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H Hadiyanto
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hadiyanto@che.undip.ac.id
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ijred@live.undip.ac.id
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CBIORE office, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH-Tembalang Semarang
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INDONESIA
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
ISSN : 22524940     EISSN : 27164519     DOI : https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.xxx.xxx
The International Journal of Renewable Energy Development - (Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.; p-ISSN: 2252-4940; e-ISSN:2716-4519) is an open access and peer-reviewed journal co-published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE) that aims to promote renewable energy researches and developments, and it provides a link between scientists, engineers, economist, societies and other practitioners. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development is currently being indexed in Scopus database and has a listing and ranking in the SJR (SCImago Journal and Country Rank), ESCI (Clarivate Analytics), CNKI Scholar as well as accredited in SINTA 1 (First grade category journal) by The Directorate General of Higher Education, The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, The Republic of Indonesia under a decree No 200/M/KPT/2020. The scope of journal encompasses: Photovoltaic technology, Solar thermal applications, Biomass and Bioenergy, Wind energy technology, Material science and technology, Low energy architecture, Geothermal energy, Wave and tidal energy, Hydro power, Hydrogen production technology, Energy policy, Socio-economic on energy, Energy efficiency, planning and management, Life cycle assessment. The journal also welcomes papers on other related topics provided that such topics are within the context of the broader multi-disciplinary scope of developments of renewable energy.
Articles 792 Documents
Enhance EV station charge and discharge based on deep learning forecasting method incorporating renewable energy sources and multi-objective optimization algorithm Delu Li; Rujie Xia
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 6 (2026): November 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61916

Abstract

As electric vehicle charging station operations become more common, proper coordination of energy management is necessary to avoid high operational costs and carbon emissions caused by electric vehicle charging requirements, intermittent renewable sources, and fluctuating electricity rates. In this research, a forecast-based optimization methodology is created with the objective of optimizing the charge-discharge management of a renewable-powered electric vehicle charging station system involving photovoltaic generation, wind generation, fuel cells, electric vehicles, and stationary batteries. First, a recurrent neural network is used to predict relevant time series data, such as photovoltaic energy, wind energy, electric vehicle load demand, fuel cell energy production, and electric vehicle energy consumption. These forecasted data are then applied to a bi-objective energy management optimization problem, which is solved using NSGA-II. The objective is to minimize operating cost and  emissions while considering power balance, grid energy exchange, and other operational constraints associated with the fuel cell, battery storage system, and electric vehicles. In this study, two scenarios are examined using one month of hourly data; Scenario 1 does not use stationary batteries, whereas Scenario 2 uses them. The forecasting results show robust predictions, with one-hour-ahead  values ranging from 0.9162 to 0.9708. The optimization results show that Scenario 2 provides better energy shifting and peak-period support through battery charging and discharging management. Compared with Scenario 1, the operating cost is reduced from $171,833.86 to $160,388.44, and  emissions are decreased from 13,485.48 kg to 12,892.23 kg, leading to 6.7% and 4.4% reductions, respectively.
Effect of hydrogen co-firing on combustion efficiency, steam production, and emissions of a B7 diesel water-tube boiler: An experimental and semi-empirical combustion modeling study Somkid Warasinchai; Pongsakorn Kachapongkun
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 6 (2026): November 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62817

Abstract

Hydrogen co-firing provides a near-term opportunity to reduce emissions from industrial steam boilers, particularly in Thailand where B7 diesel containing 7% palm-oil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is the required diesel fuel. However, clear evidence of this system for this type of boiler is still insufficient. In this study, a systematic investigation was performed on a 1,000 kg/h water-tube boiler (Kawasaki 15750) at hydrogen/diesel energy proportions varying from 0 to 30% under a constant low-fire condition. Supplemental oxygen was precisely controlled to maintain an almost constant stoichiometric concentration. The results were further analyzed with a semi-empirical combustion model using extended Zeldovich NOx kinetics. At an H2/diesel energy ratio of 30%, steam production increased by 24.3%, from 323.8 to 402.4 kg/hr. Although diesel consumption rate is almost constant, the addition of hydrogen increased overall fuel consumption energy input by 29 %. The concentration of CO decreased by 73.4%, from 107.0 to 28.5 ppm, and CO₂ emission per unit of steam decreased by 20.1%, from 196.9 to 157.3 g/kg. Measured NO₂ increased by 70.8%, consistent with predicted NOₓ ranges of 36–150 ppm at baseline and 62–256 ppm at 30% H₂, depending on the assumed NO₂/NOₓ fraction. Multivariable analysis indicated that hydrogen addition had a greater impact on the emission response than oxygen enrichment. System efficiency, computed using an input-output method based on ASME PTC 4.1, decreased by 3.60 percentage points. Because the drum water inventory was not recorded at the beginning and end of each test, this decrease reflected a maximum limit on the efficiency loss. Presently, the price of hydrogen costs 753 THB/kg (23 USD/kg). So, hydrogen co-firing was still more expensive than diesel-only operation at all tested ratios. As the price of hydrogen decreases to approximately 120–230 THB/kg (3.7–7.0 USD/kg), which is within the range projected by IRENA for green hydrogen before 2030, hydrogen co-firing could become economically competitive. Therefore, under current hydrogen price, the hydrogen co-firing mainly contributes to increased steam production and lower CO and CO₂ emissions, but it does not provide fuel-cost savings and results in higher NOₓ emissions.
An integrated interval-valued q-Rung Orthopair fuzzy DEMATEL–Choquet integral framework for prioritizing investment drivers of green energy in marine sector: A case study in Vietnam Hoang Thai Pham; Chau Thuy Long Dang; Loi Quoc Le; Ngan Phuong Nguyen; Hung Van Bui; Hoang Phuong Nguyen
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 5 (2026): September 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.63055

Abstract

With the rising demand for energy, the commitments to decarbonization and international regulations in the marine sector, the move towards sustainable maritime energy systems has become a strategic priority for Vietnam. It is thus important to understand what the most important investment drivers are in order to help with evidence-based policy development and effective resource allocation. This study aims to build an integrated framework using interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy (IVq-ROF) DEMATEL and Choquet Integral methods to assess and prioritize the fourteen investment criteria that affect Vietnam's maritime energy economy. The expert judgements were gathered using the IVq-ROF linguistic assessment framework, which is used to capture uncertainty and interdependence between the criteria. DEMATEL method was used to identify causal relationships and the importance of the evaluation criteria, and the Choquet integral was used to include the interaction effects to arrive at final importance weights. The results show that three top investment priorities are the government incentives and financial support (0.095), the port energy infrastructure readiness (0.085) and compliance with IMO and national regulations (0.084). Stakeholder acceptance (0.046) and skilled workforce availability (0.054) have comparatively lower interaction adjusted importance, respectively. DEMATEL causal analysis identified port energy infrastructure investment cost (C1) as the strongest driving factor (highest D−R), whereas the interaction-aware Choquet ranking identified government incentives and financial support (0.095), port energy infrastructure readiness (0.085), and compliance with IMO and national regulations (0.084) as the three highest overall investment priorities. The proposed framework well reflects the linkages between economic, technical, environmental, regulatory, and social aspects and offers guidance for practical implementation of the maritime energy transition in Vietnam through integrated investment planning and sustainable infrastructure development to achieve the transition faster.
Techno-economic evaluation of optimization and rule-based energy management for grid-tied PV-BESS prosumers Thipwan Fangsuwannarak; Hideki Kakhai; Jirut Rhianprayoon; Vijittra Saengpredekorn
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62267

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to examine the economic and technical feasibility of prosumer-based energy management systems (EMS) in a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system coupled with a lithium-iron phosphate battery system on a university campus. A prosumer of grid-tied PV-battery energy storage systems (BESS) prioritizes superior economic performance and the viability of energy management through optimization-based control (OBC). The EMS employs a novel techno-economic approach where PSO and GA algorithms are tuned simultaneously to maximize efficiency and profitability for the prosumer. The parameter sets of each PSO and GA were adjusted to verify the best parameter set for maximizing net profit. The OBC approach utilizes metaheuristic techniques, specifically Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA), for dynamic BESS charging/discharging, while RBC (Rule-based control) focuses on minimizing net power imports and exports. The results from our analysis indicate that OBC strategies provide the highest net profit in trading, significantly outperforming RBC, even though RBC can reduce total electricity imports in the prosumer system. As a result of the dynamic charging/discharging patterns of OBC-PSO and OBC-GA, there is an increase in energy exports and better energy transfer, especially by using off-peak energy imports to sell later during on-peak hours. Quantitatively, OBC-PSO and OBC-GA achieved weekly net profit increases of 13.27% and 13.10%, respectively, compared to RBC. Furthermore, long-term economic analysis demonstrates that OBC-GA improves the Net Present Value (NPV) by 50% and reduces the Payback Time (PBT) by 1 year and 29 days compared to RBC. The impact of reducing BESS costs by 10% to 60% closely correlates with the further acceleration of PBT reduction rates for OBC strategies, as presented.
Electrochemical properties of porous carbon derived from polymer waste Beifang Wang; Xiangmeng Guo
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 6 (2026): November 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62638

Abstract

The exponential accumulation of non-degradable polymer waste poses a severe environmental challenge. In order to achieve high-value recycling and meet the demand for advanced energy storage, this study converts various polymer wastes into high-performance porous carbon (PC) electrode materials for supercapacitors. The waste hollow fiber filter (HFC), polyurethane shoe material (PUC) and PET foam (PFC) were converted into PC with a customized morphological framework through pre carbonization combined with high temperature KOH chemical activation. The results showed that HFC activated with 1:4 KOH and CAR at 750 ℃ achieved 2934 m2·g-1 specific surface area (SSA) and synergistic in situ N/O self-doping. This structural optimization provides an excellent specific capacitance (SC) of 297 F·g-1 at 1A·g-1. Dynamics analysis shows that enriched Faraday redox sites and graded porosity result in an ultra-low charge transfer resistance of 0.22 Ω and a high capacitance control contribution of 84.7% at 20 mV·s-1. In addition, PUC activated at 850 ℃ exhibited a coral like rigid 3D skeleton, producing an SSA of 1467 m2·g-1, a capacity retention rate (CRR) of 85.4% at 10 a·g-1, and an internal resistance as low as 0.97 Ω. PFC (CAR 1:4) activated at 750 ℃ forms a honeycomb structure, providing 2281 m2·g-1 SSA and 296 F·g-1, with excellent electrolyte diffusion kinetics. This work elucidates the relationship between precursor topology and pore evolution, providing a sustainable approach for the next generation of energy storage devices.
Techno-economic and environmental assessment of source-side and load-side PV/T-assisted ground source heat pump systems Haiqin Yu; Hongshui Yu; Yanyan Zhang; Ling Lu
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 6 (2026): November 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62719

Abstract

Building heating consumes substantial energy and contributes significantly to global carbon emissions. Integrating photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) modules with ground source heat pumps (GSHP) offers a promising sustainable solution, effectively addressing the soil thermal imbalance and low energy efficiency inherent in conventional GSHP systems. This study proposes and mathematically models two hybrid configurations: PV/T modules integrated on the source side and the load side, respectively. Component models were validated against experimental data (maximum error < 6%) to conduct a comprehensive 20-year comparative assessment across energy, economic, environmental, and soil thermal balance dimensions. Simulation results indicate that both configurations successfully mitigate soil temperature decline, achieving long-term soil thermal balance and effective seasonal solar thermal storage. However, the source-side PV/T-GSHP system exhibits superior overall performance. It delivers a higher Primary Energy Ratio (PER) and Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), a lower Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of 0.36 RMB/kWh, an 11.14% higher annual total cost-saving rate, and an 8.47% improvement in CO₂ emission reductions compared to the load-side system. These findings provide optimized configuration strategies and reliable performance data for PV/T-GSHP systems, significantly promoting the efficient utilization of solar-geothermal hybrid energy in low-carbon building applications.
New alternative biodiesel (fatty acid butyl ester) production using microwave-assisted transesterification: kinetics and optimization Indah Purnamasari; Suprapto Suprapto; Mahfud Mahfud
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 6 (2026): November 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62246

Abstract

Microwave-assisted transesterification represents a promising intensification strategy for rapid biodiesel processing. This study investigates the production of fatty acid butyl esters (FABE) from coconut oil via microwave-assisted butanolysis as an alternative to conventional methanol- or ethanol-based ester systems. Process optimization was performed using a face-centered central composite design (FCCD), with reaction time, temperature, and butanol-to-oil molar ratio as the principal variables. Under the optimized conditions, an approximately 98 % gravimetric product-recovery yield was obtained in less than three minutes. Kinetic analysis showed that the experimental data were better described by an apparent pseudo-second-order model under the investigated conditions; this model is interpreted as a lumped empirical description rather than proof of an elementary reaction mechanism. The evaluated fuel properties—density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and cetane number—were within the corresponding limits specified by SNI 7182:2015 for those measured parameters only. Full SNI compliance and standardized quantitative total ester content were not established. Overall, the results demonstrate the feasibility of rapid microwave-assisted coconut-oil butanolysis while identifying important needs for improved feedstock characterization, quantitative ester analysis, replicated screening experiments, direct total-energy measurement, microwave-compatible temperature sensing, and solvent-recovery mass balancing.
Study on water transport and optimization of water management strategy to improve performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell Tan-Thich Do
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62380

Abstract

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered a promising energy source for future applications due to their outstanding characteristics. During PEMFC operation, in addition to electricity and heat generation, water is produced through electrochemical reactions within the fuel cell, which significantly influences cell performance. Therefore, water generation and transport must be carefully considered. In this study, a mathematical model of PEMFC performance coupled with a water transport model is developed to evaluate fuel cell performance and water transport dynamics under driving cycle conditions. The results indicate that PEMFC performance is strongly affected by water generation, with higher operating current densities and longer operating durations leading to increased water production. At the highest operating current density of 0.78 A cm−2, the anode and cathode water generation rates reach  and  m3 s−1, respectively. Furthermore, an optimization of the water management strategy for PEMFCs is proposed based on the ratio of cathode water volume to anode water volume at maximum cell performance. The optimal ratio is found to be 1.63% at an operating current density of 1.2 A cm−2 in this study. When the operating current density exceeds 1.2 A cm−2, the cell performance declines significantly due to excessive water accumulation, which can induce flooding within the PEMFC. This flooding reduces the effective electrochemically active area and restricts the supply of fresh reactant gases to the flow field channels, ultimately leading to performance degradation. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into achieving optimal PEMFC performance by explicitly accounting for water generation and management.
Experimental and Machine Learning-Based Electro-Thermal Performance Enhancement of PV/T Renewable Energy Systems with Advanced Cooling and Power Optimization Techniques for Sustainable Buildings Ahmad F. Tazay
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62780

Abstract

The electrical power output and conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems decrease significantly due to increased thermal losses at elevated module temperatures. Unlike conventional PV/T enhancement approaches, this study integrates recycled porous media, hybrid nanofluid PCM cooling, and data-driven optimization within a unified electro-thermal framework. This work experimentally investigates and optimizes the electro-thermal performance of a PV/T renewable energy system under real climat-ic conditions of Madinah, Saudi Arabia. An extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning model was employed to pre-dict PV/T electrical and thermal performance and identify the dominant parameters affecting power generation and system effi-ciency. Four modified PV/T configurations were developed and compared with a conventional PV unit: Al₂O₃/water nanofluid cooling, recycled copper porous media, PCM containing recycled copper fillings, and Cu/water nanofluid integrated with PCM. These configurations significantly enhance heat transfer coefficients and thermal dissipation, leading to improved electrical per-formance. The results revealed that the mean surface temperatures of PV/T@Al2O3, PV/T@Al2O3+CP, PV/T@Al2O3+CPPCM, PV/T@Cu+CPPCM were reduced by 6.05 (3.16 oC), 10.30 (5.51 oC), 15.31 (8.17 oC), 17.38% (11.98 oC) compared to standard PV, respectively. Consequently, electrical energy production increased by 7.57%, 18.85%, 27.85%, and 31.49%, respectively, compared with the standard PV unit of 610 W. The PV/T@Cu+CPPCM configuration achieved the highest electrical and thermal efficiencies of 15.90% and 24.85%, respectively, with an electrical efficiency improvement of up to 22.39%. Techno-economic analysis indi-cates significant improvements in LCOE and payback period by 136 160% and 160 181%, respectively. The XGBoost model demonstrated high predictive accuracy and robustness, confirming its capability for real-time performance prediction and sys-tem-level optimization. The results demonstrate a strong coupling between thermal regulation and electrical output enhancement, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed electro-thermal optimization strategy. The improved thermal regulation enhances PV output stability and facilitates efficient integration with power electronic interfaces, including DC-DC converters, MPPT, and in-verter-based renewable systems. This work presents a novel integrated electro-thermal optimization approach that combines hy-brid cooling techniques with data-driven modeling to maximize PV/T system performance under real operating conditions. This work presents a novel integrated electro-thermal optimization approach that combines hybrid cooling techniques with da-ta-driven modeling to maximize PV/T system performance under real operating conditions for sustainable buildings in Saudi Arabia.
Free-surface effects on the energy-harvesting performance of a fully passive flapping foil Xinchun Hua; Feilin Wang; Yang Chen; Bing Zhu
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62881

Abstract

Fully passive flapping-foil energy harvesters offer structural simplicity and require no external actuation, but their self-excited motion and power extraction may be strongly affected by a deformable free surface during near-surface operation. To clarify this influence, a two-dimensional numerical investigation is conducted on a fully passive NACA0015 flapping foil at a Reynolds number of 500,000 and a Froude number of 0.1581. The Volume of Fluid method and an overset-mesh technique are employed to resolve free-surface deformation and foil motion, respectively. The Reynolds number, foil geometry, pitching-axis location, and structural parameters are kept constant, while only the ratio of submergence depth to foil chord length is varied. The energy-harvesting efficiency exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on submergence depth. Among the examined cases, the maximum efficiency of 45.98% is obtained at a submergence-depth-to-chord ratio of 2.8, representing an improvement of approximately 8.16% over the unconfined baseline efficiency of 42.51%. When this ratio is 1.8 or less, strong free-surface deformation and wave radiation disrupt wake coherence and load–motion phase coordination, producing negative heaving-power intervals and substantially suppressing the positive pitching-power contribution. When the ratio reaches 3.5 or greater, the free-surface influence becomes weak and the efficiency approaches the unconfined baseline. The dominant Strouhal number of the heaving and pitching motions remains approximately 0.1, while pressure cross-correlation analysis shows that free-surface proximity attenuates pressure-fluctuation coherence without altering the leading-edge-vortex-governed propagation mechanism. These results demonstrate that moderate free-surface interaction can enhance energy extraction, whereas excessive interface proximity causes pronounced performance deterioration, providing a preliminary reference for selecting the deployment depth of fully passive flapping-foil energy harvesters.

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