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The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research

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Published by International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd.

ISSN : 30481376 EISSN : 30481368 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

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The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research, published by International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd. is dedicated to providing physicians with the best research and important information in the world of medical research and science and to present the information in a format that is understandable and clinically useful. Committed to publishing multidisciplinary research that spans the entire spectrum of healthcare and medicine access, The American Journal of Medical Science and Health Research aims at an international audience of pharmacists, clinicians, medical ethicists, regulators, and researchers, providing an online forum for the rapid dissemination of recent research and perspectives in this area.

Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Review dan Referensi, Kedokteran

Articles 516 Documents

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Spontaneous Achilles Tendon Rupture During Farm Work Repaired by Partially Threaded Malleolar Screw and Plantaris Autograft in a Limited-Resource Hospital: A Rare Case Report Andri Danika; Andi Muhammad Ihsan Fauzan; Aan Tri Lutfi Muhammad; Hisyam Hartaman Putra; Naravitto Ad-Dimasyqi; Agung Bipayana Adi Wibowo; Muhammad Farhan Fathurrahman; Agus Saribudaya
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 29 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/cyz2wg87

Introduction: Achilles tendon rupture is a common musculoskeletal injury, most frequently affecting athletes and typically occurring at the mid-substance of the tendon. Insertional avulsion rupture is rare, particularly in non-athletic populations, and its management may be challenging in limited-resource settings. Case Presentation: A 55-year-old male farmer presented with sudden onset of severe left ankle pain following forced dorsiflexion while working in a rice field. Clinical examination revealed a positive Thompson test. Intraoperative findings confirmed an insertional avulsion rupture of the Achilles tendon with degenerative changes. Due to limited availability of standard fixation devices, surgical repair was performed using a partially threaded malleolar screw with washer for tendon-to-bone fixation, augmented with an autologous plantaris tendon graft. At three months of follow-up, the patient was able to ambulate with minimal assistance, reported no pain, and demonstrated restoration of tendon continuity with a negative Thompson test. Conclusion: This case illustrates a rare presentation of insertional Achilles tendon rupture in a non-athletic occupational setting. The use of a partially threaded malleolar screw combined with plantaris tendon autograft may represent a practical and effective alternative for Achilles tendon reconstruction in healthcare facilities with limited resources.

A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Treatment Strategies for Keloid and Hypertrophic Scar Elvantie; Virgina Maurila Palakkang; Petra Damiana Anindita
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 29 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/jr6sw150

Introduction: Keloid and hypertrophic scars represent a significant clinical challenge due to their complex pathogenesis, propensity for recurrence, and psychosocial impact on patients. Despite numerous available interventions, there is no universally accepted gold-standard treatment, and evidence on comparative efficacy and safety remains fragmented. Methods: A systematic evidence synthesis was conducted based on a comprehensive screening of 80 studies, including randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Studies were selected based on predefined criteria including clinically diagnosed scars, therapeutic interventions, human studies, and quantitative outcome reporting. Data were extracted on treatment strategies, scar characteristics, patient demographics, effectiveness, safety, and study design. Results: Combination therapies consistently outperformed monotherapies. Triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) showed superior efficacy (77.2–93.3% response) and lower recurrence compared to TAC alone (Liu et al., 2020; Khalid et al., 2019). TAC with botulinum toxin A also ranked highly (SUCRA 82.2%) (Yang et al., 2021). Verapamil demonstrated a better safety profile but slower onset of action. Laser therapies, especially fractional CO₂ with 5-FU, showed significant scar improvement (Foppiani et al., 2024). Surgical excision with adjuvant high-dose-rate brachytherapy yielded the lowest recurrence (3.1%) (van Leeuwen et al., 2014). Discussion: The synthesis highlights the importance of multimodal, context-specific treatment strategies. Combination regimens address multiple pathological pathways, enhancing outcomes while mitigating adverse effects. Discrepancies in monotherapy efficacy are attributed to variations in protocols, concentrations, and scar characteristics. Conclusion: Combination therapy, particularly TAC+5-FU, represents the most effective and balanced approach for most keloid and hypertrophic scar cases. Treatment should be individualized based on scar type, location, size, patient skin type, and tolerance to side effects. Future research should focus on standardized protocols, long-term follow-up, and novel targeted therapies.

Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation and Management of Severe Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Case Study of a 39-Year-Old Female with Anemia Gravis and Cultural "Susuk" Implantation Veronica Debora
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 29 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/6q6n2x49

Introduction Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare but potentially catastrophic hematological disorder characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells mediated by autoantibodies targeting erythrocyte surface antigens.1 The condition is broadly classified into warm-type and cold-type AIHA based on the thermal reactivity of the autoantibodies, with warm-antibody AIHA (wAIHA) accounting for approximately 75% of cases.3 In the clinical setting of Indonesia, cases often present at advanced stages, requiring intensive transfusion support and nuanced immunosuppressive management.5 Case Report The analysis involves Ny. K, a 39-year-old female, who presented to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Bandar Lampung with a four-day history of profound weakness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal distress. Her clinical history revealed a two-year pattern of recurrent anemia and prior transfusions. Physical examination demonstrated a classic hemolytic triad: severe conjunctival pallor (anemia), scleral icterus (jaundice), and palpable splenomegaly. Laboratory investigations confirmed critical anemia with a hemoglobin level of 3 g/dl and a hematocrit of 11%. Evidence of hemolysis included significantly elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at 1344 IU/L and indirect hyperbilirubinemia at 3.3 mg/dl, while a reticulocyte count of 7.5% indicated a robust compensatory marrow response. The patient also reported a history of "susuk" (charm needle) implantation. Management strategies included high-volume packed red cell (PRC) transfusions (1200 cc), corticosteroid therapy with methylprednisolone, folic acid supplementation, and a specialized hepatobiliary nutritional protocol (Diet Hati III). Discussion The diagnostic workup for Ny. K is consistent with international protocols for identifying uncompensated hemolytic anemia, where peripheral destruction outpaces bone marrow production.8 The presence of splenomegaly and the biochemical markers suggest extravascular hemolysis, likely mediated by warm IgG autoantibodies.11 This report examines the challenges of blood transfusion in the presence of pan-agglutinins, the role of corticosteroids as first-line therapy, and the physiological significance of high LDH levels in predicting disease severity.1 Furthermore, the sociocultural aspect of "susuk" is explored, noting its biological inertness but radiological significance in diagnostic imaging.15 Conclusion Severe AIHA with anemia gravis represents a medical emergency requiring rapid stabilization through least-incompatible blood transfusions and high-dose immunosuppression. This case underscores the necessity of aggressive early intervention and the importance of excluding secondary causes, such as systemic lupus erythematosus or lymphoproliferative disorders, in the Indonesian clinical context. Continuous monitoring of reticulocyte response and hemolytic markers is vital to guide therapy and prevent relapses.

A Comprehensive Systematic Review of The Relationship between Substance Addiction and The Risk of Major Depressive Disorder Humaira Madina Liza Lubis; Ni Putu Intan Sri Maharani
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 29 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/6pjxz893

Introduction: Substance addiction represents a significant public health burden globally, with a well-documented comorbidity with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Understanding the nature and strength of this relationship within specific populations, such as in Indonesia, is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Methods: This systematic review followed a structured protocol to examine the relationship between substance addiction and the risk of MDD in Indonesian populations. We screened studies based on predefined criteria focusing on adult populations, diagnosed substance use disorders, validated depression measurements, and quantitative association measures. A total of 21 studies (20 cross-sectional, 1 case-control) were included. Data on substance details, depression assessment, association findings, population characteristics, study design, and moderating factors were extracted and synthesized. Results: The review revealed a high prevalence of depression among individuals with substance use disorders, particularly in clinical settings (e.g., 84.6% in drug abusers in rehabilitation) (Dinda Iryawati Bedy Saskito et al., 2009). Most studies reported a significant positive association. For instance, substance use was associated with a 6.5-fold increased risk of mental health disorders (A. Triana et al., 2019), and tobacco smoking with a prevalence ratio of 1.28 for depressive symptoms (Trisna Simanjuntak et al., 2023). Dose-response relationships were observed, linking longer duration and heavier use with more severe depression (Made Adi Wiratama et al., 2015; Adelia azis Azis Nasution et al., 2020). Family social support was identified as a significant protective factor (Shuci Rachmawati et al., 2016). Discussion: The findings consistently point towards a strong link between substance addiction and increased risk of MDD in Indonesia, with variations explained by population context, substance type, and methodology. The evidence supports both self-medication and substance-induced pathways. The protective role of social support highlights the importance of psychosocial interventions. Conclusion: Substance addiction is significantly associated with an elevated risk of Major Depressive Disorder in Indonesian adults, with the strength of association influenced by substance type, use patterns, and psychosocial context. Integrated treatment addressing both substance use and depression, alongside strengthening family support systems, is strongly recommended.

The Association of Robotic-Assisted Vasectomy Reversal with Improved Surgical Ergonomics and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review Ade Juanda; Ahlan Syahreza
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 29 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/1ta53t67

Introduction: Vasectomy reversal (VR) is a technically demanding microsurgical procedure. While microsurgical vasectomy reversal (MVR) is the established gold standard, it presents significant ergonomic challenges and a steep learning curve for surgeons. Robot-assisted vasectomy reversal (RAVR) has emerged as a technological evolution aimed at mitigating these challenges. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate the association of RAVR with surgical ergonomics and clinical outcomes compared to MVR. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, Semanthic Scholar, Springer, Wiley Online Library databases in adherence with PRISMA guidelines. Studies directly comparing clinical, operative, and ergonomic outcomes of RAVR versus MVR in human subjects were included. Key outcomes of interest included patency rates, pregnancy rates, operative times, complication rates, and quantitative ergonomic assessments. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for non-randomized studies. Results: Seventeen comparative studies and relevant supporting literature were included. The analysis revealed that RAVR is associated with pooled patency rates that are comparable or superior to MVR (94.4% vs. 87.5% in one meta-analysis). Pregnancy rates appeared similar, though long-term data for RAVR is less mature. Operative times for RAVR were found to be shorter than MVR after an initial learning curve of approximately 75 cases. Most notably, the evidence consistently demonstrated significant ergonomic advantages for RAVR, including the elimination of physiological tremor, reduced surgeon muscle fatigue as measured by electromyography, and improved postural comfort. Complication rates were low and comparable between both techniques. Discussion: The integration of robotic technology addresses the core ergonomic limitations of conventional microsurgery. The reduction in physical strain and tremor filtration may directly contribute to a more precise and stable anastomosis, potentially improving long-term patency. While the clinical efficacy of RAVR is at least non-inferior to the gold standard, its primary advantage lies in enhancing the surgeon's performance and comfort. This may also facilitate a less arduous learning curve, potentially broadening the accessibility of high-quality vasectomy reversal. Conclusion: RAVR is a safe, feasible, and effective alternative to MVR. It offers significant, quantifiable ergonomic benefits to the surgeon while achieving excellent clinical outcomes that are non-inferior, and in some metrics potentially superior, to the conventional microsurgical approach. Future large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials are warranted to definitively establish long-term pregnancy outcomes and cost-effectiveness.

How Do AI-Assisted Diagnostic Tools Impact Clinical Decision-Making And Patient Outcomes In Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding Cases? : A Comprehensive Systematic Review Gafrinda Kautsari; Luluk Aflakah; Retti Nurlaili
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 30 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/3sxb9b08

Introduction: Acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a life-threatening condition requiring prompt diagnosis and intervention. Despite advancements in endoscopy, challenges like diagnostic variability and resource allocation persist. Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted tools have shown promise in improving detection rates and workflow efficiency in gastroenterology, but their impact on clinical decision-making and patient outcomes in acute GIB remains underexplored. Methods: This systematic review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies included those evaluating AI-based diagnostic tools in acute GIB cases, with outcomes such as diagnostic accuracy, clinical decision-making changes, or patient outcomes. Databases like PubMed, Sagepub, and Google Scholar were searched using Boolean MeSH keywords. Data extraction focused on study design, AI tool characteristics, diagnostic performance, and clinical impact. Results: Among 40 included studies, AI demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivities and specificities exceeding 90% in lesion detection. For instance, convolutional neural networks achieved 95.4% accuracy in identifying ulcers and hemorrhages. However, only one study reported a modest improvement in predicting endoscopic intervention needs (AUC: 0.68). While AI reduced reading time by 30% in some studies, its impact on patient outcomes (e.g., mortality, rebleeding) was rarely addressed. Most evidence came from retrospective studies or meta-analyses, with limited prospective or randomized controlled trials. Discussion: AI enhances diagnostic accuracy and workflow efficiency but lacks robust evidence linking it to improved patient outcomes in acute GIB. Key limitations include methodological heterogeneity, scarce safety data, and a focus on non-acute settings. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate AI's real-world clinical impact. Conclusion: AI shows potential as an adjunct tool in acute GIB management but requires further validation to confirm its clinical utility. Future research should prioritize patient-centered outcomes and standardized reporting.

The Role of Health Workers in Managing Degenerative Diseases in the Elderly at the Negeri Lama Community Health Center: A Case Study Dhyta Nurhasanah Janas; Ermi Girsang; Sri Lestari Ramadhani Nasution
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 30 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/4sh2rn33

Introduction: The increasing elderly population in Indonesia presents significant challenges in managing degenerative diseases, particularly in primary health care facilities with limited resources. This study aims to explore the role of health workers in managing degenerative diseases in the elderly at the Negeri Lama Community Health Center. Methods: This research employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with seven informants (elderly cluster officers, non-communicable disease program holders, doctors, pharmacists, and nutritionists), observation, and documentation. Data analysis used thematic analysis with source triangulation, method triangulation, member check, and audit trail to ensure data validity. Results: Health workers performed curative roles through integrated medical services including comprehensive examinations, diagnosis, medication provision (amlodipine, metformin, glimepiride, simvastatin, allopurinol), pharmaceutical and nutritional counseling, and referral systems. Preventive roles were implemented through routine health screenings using E-pus and P-care applications, counseling on healthy lifestyles, education on balanced nutrition, and lifestyle modifications. Challenges included complex disease complications (multimorbidity), unpredictable drug shortages from the District Health Office, limited diagnostic facilities, declining memory and cognitive function in the elderly, low health literacy, irregular visits, unstable internet networks, poor road conditions, flooding, geographical distance, and economic constraints. Communication patterns applied were patient-centered with specific adjustments for the elderly including louder volume, slower speech, simple language, and family involvement in the education process. Interprofessional collaboration involved medical records staff, elderly cluster officers, pharmacists, and nutritionists working according to standard operating procedures. Discussion: The findings align with previous research emphasizing comprehensive geriatric assessment, the effectiveness of pharmacist counseling in improving medication adherence, the importance of family support in chronic disease management, and the impact of geographical and economic barriers on healthcare access. The study highlights the need for integrated approaches addressing both clinical and social determinants of health in elderly care. Conclusion: Health workers at the Negeri Lama Community Health Center have implemented comprehensive curative and preventive roles despite various challenges. Improvements are needed in logistics management systems, development of educational media, strengthening interprofessional collaboration, innovation in education methods, and family and community support to optimize health services for the elderly with degenerative diseases.

A Comprehensive Systematic Review of The Relationship between Smoking and The Risk of Tuberculosis Relapse after Treatment Completion Dika Fahmi Khoirunnas
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 30 No. 1 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/d7hj2h40

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, with recurrence after treatment completion posing significant obstacles to disease control. Smoking has been implicated as a potential risk factor for TB recurrence, yet the evidence requires systematic synthesis. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between smoking and TB recurrence risk among patients who have completed anti-tuberculosis treatment. Methods: A systematic screening of studies was conducted based on predefined eligibility criteria. Included studies examined patients with confirmed TB diagnosis and treatment completion, clearly defined smoking exposure, TB recurrence as an outcome, observational study designs or systematic reviews, minimum six months post-treatment follow-up, and rigorous methodology. Data extraction encompassed study characteristics, population details, smoking exposure assessment, recurrence definitions, outcome measures, effect estimates, and confounder adjustment strategies. Results: One hundred forty-six studies were included, predominantly conducted in Indonesia and other Asian countries. Sample sizes ranged from 5 to over 5,000 participants, with most studies involving adult pulmonary TB patients (mean age 58.5 years; male predominance 53.8-81.8%). Smoking was consistently associated with significantly increased TB recurrence risk. Darakhshan Ahmad et al. (2016) reported an odds ratio of 2.35 (95% CI: 1.48-3.74) for continued smoking post-treatment, increasing to 3.67 (95% CI: 1.55-8.71) for smoking exceeding ten years. N. Karminiasih et al. (2016) demonstrated an adjusted odds ratio of 3.6 (95% CI: 1.41-9.16) for smoking or smoke exposure during treatment. A dose-response relationship was evident, with greater intensity (>10 cigarettes/day) and longer duration conferring elevated risk. Several studies controlled for confounders including diabetes, HIV, nutritional status, and socioeconomic factors. Discussion: The synthesized evidence demonstrates a consistent, robust positive association between smoking and TB recurrence post-treatment. Biological plausibility is supported by mechanisms including impaired mucociliary clearance, alveolar macrophage dysfunction, reduced interferon-gamma production, and structural lung damage. However, significant heterogeneity exists in study designs, smoking definitions, recurrence ascertainment, and follow-up durations. Many studies lack distinction between true relapse and exogenous reinfection. Limited data on smoking cessation timing represents a critical evidence gap. Conclusion: Smoking constitutes a significant, modifiable risk factor for tuberculosis recurrence after treatment completion. The consistent dose-response relationship and biological plausibility strongly suggest causality. Comprehensive TB control programs must integrate smoking cessation interventions as an essential component of standard patient management. Future prospective cohort studies with standardized methodologies, molecular genotyping to distinguish relapse from reinfection, and rigorous evaluation of cessation interventions are urgently required.

A Comprehensive Systematic Review of The Relationship between Benzodiazepine Use and Psychomotor Impairment Arfin Ramadhan; Nur Shella Putri B; Reni Margiyanti Adiningsih
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 30 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/66myd818

Introduction: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are widely prescribed for anxiety and insomnia, but their impact on psychomotor function is a significant safety concern. This review synthesizes evidence from 41 studies on the association between BZD use and psychomotor impairment. Methods: A comprehensive review of 41 sources was conducted. Data were extracted on BZD details (type, dose, duration), psychomotor outcomes (reaction time, motor function, driving, falls), and relationship findings. Results: The evidence consistently demonstrates BZD-associated psychomotor impairment. Meta-analyses show a 60% increased risk of motor vehicle collisions (OR=1.60) and a 34% increased risk of hip fractures (RR=1.34) among users (1,2). An experimental study confirmed acute impairment in reaction time and tracking accuracy lasting up to 14.5 hours (3). Dose-response relationships were observed, with high-dose users (>1 DDD) showing significantly prolonged reaction times (4) and a fourfold increased fall risk (8). Chronic use was linked to neurocognitive impairment in vulnerable populations like people living with HIV (OR=2.13) (5) and executive function deficits (6). Elderly populations were identified as most at risk for falls and functional decline (2,7,10-12). Discussion: The findings converge on a pattern of impairment across multiple psychomotor domains. While most studies show significant effects, one study in psychogeriatric patients found no cognitive decrements, likely due to confounding by indication where the comparison group was already compromised (9). The synthesis reveals that effects are more pronounced with higher doses, current use, longer-acting agents, and in elderly populations. Conclusion: Benzodiazepine use is significantly associated with impaired psychomotor function, including prolonged reaction time, impaired driving, and increased risk of falls and fractures. These risks are dose-dependent and more severe in vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly. Clinicians should carefully weigh these risks, prescribe at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration, and exercise special caution in high-risk groups. Further research should focus on standardized outcome measures and long-term prospective studies in diverse populations.

A Comprehensive Systematic Review of The Effectiveness of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Tuberculosis in Resource Limited Settings Yudha Viantoro; Fifa Yuniarmi
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 30 No. 2 (2026): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/3w0htm25

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of mortality in resource-limited settings, where conventional diagnostic methods such as smear microscopy have suboptimal sensitivity and cannot detect drug resistance. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) offering results within hours may address these limitations, but their effectiveness across diverse settings requires comprehensive evaluation. Methods: This review synthesized evidence from 126 studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries across Africa, Asia, and South America. Studies evaluating RDTs for active TB diagnosis against reference standards (culture, molecular tests, or clinical diagnosis) were included. Data extraction covered diagnostic accuracy, drug resistance detection, speed, implementation feasibility, cost factors, and clinical impact. Results: Xpert MTB/RIF demonstrated pooled sensitivity of 88-89% and specificity exceeding 98%, with substantial variation by smear status (98% in smear-positive vs 55-77% in smear-negative). Truenat assays showed comparable performance (90.6% sensitivity, 95.7% specificity), while TB-LAMP demonstrated 80% sensitivity and 98% specificity. Urine LAM testing achieved 66.7% sensitivity in severely immunocompromised HIV patients (CD4<50). For rifampicin resistance detection, Xpert MTB/RIF showed 94-95% sensitivity and 98% specificity. Time to results reduced from weeks to hours, with Xpert delivering results in <2 hours versus 16-30 days for culture. Implementation increased bacteriologically confirmed cases by 23-39% and reduced time to MDR-TB treatment from months to 22 days. Discussion: RDTs substantially improve TB detection over microscopy, particularly for smear-negative and drug-resistant cases. However, mortality benefits remain inconsistent, reflecting effective empirical treatment in control arms and persistent challenges in linkage to care. Cost and infrastructure requirements pose implementation barriers. Conclusion: RDTs are effective for TB diagnosis in resource-limited settings, but optimal impact requires integration into strengthened health systems with reliable treatment linkage.

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Contact Name
Indra Hadi

Contact Email
profesionaljournalmedicine@gmail.com

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Journal Mail Official
pt.internationalmedicaljournal@gmail.com

Editorial Address
Equity Tower. 49th Floor. Sudirman Street. Special Region of Jakarta, Indonesia

Location
Kota adm. jakarta selatan,

Dki jakarta

INDONESIA