 April 2016
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

This paper presents the results obtained from the metallurgical assessment on a broken gearbox intermediate shaft of a reciprocating hydrogen make-up compressor. This gearbox intermediate shaft is splined at its end and made of a machinery steel of AISI 4340. This gearbox intermediate shaft was reported to have been failing frequently since the compressor was installed about thirty years ago. In the early operation during which the intermediate shaft was still supplied as original part, the shaft was reported to last for about three years, but later after the shaft was made by local manufacturer, its service life decreased significantly to less than one year or even only a few months. To perform metallurgical assessment, a number of specimens were prepared either from the broken shaft or from the unbroken shaft for laboratory examinations including macroscopic examination, chemical analysis, tensile test, metallographic examination, hardness test, and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) examination equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) analysis. Results of the metallurgical assessment obtained showed that the gearbox intermediate shaft had experienced predominantly to fatigue fracture caused by a high nominal stress due to the combination of shear stress, bending stress and torsion stress. The fatigue fracture was initiated from the tooth root of the shaft splines where high stress concentration present, and propagated into two directions, one in the anticlockwise transverse and radial direction approximately 450 to the shaft axis, and the other was to form a radial “whirlpool” crack pattern prior to the fast growing final fracture to form cup and cone like fractures. The high nominal stress experienced by the intermediate shaft during its operation may have been caused by the low strength of the material used for the intermediate shaft. The results of chemical analysis obtained showed that the material used for the intermediate shaft was very much close and met to the material specification of AISI 4340. However, from the results of mechanical tests obtained, the material used apparently did not meet to the material specification of AISI 4340 in the as-normalized condition. The low mechanical property of the intermediate shaft material in comparison with the standard material was very much influenced by its microstructures which contained a mixture of bainite or tempered martensite, pearlite and ferrite. The presence of the pearlite and especially ferrite in the microstructures could reduce the mechanical properties quite significantly and this may have been associated with some improper manufacturing and/or heat treating processes applied to the shaft. In addition, the acceleration of fatigue fracture occurred on the intermediate shaft was likely not contributed by any corrosion.ABSTRAKMakalah ini menyajikan hasil pengujian dan analisis metalurgi pada patahan gearbox poros menengah dari sebuah kompresor torak hidrogen. Gearbox poros menengah tersebut memiliki gigi di bagian ujungnya dan dibuat dari baja permesinan dengan spesifikasi AISI 4340. Gearbox poros menengah ini dilaporkan sering mengalami kerusakan sejak kompresor dipasang dan dioperasikan sekitar tiga puluh tahun lalu. Di awal-awal pengoperasiannya ketika poros menengah tersebut masih dipasok sebagai komponen orisinil, poros tersebut dilaporkan mengalami kerusakan sekitar tiga tahunan operasi, tetapi belakangan setelah poros tersebut dibuat oleh pabrikan lokal, umur pakainya turun secara signifikan rata-rata kurang dari satu tahun atau bahkan hanya beberapa bulan saja. Untuk melakukan pengujian dan analisis metalurgi, sejumlah benda uji dipersiapkan baik dari poros yang patah maupun dari poros yang tidak patah untuk pengujian laboratorium meliputi uji makroskopik, analisa kimia, uji tarik, uji metalografi, uji kekerasan dan analisis menggunakan SEM (scanning electron microscopy) yang dilengkapi dengan EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Hasil pengujian dan analisis metalurgi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa gearbox poros menengah telah mengalami patah lelah yang disebabkan oleh tegangan nominal yang tinggi akibat kombinasi tegangan geser, tegangan lentur dan tegangan torsi. Patah lelah diawali dari bagian akar gigi poros menengah tersebut yang merupakan daerah dengan pemusatan tegangan yang tinggi dan merambat dalam dua arah, salah satunya pada arah berlawanan dengan arah jarum jam secara melintang dan radial sekitar 45° terhadap sumbu poros, dan lainnya merambat secara radial dengan membentuk pola retak/patahan seperti “pusaran kolam” sebelum terjadi pertumbuhan yang cepat pada saat patah akhir yang membentuk patahan seperti mangkuk dan kerucut. Tegangan nominal yang tinggi yang dialami oleh poros menengah selama operasi kemungkinan disebabkan oleh kekuatan material poros yang rendah. Hasil analisa kimia yang diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa material poros menengah tersebut adalah hampir mendekati dan sesuai dengan spesifikasi material menurut AISI 4340. Akan tetapi, dari hasil uji mekanis yang diperoleh sangat jelas menunjukkan bahwa material yang digunakan tidak sesuai dengan spesifikasi AISI 4340 dalam kondisi diberi perlakuan panas normalisasi. Rendahnya sifat mekanis dari poros menengah tersebut dibandingkan dengan material standar sangat dipengaruhi oleh struktur mikronya yang terdiri dari campuran bainit atau martensit temper, perlit dan ferit. Adanya struktur perlit dan terutama ferit dalam struktur mikro material poros menengah tersebut dapat menurunkan sifat mekanis secara signifikan dan ini kemungkinan dapat dikaitkan dengan ketidak sesuaian dalam proses manufaktur dan/atau proses laku panas yang diberikan pada poros tersebut. Disamping itu, percepatan patah lelah yang terjadi pada poros menengah tersebut sepertinya tidak ditunjang/dibantu oleh proses korosi.

STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, AND OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF MN-RICH FE-MN-AL ALLOYS Desiati, Resetiana Dwi; Sutiawan, Edi; Sudiro, Toto; Hermanto, Bambang
Metalurgi Vol 37, No 3 (2022): Metalurgi Vol. 37 No. 3 Desember 2022
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

In this study, Mn-rich Fe-Mn-Al alloys with different Al content (Al = 0, 3, and 5 % by weight) were fabricated from ferromanganese lumps using a conventional powder metallurgy technique. The samples were compacted in 1 cm steel dies using a load of 8 tons and then sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h in a tubular furnace under a vacuum condition of around 0.5 mbar. To evaluate the effect of Al addition to Fe-Mn-Al alloy, the Archimedes principle and Vickers hardness were applied to estimate the density and hardness of the compact alloys. Moreover, the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the alloy was evaluated at 800 °C for 8 cycles. The structure of the alloy before and after oxidation was studied by means of X-Ray Diffractometer and SEM-EDS. The XRD analysis results show that the FeMn-0Al alloy is mainly composed Fe3Mn7 phase, the presence of FeAl phase at 3 wt% Al, and Al8Mn5 phase at 5 wt% Al. The density and hardness of Fe-Mn-Al alloys decreased with the increased Al content. Fe-Mn-Al alloy without Al addition exhibits poor oxidation resistance since the first cycle of the test. The results of microstructural analysis showed that although the alloy with the addition of 3 wt% Al showed less mass gain after being exposed for 8 cycles at 800 °C, the Fe-Mn-Al alloy with 5 wt% tended to be more resistant to oxidation and had no cracking defects. The structure of the oxide formed on the surface of the alloy is composed of two layers (ie; outer and inner layer) which are affected by each alloy composition.

PERCOBAAN PEMBUATAN FASA INTERMETALIK Nb3Sn DENGAN PROSES SINTERING LOGAM NIOBIUM (Nb) DAN TIMAH (Sn) Florentinus Firdiyono; Andika Widya Pramono; Pius Sebleku; Nurhayati Indah Ciptasari; Anton Suryantoro
Metalurgi Vol 26, No 3 (2011): Metalurgi Vol. 26 No. 3 Desember 2011
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Penentuan kondisi optimum meliputi waktu milling Nb dan Sn dengan HEM (High Energy Milling), perbandingan jumlah Nb dan Sn, waktu dan temperatur pemanasan campuran Nb dan Sn. Pengamatan karakterisasi Nb3Sn yang terbentuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan DTA (Differential Thermal Analyzer), XRD ( X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) dan EDS (Enegy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy). Analisis dengan menggunakan SEM dan XRD menunjukkan waktu minimum yang diperlukan untuk milling campuran Nb dan Sn adalah 3 jam, sedangkan hasil dari analisis DTA menunjukkan pembentukan Nb3Sn terjadi pada temperatur sekitar 700 °C. Analisis XRD terhadap campuran Nb dan Sn menunjukkan bahwa makin lama waktu pemanasan maka fasa intermetalik Nb3Sn yang terbentuk akan semakin banyak. Abstract Determination of optimum conditions include milling time of Nb and Sn with HEM, ratio of Nb and Sn, heating time and heating temperature of mixed Nb and Sn. Characterization of Nb3Sn produced from the process was performed using DTA, XRD, SEM and EDS. The results of SEM and XRD analysis showed the minimum time needed for milling Nb and Sn are 3 hours, and the result of DTA analysis showed the intermetalic phase of Nb3Sn was occured at the temparetuir around 700 °C. The result of XRD analysis for mixed Nb and Sn showed that by the increasing of heating time will produced more intermetalic phase of Nb3Sn.

INVESTIGASI KOROSI BAJA TULANGAN BETON SIRIP DENGAN PROTEKSI KATODIK ARUS TANDING MENGGUNAKAN ANODA MMO-Ti MORTAR KONDUKTIF[Investigation Of Corrosion Of Reinforced Concrete With Impress Current Cathodic Protection Using Mmo-Ti Conductive Mortar Anode] M Syaiful Anwar; Arini Nikitasari; Efendi Mabruri; Sundjono Sundjono; Harsisto Harsisto
Metalurgi Vol 29, No 3 (2014): Metalurgi Vol.29 NO.3 Desember 2014
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

THE ROLE OF N-DOPING TO THE PORE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM VETIVER ROOT DISTILLATION WASTE Yohana Fransiska Ferawati; Ratna Frida Susanti
Metalurgi Vol 36, No 2 (2021): Metalurgi Vol. 36 No. 2 Agustus 2021
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

This work studied the effect of nitrogen functional group modification on activated carbon synthesized from vetiver root waste on pores development. Synthesis of activated carbon was carried out by hydrothermal carbonization of vetiver root waste at a temperature of 225 ⁰C for 18 hours followed by chemical activation using K2FeO4as activated agent in a furnace at temperature of 800 ⁰C for 2 hours with nitrogen atmosphere flowed at a rate of 100 mL/minute. Urea was used as a nitrogen source. The variation of urea concentration was 1:0 (AC0–800), 1:3 (AC3–800) and 1:5 (AC5–800). The results showed that these activated carbons have mesoporous characteristics with the largest Brunauer Emmett Teller (SBET) surface area of 552.90 m2g-1 and average pore width 3,43 nm. The presence of nitrogen functional group was observed in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer analysis. Synthesis of activated carbon from vetiver root waste with an addition of urea is the newest method to produce mesoporous activated carbon for electrode and support catalyst purposes.

MODIFIKASI STRUKTUR PERMUKAAN ALUMINIUM DENGAN BUBUK BESI MENGGUNAKAN METODA MECHANICAL ALLOYING[Surface Modification of Aluminum Plate With Iron Powder using Mechanical Alloying Method] Agus Sukarto Wismogroho; Pius Sebleku
Metalurgi Vol 28, No 3 (2013): Metalurgi Vol.28 No.3 Desember 2013
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

PENGARUH MATERIAL COUNTER ELECTRODE PADA DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL Natalita Maulani Nursam
Metalurgi Vol 34, No 3 (2019): Metalurgi Vol. 34 No. 3 Desember 2019
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Sel surya tersensitasi pewarna atau dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) merupakan sel surya generasi ketiga yang teknologinya sangat menjanjikan untuk untuk menjadi alternatif sel surya berbasis silikon. DSSC umumnya memiliki dua bagian utama, yaitu working electrode (anoda) dan counter electrode (katoda). Counter electrode memiliki peran krusial pada DSSC, utamanya sebagai katalis untuk mempercepat reaksi reduksi-oksidasi pada elektrolit. Dengan demikian, pemilihan jenis material pada bagian counter electrode memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap performa DSSC secara keseluruhan. Platina merupakan salah satu material yang sangat umum digunakan pada counter electrode DSSC dikarenakan karakteristiknya yang hampir mendekati counter electrode ideal. Material counter electrode lain seperti karbon dan poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) juga digunakan sebagai alternatif counter electrode platina yang memiliki harga yang mahal dan persediaan terbatas. Dalam paper review ini akan dibahas mengenai berbagai usaha yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan performa DSSC menggunakan counter electrode platina, karbon dan PEDOT:PSS. Usaha tersebut meliputi peningkatan aktivitas katalis, konduktivitas, porositas, dan luas permukaan counter electrode. Beberapa penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa karbon dan PEDOT:PSS mampu menghasilkan performa DSSC yang mendekati dan bahkan melebihi counter electrode platina. Pengaruh variasi metode deposisi dan jenis komponen lain seperti fotoanoda, dye, dan elektrolit terhadap performa DSSC dengan counter electrode platina, karbon dan PEDOT:PSS juga dibahas dalam paper ini. Pemilihan material dan komponen DSSC yang sesuai, sangat penting dilakukan untuk menghasilkan sel surya dengan performa tinggi.

Pengaruh Penambahan Karbon Dan Nitrogen Terhadap Mikrostruktur, Kekuatan Tarik Dan Mampu Bentuk Paduan Co-28Cr-6Mo-0,8Si-0,8Mn-0,4Fe-0,2Ni [Influence of Additional Carbon And Nitrogen on Microstructure, Tensile Strength And Workability of Co- 28Cr-6Mo-0,8Si-0,8Mn-0,4Fe-0,2Ni] Fendy Rokhmanto; Bambang Soegijono; Ika Kartika
Metalurgi Vol 31, No 3 (2016): Metalurgi Vol. 31 No. 3 Desember 2016
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Co-Cr-Mo alloys are widely used as bone and dental implant materials, where the composition of the alloy refers to the standard ASTM F75. Co-Cr-Mo alloys has good mechanical properties, biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance. Objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of Carbon and Nitrogen on tensile strength and workability of Co-28Cr-6Mo-0,8Si-0,8Mn-0,4Fe-0,2Ni when used to that applications. Carbon is added into the alloys of 0.08; 0.15 and 0.25 (% weight), whereas nitrogen at 0.2 (% weight). As cast ingot homogenized at 1200 °C for 6 h, and then hot rolled with preheating 1200 °C for 1 h and then water quenched. The alloys (as cast and after hot rolling) were characterized with optical microscope and SEM to investigate the microstructure and the tensile test to investigate the mechanical properties and fraktografi. The tensile strength of the alloy Co-28Cr-6Mo-0,8Si-0,8Mn-0,4Fe-0,2Ni increased with the addition of carbon in the alloy, while the addition of nitrogen increased work ability of Co-28Cr-6Mo-0,8Si-0,8Mn-0,4Fe-0,2Ni alloy.AbstrakPaduan Co-Cr-Mo banyak digunakan sebagi material implan tulang dan gigi, dimana komposisi paduan mengacu kepada standar material implan ASTM F75. Paduan Co-Cr-Mo memiliki sifat mekanis yang baik, bersifat biokompatibilitas dan memiliki ketahanan korosi yang tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat pengaruh penambahan karbon dan nitrogen terhadap kekuatan tarik dan mampu bentuk paduan Co-28Cr-6Mo-0,8Si-0,8Mn-0,4Fe-0,2Ni untuk memenuhi aplikasi di atas. Karbon ditambahkan ke dalam paduan sebesar 0,08; 0,15 dan 0,25 %berat, sedangkan nitrogen sebesar 0,2 %berat. Paduan hasil coran (as cast) kemudian dihomogenisasi pada temperatur 1200 °C selama 6 jam, lalu dilakukan prosess hot roll dengan pemanasan awal 1200 °C selama 1 jam dilanjutkan dengan quenching dalam media air. Paduan as cast maupun hasil hot roll kemudian diamati strukturnya dengan menggunakan mikroskop optik dan SEM serta dilakukan uji tarik untuk mengetahui sifat mekanik dan fraktografi patahan. Kekuatan tarik paduan Co-28Cr-6Mo-0,8Si-0,8Mn-0,4Fe-0,2Ni meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya penambahan karbon dalam paduan, sedangkan penambahan nitrogen meningkatkan mampu bentuk paduan Co-28Cr-6Mo-0,8Si-0,8Mn-0,4Fe-0,2Ni.

Kinetika dan Mekanisme Pelindian Limonit : Pengaruh Waktu dan Temperatur [Kinetics and Mechanism of Limonite Nickel Ore Dissolution : Effect of Time and Temperature] Eni Febriana; Agung Tristiyan; Wahyu Mayangsari; Agus Budi Prasetyo
Metalurgi Vol 33, No 2 (2018): Metalurgi Vol. 33 No. 2 Agustus 2018
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Leaching by using sulfuric acid for nickel extraction of Halmahera limonite ore was investigated. Characterization of the ore was conducted by XRD (x-ray diffraction), XRF (x-ray flourescence), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The leaching was carried out under atmospheric pressure. Kinetic of leaching was studied by following the shrinking core model. The effect of temperatur and time were studied at various temperatures of 30, 50, and 90 °C with leaching time up to 480 minutes. A maximum 95% Ni extraction value was obtained for 480 min leaching at 90 °C from -150+200 mesh of limonitic nickel ore, with a concentration of H2SO4 of 1 M and a 2.5% ore / liquid ratio. The results show that the leaching rate of Ni is generally controlled by diffusion through the product layer with activation energy for the leaching of 78.0 kJ/mol. The leachingmechanism of limonite ores was identified from the result of residual leaching XRD graph. With increasing temperatur and the longer of leaching time, % extraction of Ni was increased. This condition followed by increasing of the quartz peak’s intensity at 2 = 26 °. AbstrakPelindian dengan pelarut asam sulfat untuk ekstraksi nikel dari bijih limonit Halmahera telah diteliti. Karakterisasi bijih menggunakan XRD, XRF, dan SEM. Pelindian dilakukan pada tekanan atmosfir. Kinetika pelarutan dipelajari dengan mengikuti model Shrinking Core. Pengaruh temperatur dan waktu yang dipelajari yaitu pada temperatur 30oC, 50oC, dan 90oC dengan waktu pelindian hingga 480 menit. Nilai % ekstraksi Ni maksimum sebesar 95,9% diperoleh pada pelindian selama 480 menit pada temperatur 90oC. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa laju pelarutan Ni secara umum dikendalikan oleh difusi. Energi aktivasi untuk pelindian sebesar 83,8 kJ/mol. Mekanisme pelarutan bijih limonit diidentifikasikan dari grafik XRD residu hasil pelindian. Semakin tinggi temperatur dan semakin lama waktu pelindian memperbesar % ekstraksi Ni diikuti dengan meningkatnya intensitas puncak kuarsa.

Pengaruh Penambahan Nd2O3 dan Fe2O3 Pada Sistem Elektrolit Padat Gadolinia Doped Ceria (GDC) Untuk Aplikasi Sel Bahan Bakar Oksida Padat Suhu Menengah [Effect of Nd2O3 and Fe2O3 Addition on Gadolinia Doped Ceria (GDC) Solid Electrolyte System For IT-SOFC] Akbar, Muhammad Faisal; Dilasari, Bonita; Soepriyanto, Syoni; Suhendar, Dadan
Metalurgi Vol 37, No 2 (2022): Metalurgi Vol. 37 No. 2 Agustus 2022
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Gadolinia Doped Ceria (GDC) is a solid electrolyte contender for intermediate-temperature SOFCs. However, more development of this solid electrolyte is required to improve its ionic conductivity. As a result, we will investigate the effect of Nd2O3 and Fe2O3 addition on GDC solid electrolytes to boost ionic conductivity. Solid electrolytes of the composition Ce0.9Gd0.2MxO1.9 (M = Nd, Fe) (x = 0%, 2,5% , 5%, and 7.5%) were synthesized using mixed oxide method and formed into pellets with a diameter of 1 cm. The pellets were sintered at 1200oC and 1400oC for 4 hours in an argon environment then the EIS test was performed at 450-650oC. The results showed that the Nd2O3 and Fe2O3 added were totally dissolved in the ceria structure and produced single-phase cubic fluorite CeO2. GDC solid electrolyte with Fe2O3 addition produces higher densification than Nd2O3 addition, where the value reaches 75% in the sample sintered at 1400oC. However, the addition of Nd2O3 further increased the value of ionic conductivity and decreased the activation energy of the GDC solid electrolyte compared to the addition of Fe2O3. The highest ionic conductivity and the lowest activation energy were obtained in the sample with 2.5% Nd2O3 in 650oC operating temperature, with the values achieved were 1.2 mS/cm and 0.41 eV, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that Nd2O3 addition is more effective to improve the performance of solid electrolyte GDC.AbstrakGadolinia Doped Ceria (GDC) merupakan kandidat elektrolit padat yang dapat dipakai pada sel bahan bakar oksida padat suhu menengah. Namun masih diperlukan pengembangan dari elektrolit padat ini untuk meningkatkan konduktivitas ioniknya. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh penambahan Nd2O3 dan Fe2O3 untuk peningkatan konduktivitas ionik elektrolit padat GDC. Elektrolit padat disintesis menggunakan metode pencampuran oksida dengan komposisi Ce0,9Gd0,2MxO1,9 (M = Nd, Fe) (x = 0,2,5%, 5% dan 7,5%) dan dibuat dalam bentuk pelet dengan diameter 1 cm. Pelet yang dihasilkan dilakukan sintering pada 1200oC dan 1400oC selama 4 jam dalam atmosfer argon kemudian dilakukan pengujian EIS pada temperatur 450-650oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Nd2O3 dan Fe2O3 yang ditambahkan akan larut sempurna dalam struktur ceria dan fasa yang dihasilkan adalah cubic flourite fasa tunggal CeO2. Elektrolit padat GDC dengan penambahan Fe2O3 akan menghasilkan densifikasi lebih tinggi dibanding dengan penambahan Nd2O3 dimana nilainya mencapai 75% pada sampel yang disinter pada 1400oC. Akan tetapi, penambahan Nd2O3 lebih meningkatkan nilai konduktivitas ionik dan menurunkan energi aktivasi dari elektrolit padat GDC dibanding dengan penambahan Fe2O3. Konduktivitas ionik tertinggi dan energi aktivasi terendah didapat pada sampel dengan penambahan Nd2O3 2,5% dengan nilai yang dicapai berturut-turut 1,2 mS/cm dan 0,41 eV. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Nd2O3 merupakan bahan yang lebih efektif untuk meningkatkan performa dari elektrolit padat GDC.

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