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Metalurgi

metalurgi
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Published by BRIN Publishing

ISSN : 01263188 EISSN : 24433926 DOI : 10.55981/metalurgi

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

The objective of this journal is the online media for disseminating results in Research and Development and also as a media for a scientist and researcher in the field of Metallurgy and Materials. The scope if this journal related on: Advanced materials and Nanotechnology Materials and Mineral characterization and Analysis Metallurgy process: extractive Ceramic and composite Corrosion and its technological protection Mineral resources manifestation Modelling and simulation in materials and metallurgy Engineering Metallurgy instrument

Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Material (semua kategori) - Ilmu Material (Lain-Lain)

Articles 287 Documents

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Pengaruh Kualitas Air Dari Waduk Jatiluhur Sebagai Pendingin Terhadap Korosi Pada Unit Penukar Panas [Effects Of Water Quality Of Reservoir Jatiluhur As To Corrosion On Cooling Unit Heat Exchanger] Saefudin Saefudin
Metalurgi Vol 30, No 1 (2015): Metalurgi Vol.30 No.1 APRIL 2015
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Masalah korosi dan pembentukkan kerak sering terjadi di sektor industri khususnya pada unit penukar panas. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi korosi logam dan pembentukan kerak antara lain kualitas air pendingin, temperatur, pH dan jenis material logam. Telah dilakukan penelitian pengaruh air pendingin dari waduk jatiluhur terhadap korosi pada material pipa penukar panas dan utilitas yang terbuat dari baja karbon tipe: A179, C1045, A192 dan A515-70, dalam variasi temperatur: 32, 37 dan 50°C, dengan menggunakan teknik polarisasi dan prediksi kecenderungan pembentukan kerak, yang ditentukan dari hasil analisa kimia air pendingin berdasarkan metoda derajat kejenuhan Langelier. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi baja karbon sebagai pipa pendingin dipengaruhi oleh kualitas air pendingin, temperatur, komposisi kimia, dan strukturmikro. Hasil analisa kimia air dari kedua contoh air pendingin mempunyai harga derajat indek kejenuhan negatif. Ini menunjukkan bahwa air pendingin dari waduk Jatiluhur cenderung korosif. AbstractThe problems of corrosion and scale formation often occur in the industrial sector, especially in heat exchangerunit. The factors, which influence the corrosion of metals and scale formation are the quality of the coolingwater, the temperature, pH and the kind of metals. Some of observations had been performed to analyze theinfluence of the cooling water from Jatiluhur Dam to corrosion at the material tube of the heat exchanger andutility which made from carbon steel type : A179C;1045; A192; and A515-70 in the variable oftemperatures: 32, 37 and 50 °C, by means of the polarization method and the prediction of scale formationtendency, which determined from the chemical composition analysis of the cooling water on base of LangelierSaturation Index method. The results of observation showed that the corrosion rates of carbon steels areaffected by the quality of the cooling water; the temperature, the chemicals composition. The analysis resultsfrom both samples of the cooling water have negative value of the saturation index degree. These showed thatcooling water from the Jatiluhur Dam tend to a corrosive.

Pengaruh Proses Tempering Ganda Terhadap Sifat Mekanik Material Baja Cor Paduan Ni-Cr-Mo [The Influence of Double Tempering on Mechanical Properties of Ni-Cr-Mo Cast Steel Alloy] Beny Bandanadjaja; Dewi Idamayanti
Metalurgi Vol 32, No 1 (2017): Metalurgi Vol. 32 No. 1 April 2017
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

This research is conducted in order to find the improvement of steel casting mechanical property, that has been treated on double tempering processes. High toughness is required in order that on the application the steel must has capability of holding the impact load or shock without fracture. Properties of steel in the as-cast condition is quite brittle, the elongation is quite low. In order to improve the toughness, the cast steel can be given additional tempering treatment after normalizing processes. The tempering process will reduce hardness and improve the elongation so that the toughness of the steel material can be increased. The second tempering is required to eliminate the brittle phase that occurs and the elongation of the steel material can be increased. The process of heat treatment which has been applied is normalizing followed with a double tempering temperature variation. The variation of tempering temperature is given to find the best combination of the mechanical properties of strength and elongation. The result showed that the heat treatment processes on Ni, Cr and Mo alloy steel material can increase its elongation without decreasing in tensile strength significantly. In the as-cast condition the steel is very brittle i.e. 4% elongation and impact value of 15 J/Cm2. The heat treatment process which produces high toughness with the best combination of tensile strength and elongation is the process of normalizing followed by first and the second tempering at 650 °C. Mechanical properties result with tensile strength of 68.3 MPa, yield strength of 52.5 MPa and elongation of 20 %. Material toughness is increased after double tempering around 142 J/Cm2.AbstrakPenelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbaikan sifat mekanik material baja cor paduan Cr-Ni-Mo yang telah mengalami proses tempering ganda. Ketangguhan tinggi diperlukan agar dalam aplikasinya baja mampu meredam atau menahan beban impak atau kejut dengan baik. Sifat mekanik baja cor pada kondisi as-cast cukup getas dengan elongasi cukup rendah. Untuk dapat meningkatkan ketangguhannya maka baja cor dapat diberikan perlakuan tambahan yaitu proses tempering setelah normalising. Namun proses tempering yang diberikan dapat pula memunculkan presipitat karbida yang bersifat getas. Oleh karenanya, tempering kedua diperlukan dengan demikian fasa getas yang terjadi dapat dihilangkan serta elongasi baja dapat semakin meningkat. Proses perlakuan panas yang diterapkan adalah proses normalising yang dilanjutkan tempering ganda dengan variasi temperatur tempering, untuk mengetahui kombinasi kekuatan dengan elongasi baja yang terbaik. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa baja paduan Ni, Cr dan Mo dapat menghasilkan elongasi yang meningkat tanpa diikuti dengan penurunan kekuatan tarik secara signifikan. Pada kondisi as-cast material baja memiliki sifat yang sangat getas yaitu elongasi 4% dan harga impak 15 J/cm2. Proses perlakuan panas yang menghasilkan ketangguhan terbaik dengan kombinasi kekuatan tarik dan elongasi yang tertinggi adalah proses normalising diikuti oleh tempering I dilanjutkan dengan tempering II pada temperatur 650 °C. Sifat mekanik yang dapat dicapai yaitu kekuatan tarik sebesar 68,3 MPa, kekuatan luluh sebesar 52,5 MPa dan elongasi sebesar 20%. Ketangguhan baja cor meningkat setelah tempering ganda menjadi 142 J/Cm2.

Pengaruh Annealing terhadap Sifat Keras dan Struktur Mikro Baja Tahan Karat AISI 410-3Mo-3Ni Vinda Puspasari; Mukhlis Agung Prasetyo; Januarius Velix Ta’an Halab; Moch. Syaiful Anwar; Efendi Mabruri; Satrio Herbirowo
Metalurgi Vol 35, No 2 (2020): Metalurgi Vol. 35 No. 2 Agustus 2020
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

AISI 410-3Mo-3Ni stainless steel is a martensitic steel which limited in using when compared to austenitic and ferritic stainless steels. Martensitic steel has an essential role in specific components due to a combination of strength, toughness and excellent corrosion resistance. However, martensitic steel tends to undergo decreasing in mechanical properties and microstructure after the forging process. In this study, mechanical properties and microstructure of the forged AISI 410 after receiving annealing heat treatment will be studied. Annealing aims to reduce material hardness and increase grain refinement of material. Annealing heat treatment is carried out by varying the annealing temperature and time. Annealing temperature variations are 7000, 7600, and 8000C. The annealing time variation is 3 hours and 6 hours. The effect of annealing time and temperature will be studied on the hardness and microstructure of the AISI 410 modified material. The optimum hardness of 35.9 HRC in sample with annealing treatment in 760°C for 6 hours. The microstructure shows delta ferrite, martensite, austenite, and carbide phases which affect hardness value of annealed samples.

INVESTIGASI EKSPERIMENTAL PERILAKU PROFIL BAJA RINGAN BERPENAMPANG PERSEGI AKIBAT INTERAKSI BEBAN TEKAN MEMUSAT DAN MOMEN LENTUR[Behaviour Experimental Investigation of A Thin-Walled Steel Square Hollow Secton Beam Affected by the Interaction of Concentrated Compressive Load and Bending Moment] Andi Muhdiar Kadir; Dedi Priadi; Eddy S Siradj; Harkali Setiyono
Metalurgi Vol 28, No 1 (2013): Metalurgi Vol.28 No.1 April 2013
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Pengaruh Kecepatan Pengelasan terhadap Sifat Mekanik Sambungan Alumunium Paduan 5052 pada Proses Friction Stir Welding [Effect of Welding Speed to Mechanical Properties on Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum 5052-H32] Tarmizi Tarmizi; Robi Farid Abdurachman Wahid; Irfan Irfan
Metalurgi Vol 34, No 1 (2019): Metalurgi Vol. 34 No. 1 April 2019
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

One of the causes of FSW (friction stir welding) defects is improper welding speed, which will cause void defects in metal joints. FSW research with welding speed variations is done to overcome these problems. This study was conducted using aluminum plate 5052-H32 with a thickness of 10 mm and a constant tool rotation of 1500 rpm. In the current research show that the use of welding speed 38, 64, and 83 (mm / min) with clockwise threaded cylinder tool produce a large tunnel defect along the joint line. In the use of the counterclockwise threaded cylinder tool with welding speed 22 mm/min resulted in connection with smaller voids along the joint line. All experimental results produce flash defects, which are still in AWS D17.3 standards. Increasing welding speed qualitatively provide more significant defect. AbstrakSalah satu penyebab terjadinya cacat pada Friction Stir Welding (FSW) adalah kecepatan pengelasan yang kurang tepat yang akan menyebabkan timbulnya cacat void pada sambungan logam. Oleh karena itu untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dilakukan penelitian FSW dengan variasi kecepatan pengelasan. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas sambungan hasil FSW pada pelat aluminium 5052-H32 dengan tebal 10 mm dan putaran tool konstan 1500 rpm. Pada penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penggunaan kecepatan pengelasan 38, 64, dan 83 (mm/min) dengan tool silinder ulir clockwise menghasilkan cacat tunnel yang cukup besar sepanjang joint line sedangkan pada penggunaan tool silinder ulir counter clockwise dengan welding speed 22 mm/min menghasilkan sambungan dengan void yang lebih kecil sepanjang joint line. Seluruh percobaan menghasilkan cacat flash dan masih bisa diterima sesuai staandar AWS D17.3. Secara kualitatif semakin tinggi welding speed maka cacat yang dihasilkan semakin besar

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MANGAN TERHADAP SIFAT MAMPU TEMPA PADUAN Co-35Cr-5Mo UNTUK APLIKASI IMPLAN [The Effect of Mn Addition on Forging Ability Of Co-35Cr-5Mo Alloy for Implant Applications] Ika Kartika
Metalurgi Vol 27, No 2 (2012): Metalurgi Vol. 27 No. 2 Agustus 2012
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

IntisariPENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MANGAN TERHADAP SIFAT MAMPU TEMPA PADUAN Co-35Cr-5Mo UNTUK APLIKASI IMPLAN. Paduan Co-Cr-Mo dalam aplikasinya lebih banyak digunakan sebagaimaterial implan seperti pengganti tempurung atau sambungan tulang pinggul. Penambahan Ni dalam paduantersebut akan meningkatkan sifat mampu bentuknya, akan tetapi unsur nikel bersifat alergi terhadap tubuhmanusia. Oleh karenanya mangan akan dicoba untuk dapat menggantikan fungsi unsur nikel dalam paduan Co-Cr-Mo sebagai paduan implan. Pada penelitian ini akan dipelajari sifat mampu tempa dari paduan Co-35Cr-5Motanpa dan dengan penambahan Mn secara bervariasi sebesar 0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1(% berat). Diagram fasa daripaduan Co-35Cr-5Mo-xMn (x=0-20 % berat) dikalkulasi dengan menggunakan data base dalam Thermo-Calc.Ingot paduan Co-35Cr-5Mo-xMn (x=0-1 % berat) diperoleh melalui proses peleburan dan pemaduanmenggunakan tungku busur listrik dalam kondisi vakum pada temperatur di atas 1400 ºC. Proses homogenisasikemudian dilakukan menggunakan tungku vakum yang dialiri gas argon dengan kemurnian tinggi padatemperatur 1200 ºC selama 24 jam. Hasil proses tempa pada T =1250 ºC menunjukkan bahwa ingot paduan Co-35Cr-5Mo-0,4Mn tidak menghasilkan retak yang sangat signifikan bila dibandingkan dengan paduan tanpa dandengan variasi penambahan mangan lainnya. Hasil XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa γ (fcc), fasa ε (hcp) dan fasaσ terkandung pada semua paduan Co-35Cr-5Mo-xMn (x=0-1 % berat). Hasil metalografi memperlihatkanadanya presipitasi fasa σ dalam batas butir austenit, dan beberapa striasi dalam butir austenit. Striasidimungkinkan adalah fasa ε dan kembaran deformasi. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa paduanCo-35Cr-5Mo-0,4Mn memiliki sifat mampu tempa yang baik. Striasi dan adanya fasa σ mengarah terhadaprendahnya sifat mampu tempa dari paduan tersebut.Kata kunci : Paduan Co-35Cr-5Mo-xMn (x=0-1 % berat), Material implan, Variasi penambahan Mn, Sifatmampu tempa, Striasi, fasa γ (fcc), Fasa σ, Fasa ε (hcp)AbstractTHE EFFECT OF Mn ADDITION ON FORGING ABILITY OF Co-35Cr-5Mo ALLOY FOR IMPLANTAPPLICATIONS. The applications of Co-Cr-Mo alloys are widely used as an implant material such as kneeand hip joint. Subject of this research relates to the forge ability of Co-35Cr-5Mo without and with variousaddition of Mn approximately 0.2-0.4-0.6-0.8-1 (weight %). Co-35Cr-5Mo-xMn (0-20 weight %) phase diagramis calculated using data base in the Thermo-Calc software. Co-35Cr-5Mo-xMn (0-1 weight %) alloy ingots areobtained through melting and solidifying process by using tri arc melting in vacuum condition at temperatureabove 1400 ºC. Homogenizing is carried out using vacuum furnace with high purity argon gas at temperature1200 ºC for 24 h. After forging process at T = 1250 ºC, Co-35Cr-5Mo-0.4Mn alloy ingot did not obtain anysignificant cracking when compared to others. XRD results reveal that ε phase and σ phase consist in all Co-35Cr-5Mo-xMn (x=0-1 weight %) alloys. Metallography examinations show precipitations of σ phase alongaustenite grain boundaries and striations in the interior of austenite grains. Striations are to be expected as εphase or deformation twinning. From this research study concludes that Co-35Cr-5Mo-0.4Mn is suitable forforging process. The existence of striation and σ phase lead to the low grade of forging ability in these alloys.Keywords : Co-35Cr-5Mo-xMn (x=0-1weight %) alloy, Implant material, Various addition of Mn, Forgingability, Striation, γ phase (fcc), σ phase, ε phase (hcp)

PENGARUH PENCAMPURAN DAN RASIO PREKURSOR/DOPAN DALAM PEMBUATAN LAPISAN TIPIS FLUORINE DOPED TIN OXIDE (FTO) BERBASIS TIMAH (II) KLORIDA[The Effect of Mixing Condition and Dopant/Precursor Ratio in Fabrication of Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Thin Film Based on Tin (II) Chloride] Latifa Hanum Lalasari
Metalurgi Vol 30, No 3 (2015): Metalurgi Vol. 30 No. 3 Desember 2015
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Flourine-doped tin oxide (FTO) merupakan salah satu oksida yang umum digunakan dalam pelapisan pada kaca yang diberi perlakuan tertentu agar dapat menghantarkan listrik. FTO ini diharapkan dapat menggantikan fungsi indium tin oxide (ITO) yang bahan bakunya sangat mahal dan tersedia dalam jumlah yang terbatas. Percobaan pendahuluan tentang pembuatan lapisan tipis F-SnO2 dilakukan menggunakan kombinasi metode sol gel dan dip coating. Percobaan ini menggunakan bahan baku timah (II) klorida hidrat (SnCl2.2H2O) sebagai prekursor dan ammonium florida (NH4F) sebagai doping. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa lamanya waktu pencampuran antar prekursor dan doping tidak begitu mempengaruhi kestabilan larutan. Faktor yang signifikan mempengaruhi adalah kondisi pencampuran antara prekursor dan doping. yang terkontrol. Lapisan tipis SnO2 yang dihasilkan dalam percobaan ini mempunyai morfologi heksagonal tidak teratur dan fasa Sn4OF6. AbstractFluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is an oxide that is commonly used in the coating on the glass treated aparticular treatment in order to be able to conduct electricity. FTO is expected to replace indium tin oxide(ITO) whose raw materials are very expensive and available in limited quantities. Preliminary experimentson the manufacture of F-SnO2 thin film done with using combinations of sol gel method and dip coating.This experiment used the raw material of tin (II) chloride hydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) as precursors and ammoniumfluoride (NH4F) as doping. The results showed that the processing time between the mixing of precursors anddoping was not so affect the stability of the solution. The significant factor affecting was the concentrationratio of the dopant/precursor and the conditions of mixing between the precursors and doping. Theconcentration ratio of the dopant/precursors of 10% produced the most stable conductive solution(US-1-½-½) with a thin layer of FTO has generated more regular hexagonal morphology, uniform and phaseof Sn4OF6.

Korosi Retak Tegang pada Pipa Superheater Ketel Uap yang Baru Dibangun [Stress Corrosion Cracking of Cage Superheater Tubes of a Newly Built Boiler] Dewa Nyoman Adnyana
Metalurgi Vol 32, No 3 (2017): Metalurgi Vol. 32 No. 3 Desember 2017
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

A number of cage superheater tubes of a newly built steam boiler have been leaking during boiler’s first start-up commissioning. Leaking occurred when the boiler had just reached a pressure of 23.7 barg and temperature 4050 C from the intended operating pressure of 53 barg and temperature of 4850C. Type of failure and factors that may have caused the leakage of the cage superheater tube are discussed in this paper. The metallurgical assessment was conducted by preparing a number of specimens from the as received leaked cage superheater tube. Various laboratory examinations were performed including macroscopic examination, chemical composition analysis, metallographic examination, hardness test and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) examination equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) analysis. Results of the metallurgical assessment obtained show that the leaked cage superheater tubes have been experiencing stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) caused by the combined effect of corrosion and tensile stress. The corrosion agent that may have been responsible for the occurrence of SCC in the tube was mostly due to caustic sodium (Na) and other elements in a lesser extent such as Ca, Cl, S and P.AbstrakSejumlah pipa penukar panas lanjut pada sebuah ketel uap yang baru dibangun diketemukan bocor selama operasi komisioning yang pertama. Kebocoran terjadi ketika ketel uap baru saja mencapai tekanan 23,7 barg dan temperatur 405 °C dari tekanan dan temperatur operasi yang direncanakan yaitu 53 barg dan 485 °C. Dalam makalah ini dibahas jenis kerusakan dan faktor-faktor yang kemungkinan telah menyebabkan terjadinya kebocoran pada pipa penukar panas lanjut tersebut. Penelitian/pengujian metalurgi telah dilakukan dengan mempersiapkan sejumlah benda uji yang diperoleh dari salah satu potongan pipa yang bocor tersebut. Berbagai pengujian laboratorium telah dilakukan meliputi: uji makro, analisa komposisi kimia, uji metalografi, uji kekerasan dan uji SEM (scanning electron microscopy) yang dilengkapi dengan analisis EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Hasil penelitian/pengujian metalurgi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa pipa penukar panas lanjut yang bocor tersebut telah mengalami retak korosi tegangan yang disebabkan oleh efek kombinasi antara korosi dan tegangan tarik. Unsur korosif yang kemungkinan dapat menimbulkan terjadinya retak korosi tegangan pada pipa penukar panas lanjut adalah kaustik sodium (Na) dan elemen-elemen lainnya pada tingkatan yang relatif rendah seperti Ca, Cl, S dan P.

GRAIN GROWTH KINETICS OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL 316L AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN GRAIN SIZES AND HARDNESS UNDER ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS Moch. Syaiful Anwar; Mayang Gita Pradisti; Septian Adi Candra; Erie Martides; Efendi Mabruri; Eddy Sumarno Siradj
Metalurgi Vol 37, No 1 (2022): Metalurgi Vol. 37 No. 1 April 2022
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

316L austenitic stainless steel was usually used in the nuclear power plant. This steel has an austenitic phase at room temperature, and it can change grain size after exposed at high temperatures. The purpose is to investigate grain growth behavior and hardness of 316L austenitic stainless steel after cold-rolled and annealing at a temperature of 1100 °C with holding times of 0, 900, 1800, 2700, 3600 s. The result shows that the grain growth of 316L austenitic stainless steel occurs normally. Austenite grain size of 316L increases with increasing holding time, resulting in hardness decreases. Grain growth of 316L austenitic stainless steel resulting from the experiment shows no difference significant with the prediction.

Metoda FZ pada Pembuatan Kristal Tunggal La O 2-2x Sr 1+2x Mn 2 7 Agung Imaduddin
Metalurgi Vol 26, No 1 (2011): Metalurgi Vol. 26 No. 1 April 2011
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (x=0,4) mempunyai CMR (Colossal Magnetoresistance) terbesar dibandingkan bahan Mn oxide lainnya[1]. Untuk menyelidiki sifat CMR ini, kita harus dapat membuat kristal tunggalnya. Untuk itu kami telah membuat kristal tunggal La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O(x=0,4) atau disebut LSMO 327. Kristal tunggal kami buat dengan metoda FZ (Floating Zone). Sebelum pembuatan kristal tunggal dengan 7 memakai metoda FZ, kami telah menganalisa hubungan suhu dan konsentrasi x dengan memakai thermocouple dan analisaEPMA (Electron Probe Microanalysis).Setelah penumbuhan dengan memakai metoda FZ, analisa struktur kristal dan sifat kristalisasinya pada hasil kristal tunggalnya dilakukan denga memakai XRD dan rocking curve, kemudian kami juga memakai EPMA untuk mengetahui komposisi unsur yang terbentuk. Dari hasil metoda FZ ini diketahui bahwa permukaan cleave (permukaan kelupas) nya adalah bidang ab, dan memiliki nilai half full value width nya 0,115° , yang menunjukkan kualitas kristal tunggal yang tinggi. Dari EPMA diketahui bahwa nilai x pada La2-2x Sr 1+2x Mn2O7 adalah 0,409. AbstractLa2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (x=0.4) has the most large CMR (Colossal Magnetoresistance)[1]. In order to research on CMR effect, we have to prepare high quality single crystals. We have grown La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 single crystal of x = 0.4 (or LSMO 327). We have grown single crystals with FZ (Floating Zone) method. Before growing single crystals using the FZ method, we have analyzed the relation of temperature and concentration x by using thermo-couple and analysis of EPMA (Electron Probe Microanalysis). After growing using the FZ method, analysis of crystal structure and its crystallization properties were carried out using XRD and Rocking curve, then we were also using EPMA to determine its elemental composition. From the results of the FZ method, we know that the cleaved surface is the ab plane, and has a half full value width of 0.115° , which indicates a high quality single crystal. From the EPMA result, we know that the value of x at the LA2-2xSr1 +2 xMn2O7 is 0.409.

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