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International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy
ISSN : 22524940     EISSN : 27164519     DOI : https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.xxx.xxx
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering
The International Journal of Renewable Energy Development - (Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.; p-ISSN: 2252-4940; e-ISSN:2716-4519) is an open access and peer-reviewed journal co-published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE) that aims to promote renewable energy researches and developments, and it provides a link between scientists, engineers, economist, societies and other practitioners. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development is currently being indexed in Scopus database and has a listing and ranking in the SJR (SCImago Journal and Country Rank), ESCI (Clarivate Analytics), CNKI Scholar as well as accredited in SINTA 1 (First grade category journal) by The Directorate General of Higher Education, The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, The Republic of Indonesia under a decree No 200/M/KPT/2020. The scope of journal encompasses: Photovoltaic technology, Solar thermal applications, Biomass and Bioenergy, Wind energy technology, Material science and technology, Low energy architecture, Geothermal energy, Wave and tidal energy, Hydro power, Hydrogen production technology, Energy policy, Socio-economic on energy, Energy efficiency, planning and management, Life cycle assessment. The journal also welcomes papers on other related topics provided that such topics are within the context of the broader multi-disciplinary scope of developments of renewable energy.
Arjuna Subject : Energi (semua kategori) - Energi Terbarukan, Keberlanjutan dan Lingkungan
Articles 761 Documents
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Premixed Combustion of Kapok (ceiba pentandra) seed oil on Perforated Burner Wirawan, I.K.G.; Wardana, I.N.G.; Soenoko, Rudy; Wahyudi, Slamet
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 2 (2014): July 2014
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.2.91-97

Abstract

Availability of fossil fuels in the world decrease gradually due to excessive fuel exploitation. This situations push researcher to look for alternative fuels as a source of renewable energy, one of them is kapok (ceiba pentandra) seed oil. The aim this study was to know the behavior of laminar burning velocity, secondary Bunsen flame with open tip, cellular and triple flame. Premixed combustion of kapok seed oil was studied experimentally on perforated burner with equivalence ratio (φ) varied from 0.30 until 1.07. The results showed that combustion of glycerol requires a large amount of air so that laminar burning velocity (SL) is the highest at very lean mixture (φ =0.36) in the form of individual Bunsen flame on each of the perforated plate hole.  Perforated and secondary Bunsen flame both reached maximum SL similar with that of ethanol and higher than that of hexadecane. Slight increase of φ decreases drastically SL of perforated and secondary Bunsen flame. When the mixture was enriched, secondary Bunsen and perforated flame disappears, and then the flame becomes Bunsen flame with open tip and triple flame (φ = 0.62 to 1.07). Flame was getting stable until the mixture above the stoichiometry. Being isolated from ambient air, the SL of perforated flame, as well as secondary Bunsen flame, becomes equal with non-isolated flame. This shows the decreasing trend of laminar burning velocity while φ is increasing. When the mixture was enriched island (φ = 0.44 to 0.48) and petal (φ = 0.53 to 0.62) cellular flame take place. Flame becomes more unstable when the mixture was changed toward stoichiometry.
Mathematical model to evaluate the effect of key operating conditions on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance Do, Tan-Thich; Vi, Trung-Kien; Pham, Cong-Son
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62184

Abstract

Nowadays, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are regarded as a promising energy source for future applications due to their high power density, high efficiency, relatively low operating temperature, fast start-up capability, and zero emissions. During PEMFC operation, performance is influenced by numerous factors. Therefore, developing a mathematical model to evaluate the effects of key operating conditions on PEMFC performance and energy efficiency is both necessary and significant in the field of fuel cells. In this study, a mathematical model was developed using MATLAB/Simulink and subsequently validated through a series of experiments to assess its accuracy. The results demonstrate that PEMFC performance is strongly affected by operating conditions, including operating temperature, operating pressure, membrane thickness, cathode gas type, cell active area, and the number of cells in the stack. In addition, water, heat generation, energy efficiency, and gas consumption were also considered in the model. The findings indicate that operating temperature and pressure are the most influential parameters affecting PEMFC performance and energy efficiency. When the operating temperature increased, the cell performance improved due to enhanced electrochemical reaction kinetics and improved electrical conductivity. However, when the PEMFC operates at temperatures above 70 oC, a deterioration in performance is observed. This behavior can be attributed to membrane dehydration at elevated temperatures, which reduces proton conductivity and, consequently, lowers the output cell voltage. Increasing pressure reduces membrane resistance and interface contact resistance, leading to a decrease in voltage losses and an improvement in cell voltage. At a current density of 0.5 A cm−2, the cell voltages are 0.550, 0.559, 0.564, 0.568, 0.571, and 0.574 V for anode operating pressures of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 atm, respectively. Overall, this study provides a reliable and precise tool for predicting PEMFC performance under varying operating conditions.
Influence of the Determination Methods of K and C Parameters on the Ability of Weibull Distribution to Suitably Estimate Wind Potential and Electric Energy M. Mouangue, Ruben; Y. Kazet, Myrin; Kuitche, Alexis; Ndjaka, Jean-Marie
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 2 (2014): July 2014
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.2.145-154

Abstract

The modeling of the wind speed distribution is of great importance for the assessment of wind energy potential and the performance of wind energy conversion system. In this paper, the choice of two determination methods of Weibull parameters shows theirs influences on the Weibull distribution performances. Because of important calm winds on the site of Ngaoundere airport, we characterize the wind potential using the approach of Weibull distribution with parameters which are determined by the modified maximum likelihood method. This approach is compared to the Weibull distribution with parameters which are determined by the maximum likelihood method and the hybrid distribution which is recommended for wind potential assessment of sites having nonzero probability of calm. Using data provided by the ASECNA Weather Service (Agency for the Safety of Air Navigation in Africa and Madagascar), we evaluate the goodness of fit of the various fitted distributions to the wind speed data using the Q – Q plots, the Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, the mean wind speed, the mean square error, the energy density and its relative error. It appears from the results that the accuracy of the Weibull distribution with parameters which are determined by the modified maximum likelihood method is higher than others. Then, this approach is used to estimate the monthly and annual energy productions of the site of the Ngaoundere airport. The most energy contribution is made in March with 255.7 MWh. It also appears from the results that a wind turbine generator installed on this particular site could not work for at least a half of the time because of higher frequency of calm. For this kind of sites, the modified maximum likelihood method proposed by Seguro and Lambert in 2000 is one of the best methods which can be used to determinate the Weibull parameters.
Predictive Factors Associated with Solar Energy Development in Laikipia District Central Kenya Wambuguh, Oscar
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 4, No 3 (2015): October 2015
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.4.3.197-204

Abstract

The abundance of sunlight and the availability affordable solar technologies in many areas far from grid-based electricity has sparked the development of renewable energy technologies (RETs) which tap solar radiation energy to provide electricity. A study on solar photovoltaics (SPVs) use and utilization took place in the Wiyumiririe Location of Kenya. A purposive randomized convenience sample of 246 households was selected and landowner interviews conducted guided by a questionnaire, followed by field surveys and observations. Although solar energy contributed less than a quarter of total household energy needs, residents specifically associated it with specific developmental initiatives. Correlation and logistic regression model analyses showed that solar power development was closely associated (and thus can be predicted) from five main independent variables. The findings of the study allowed the development of a probabilistic model general enough to be applicable elsewhere in the development of alternative energy resources particularly those based on solar input.
Characteristics of Waste Plastics Pyrolytic Oil and Its Applications as Alternative Fuel on Four Cylinder Diesel Engines Nugroho Pratama, Nosal; Saptoadi, Harwin
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.13-20

Abstract

Waste plastics recycling using pyrolysis method is not only able to decrease a number of environment pollutant but also able to produce economical and high quality hydrocarbon products. Two experiments were conducted to completely study Waste Plastic Pyrolytic Oil (WPPO) characteristics and its applications.  First experiment investigated oil characteristics derived from pyrolysis process in two stages batch reactors: pyrolysis and catalytic reforming reactor, at maximum temperature 500oC and 450oC respectively. Waste Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), Polyethylene Terepthalate (PET) and others were used as raw material. Nitrogen flow rate at 0.8 l/minutes was used to increase oil weight percentage. Indonesian natural zeolite was used as catalyst. Then, second experiment was carried out on Diesel Engine Test Bed (DETB) used blending of WPPO and Biodiesel fuel with a volume ratio of 1:9. This experiment was specifically conducted to study how much potency of blending of WPPO and biodiesel in diesel engine. The result of first experiment showed that the highest weight percentage of WPPO derived from mixture of PE waste (50%wt), PP waste (40%wt) and PS waste (10%wt) is 45.13%wt. The more weight percentage of PE in feedstock effected on the less weight percentage of WPPO, the more percentage of C12-C20 content in WPPO and the higher calorific value of WPPO. Characteristics of WPPO such as, Specific Gravity, Flash point, Pour Point, Kinematic Viscosity, Calorific value and percentage of C12-C20 showed interesting result that WPPO could be developed as alternative fuel on diesel fuel blending due to the proximity of their characteristics. Performance of diesel engine using blending of WPPO and biodiesel on second experiment gave good result so the WPPO will have great potency to be valuable alternative liquid fuel in future, especially on stationary diesel engine and transportation engine application.
Evaluation of Cathode Gas Composition and Temperature Influences on Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (AAEMFC) Performance Leyla, Topal; Nunes Kirchner, Carolina; Germer, Wiebke; Zobel, Marco; Dyck, Alexander
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.65-72

Abstract

The effects of different temperatures (55, 65, 75 and 85 °C) and cathode gas compositions (O2, synthetic air, air and 90% synthetic air+10% CO2) on alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AAEMFC) were evaluated. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) were fabricated using commercial anion exchange membrane (AEM) in OH- form and Pt catalyst. Polarization curves and voltage responses during constant current were performed in order to describe the influences of temperature and gas composition on the AAEMFC performance. The experimental results showed that the fuel cell performance increases with elevating temperatures for all applied gas compositions. Highest power density of 34.7 mW cm-2 was achieved for pure O2 as cathode feed. A decrease to 20.3 mW cm-2 was observed when cathode gas composition was changed to synthetic air due to reduction of the O2 partial pressure. The presence of CO2 in atmospheric air applied to the cathode stream caused a further drop of the maximum power density to 15.2 mW cm-2 driven by neutralization of OH- ions with CO2.
Machine learning in solar energy systems: Methods, applications, and future directions Hoang Dat Do; Raghav Kumar Thakur; Xuan Manh Dinh; Do Duong Lam Le; Minh Thai Vu; Van Quy Nguyen; Ngoc Doanh Le
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 4 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62760

Abstract

In the present era, the ever-growing need for energy and the greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel burning have become a real challenge. Solar energy is an attractive option among various options available in renewable energy domain.  Solar energy systems are rapidly expanding, and that growth brings real challenges as they need to face challenges such as unpredictable output, constant changes, and complex operations. To handle these challenges and for smoother operation, Machine Learning (ML) can be useful as it can handle a large amount of data and keep everything running smoothly. In this review, a comprehensive overview of applying ML to solar energy is presented. The review will explore the working of existing ML techniques, covering both conventional as well as modern approaches. The key application areas are identified, ranging from forecasting and optimization to fault detection and energy management in integrated grids. It also discusses some important barriers like data inconsistency, the black-box nature of conventional ML models, and the difficulty in scaling up to real-world settings. On the brighter side, the review points to some exciting new directions like explainable AI, physics-informed learning, and real-time analytics. It is observed that it is a rapidly evolving field with marked shifting toward ML tools that are more flexible, explainable, and can be tuned into the bigger system. Overall, this review provides a combined and forward-looking perspective, offering actionable insights for the development of robust, scalable, and practically deployable ML solutions in solar energy systems.
Multifunctional Bangka kaolin for zeolite 3A pellet synthesis and its application in ethanol dehydration Maria Ulfah; Pasymi Pasymi; Amelia Amir; Ulung Muhammad Sutopo; Burmawi Burmawi; Melia Laniwati Gunawan; I.G.B.N. Makertihartha
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 4 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62522

Abstract

The development of cost-effective, highly efficient adsorbents for bioethanol dehydration is crucial to advancing sustainable biofuel integration, including the upcoming E10 fuel-blending mandates in Indonesia. This study evaluates the multifunctional capability of locally sourced Bangka kaolin as both a structural precursor and an active binder for the synthesis of binder-converted Zeolite 3A pellets, specifically tailored for ethanol-water azeotrope separation. The fabrication procedure followed a comprehensive two-stage method, commencing with the thermal calcination of raw kaolin at 600°C and 750°C to generate reactive metakaolin. Subsequently, a hydrothermal synthesis strategy was employed using different alkalinity settings, governed by H2O/Na2O molar ratios of 40, 43, and 45, corresponding to NaOH concentrations of 2.88 M, 2.67 M, and 2.55 M, respectively. This solution-gel matrix was homogenized with synthesized Zeolite Na-A powder, extruded into pellets, and subjected to an in-situ hydrothermal crystallization phase to transform the amorphous binder into a crystalline Zeolite A framework. Final structural modification was performed via successive liquid-phase potassium-ion exchanges using 21 wt.% and 11 wt.% chloride potassium solutions to shrink the effective pore opening to approximately 3A. Structural and compositional assessments via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) confirmed the successful formation of Zeolite A frameworks with no residual sodium oxide (0.00% Na2O), achieving significant potassium loading (30.15–34.58 wt.% K2O) and moderate relative crystallinities ranging from 55% to 74%. Textural diagnostics from N2 physisorption demonstrated that the synthesized pellets exhibit an IUPAC Type IV isotherm coupled with a Type H3 hysteresis loop, indicating a hierarchically organized pore structure with crucial secondary mesopores. Performance evaluation during dynamic ethanol-water separation confirmed that the synthesized Zeolite 3A pellets exhibit an enhanced water adsorption capacity of up to 27.97 wt.% for the ZKA-750-45 sample, yielding fuel-grade bioethanol with a peak purity of 99.7 wt.%.
Control synthesis of battery-supercapacitor hybrid power sources system subject to parameter variations and input saturations Adnan Rafi Al Tahtawi; Arief Syaichu Rohman; Pranoto Hidaya Rusmin; Arwindra Rizqiawan
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 4 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62357

Abstract

In practical Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Power Source (Batt-SC HPS) applications for Electric Vehicles (EVs), parameter variations and actuator input constraints are unavoidable due to changing operating conditions, temperature effects, and physical limitations of power converters and switching devices. These conditions may degrade control performance and potentially lead to closed-loop instability. This paper proposes a control synthesis for a Batt-SC HPS system that guarantees closed-loop stability in the presence of parameter variations and input saturations. A polytopic linear parameter-varying (LPV) model is employed to represent parameter variations in the linearized system around its equilibrium point. Based on this model, a full state-feedback controller is synthesized using simultaneous linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) as sufficient conditions for robust stability across all system vertices. The formulated LMIs incorporate a common quadratic Lyapunov function, L2-gain performance, and sector nonlinearity to explicitly handle control input saturations. Numerical validation is performed under internal resistance variation scenarios using an LMI solver. Closed-loop simulation results show that the proposed controller reduces the battery current RMSE by 70.8% and the DC bus voltage RMSE by 87.4% compared with a conventional PID controller. In comparison with a nominal LTI controller, additional RMSE reductions of 38.31% for battery current and 2.82% for DC bus voltage are achieved. Moreover, the proposed controller maintains comparable energy consumption characteristics, with total energy differences of only 0.22% and 0.11% relative to the PID and LTI controllers. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed controller for robust stabilization of Batt-SC HPS systems in EV applications.
Performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with ultrasonically produced tobacco seed oil methyl ester: An RSM optimization study Binh Vu Duc; Van Vuong Nguyen; Du Nguyen; Thanh Hai Truong
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 4 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62705

Abstract

Biodiesel plays an important role in making diesel engines more environmentally friendly and sustainable. Biodiesel use can significantly lower emissions of harmful pollutants, contributing to cleaner air and a reduced impact on climate change. Although there is an increasing body of research on non-edible biodiesel feedstocks, few studies have been able to systematically correlate fuel production, blend variation, and engine load optimization with a single statistical framework. This study fills this gap by combining ultrasonic-assisted two-step transesterification of tobacco seed oil (TSO) with response surface methodology to determine engine performance and emissions. Acid esterification was performed to produce TSO methyl ester, which was subjected to transesterification with NaOH under ultrasonic irradiation, to guarantee efficient conversion and low levels of free fatty acids. Indeed, TSO biodiesel and diesel fuel blends were tested on the engine under different loads. The findings indicate that the engine has a critical operating point of Engine Load (EL) = 96.90% and Lower Heating Value (LHV) = 41.82 MJ/kg, at which the engine has a peak thermal performance with BTE = 32.98% and BSFC = 0.27 kg/kWh. This indicates a very effective conversion of energy because of high in-cylinder temperature and pressure. Additionally, CO and HC emissions are significantly reduced, meaning that the combustion is almost complete. Nevertheless, NOx emissions increase dramatically to 657.74 ppm, proving the thermal penalty of high-temperature operation. This trade-off is validated by multi-objective optimization, which offers a strong framework to balance efficiency and emissions in biodiesel-powered engines.

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