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Atom Indonesia
Published by Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional
ISSN : 01261568     EISSN : 23565322     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Energy Physics
Atom Indonesia is dedicated to publishing and disseminating the results of research and development in nuclear science and technology. The scope of this journal covers experimental and analytical research in nuclear science and technology. The topics include nuclear physics, reactor physics, radioactive waste, fuel element, radioisotopes, radiopharmacy, radiation, and neutron scattering, as well as their utilization in agriculture, industry, health, environment, energy, material science and technology, and related fields.
Arjuna Subject : Fisika dan Astronomi - Fisika Nuklir dan Molekuler, dan Ooptik
Articles 79 Documents
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Radiological and Toxicity Hazards Estimate of Drinking Water in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq Abbas, M. A.; Hammood, H. A.; Salman, D. J.
Atom Indonesia Vol 50, No 2 (2024): AUGUST 2024
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2024.1419

Abstract

In this work, analyses of 222Rn concentration and effective 226Ra content in all available types of drinking water in Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq, were achieved by using CR-39 detectors technique. The annual effective dose from 222Rn and 226Ra distribution by three age groups were calculated. Radiological and chemical hazards were also calculated in drinking water samples. Drinking water samples were taken from tap water, water treatment plants, reverse osmosis water, and bottled drinking water in Al-Diwaniyah city. Effective 226Ra content level in some tap water samples were bigger than recommended value WHO for drinking water (1 Bq/L), but far below maximum acceptable limit of 370 Bq/L according to IAEA. All other values of 222Rn concentration and effective 226Ra content, annual effective dose, cancer morbidity and mortality hazards, and the lifetime average daily dose caused by consumption 226Ra in drinking water were less than recommended limits. Therefore, 222Rn concentration and effective 226Ra content in drinking water obtained in this work cannot give rise to radiological and chemical threats to population. However, for greater safety, we advise not to use tap water directly as drinking water. This work will provide important new data on the possible health effects of drinking water in Al-Diwaniya city.
Acknowledgement Atom Indonesia Vol 50 No 1 Yusuf, Anggiana Rohandi
Atom Indonesia VOL 50, NO 1 (2024): APRIL 2024
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2024.1450

Abstract

Determination of Typical Values for Pediatric Head CT Scan at Universitas Andalas Hospital Fardela, R.; Delvihardini, R.; Pratama, I. B. G.P.; Milvita, D.; Oktavia, A.
Atom Indonesia Vol 51, No 1 (2025): APRIL 2025
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2025.1517

Abstract

The utilization of X-rays in the Computed Tomography Scaner (CT scan) modality has proliferated for diagnostic purposes. CT scans deliver higher doses than other modalities, consequently protecting patients from excessive radiation doses is necessary by increasing optimization efforts in patients, especially pediatric patients. This research aims to determine the typical value and analyze the correlation of age, body mass, and exposure factor (mAs) to Computed Tomography Dose Index Volume (CTDIVol) and Dose Length Product (DLP). The typical dose value was obtained from the median value (Q2) using data derived from pediatric patients undergoing a head CT scan with a total of 33 patients at Universitas Andalas Hospital, with a correlation determined using a linearity test. The results obtained were the typical value for CTDIVol of 31.1 mGy and DLP of 793.3 mGy.cm. There is a moderate correlation between age and CTDIVol and DLP values, a high correlation between body mass and CTDIVol and DLP values, and a very high correlation between the exposure factor (mAs) and CTDIVol and DLP values.
Safety Assessment of TENORM Waste Landfill on Bangka Island Using Resrad Offsite 4.0 Setiawan, A.; Kurniati, M.; Iskandar, D.; Sucipta, S; Pratama, H. A.; Setiawan, R.
Atom Indonesia Vol 51, No 2 (2025): AUGUST 2025
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2025.1570

Abstract

Bangka Island faced serious environmental challenges due to TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) waste from tin mining activities. The waste contained radionuclides such as U-238, Th-232, and K-40, which could have had detrimental effects on human health and the environment. To solve this problem, TENORM waste should be disposed of in the class II landfill facility. The Class II landfill was more efficient by cost than the Class I landfill. The landfill design provide a waste contamination layer with dimensions of 160 × 160 × 3 meters. This landfill class has 5 layers from top to bottom cover layers such as the contamination or waste layer, protective coating layer, layer for collecting and transferring, geomembrane layer, soil barrier layer, leak detection system layer, and base layer, which each layer was intended to safeguard against contamination. These protective layers were required to adhere to precise specifications regarding material, thickness, and hydraulic conductivity to effectively manage waste and leachate. Additionally, the base layer consisted of compacted clay, designed to regulate hydraulic conductivity and offer sustained environmental protection. This paper will discuss the radiological safety assessment of this landfill design. This design was modeled using Resrad Offsite 4.0 software to assess its radiation safety in order to fulfill landfill safety requirements. The simulation results showed a maximum radiation dose of 0.40537 mSv per year at a distance of 200 meters from the landfill center, which was estimated to persist for 29,265 years after the landfill was closed. The cancer risk probability was estimated to be 4.25 × 10⁻⁴. More importantly, this dose was still below the safe limit set by BAPETEN (Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency) for public radiation exposure, which is 1 mSv per year. The class II landfill design, based on the simulation results, was safe for public health and the environment.
Investigation of Electron Contamination on Flattened and Unflattened Varian Clinac iX 6X and 15X Photon Beam Based on Monte Carlo Simulation Haryanto, F.; Rhani, M. F.; Anam, C.; Yani, S.
Atom Indonesia Vol 48, No 2 (2022): August 2022
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/aij.2022.1180

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize electron contamination of a flattened (FF) and an unflattened (FFF) Varian Clinac iX 6X and 15X photon beams using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. EGSnrc MC technique was used to model the flattened and unflattened head and simulate dose distribution of 6X and 15X of FF and FFF photon beam in water phantom. The materials and geometrical data of FF linac were provided by Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) Singapore. The FFF linac was modeled by removing the flattening filter component in the FF linac. Phase space files were scored after flattening filter and in the phantom surface. The phsp files were analyzed to characterize the particles produced by the linac head using BEAMDP. The contaminants contribute around 1 % and 2 % in the phsp1 for flattened and unflattened beams, respectively. The photons are scattered in small-angle in the range of 0 – 4o. The contaminant electron contributes up to one hundredth compared to the photons. The increase of field area affects the increase in contaminants and penumbra width due to the increasing number of particle scattered out of the field area. The unflattened beam affects the increase in the number of electron contamination and surface dose. The penumbra width of the flattened beams was smaller than the unflattened beams for the same field size and energy.
Brain Tumor Segmentation in MR Images Using Swin Transformer Nur, A.; Nurhanafi, K.; Putri, E. R.
Atom Indonesia Vol 51, No 2 (2025): AUGUST 2025
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2025.1580

Abstract

Brain tumors are abnormal tissue growths in the brain. These brain tumors can have a negative impact on human health, one of which can interfere with brain functions such as vision, balance, and so on. Therefore, early detection needs to be done, one of which is by using medical imaging modalities, i.e., MRI. However, analyzing MRI scans requires careful observation and a high level of proficiency. Thus, medical image segmentation is required. Segmentation is important in medical image analysis as it allows medical experts to distinguish between abnormal and normal tissues. This study aims to determine the ability of the swin transformer architecture in segmenting brain tumor MR images. The image data used was BraTS 2021 data with a total of 1,250 images. The data were divided into three, i.e., training set, validation set, and testing set with a ratio of 70:15:15. Swin Transformer provided two main concepts, i.e., hierarchical feature maps and attention window shifts. The Swin Transformer initially was divided the image into small patches, which were then converted into vector form. After that, it was passed through W-MSA for local area and SW-MSA for cross window area. Next, multiple patches were merged into one, so that the image resolution gradually decreased, and then restored back to the original resolution. Based on this, the segmentation results were evaluated using a confusion matrix using DSC, IoU, and sensitivity metrics. The results of brain tumors MR image segmentation with Swin Transformer obtained evaluation values, i.e., 0.97313 for DSC, 0.94767 for IoU, and 0.96450 for sensitivity. It can be concluded that the Swin Tranformer can effectively segment brain tumor MR images.
Dosimetric Evaluation of Very High Energy Electron (VHEE) Beams in the Male Pelvic Region Using Geant4/TOPAS Essaidi, E. M.; Krim, M.; Kaanouch, O.; Tantaoui, M.; Mesradi, M. R.; Abdessamad, D.; Benchekroun, D.
Atom Indonesia Vol 51, No 2 (2025): AUGUST 2025
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2025.1599

Abstract

The CLEAR (CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research) facility has significantly advanced high-energy electron radiotherapy, particularly for treating deep-seated tumors. However, achieving precise and accessible treatment delivery while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues remains challenging. Very High Energy Electrons Beam (VHEE) offer notable potential due to their deep penetration capabilities. However, their nearly uniform dose distribution raises concerns about unintended exposure to healthy tissues. A key innovation in this field is the use of focused VHEE beams, which deliver a concentrated dose to a small defined area at a high dose rate, potentially enhancing treatment precision. This study evaluates the dosimetric characteristics of focused VHEE beams compared to collimated beams using GEANT4/TOPAS Monte Carlo simulations. A beamline with two quadrupole magnet triplets was designed to focus VHEE beams on a water phantom, simulating clinical conditions. The findings show that focused VHEE beams increased the dose to the prostate by 5.24 % while significantly reducing the dose to adjacent organs at risk: 16.93 % to the bladder, 50.81 % to the rectum, and 68.75 % to the femoral heads. These reductions highlight the dosimetric advantage of focused VHEE beams in sparing non-targeted tissues. While these results underscore the potential benefits of focused VHEE beams for deep-seated tumor treatment, additional research, including clinical validation and patient-specific modeling, is essential to fully evaluate their clinical utility. This study lays the groundwork for optimizing VHEE beam applications in cancer therapy by demonstrating improved dose delivery accuracy and reduced risk to adjacent organs.
Development of a Vietnamese PET/CT Dataset for Machine Learning-Based Analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Images Tuan, H. Q.; Duong, T. T.; Ha, B. N.; Quyet, N. H.; Tinh, L. V.; Tuynh, C. V.; Nam, V. K.; Dao, L. T. Q.; Luong, C. V.; Linh, D. T. M.; Nhung, D. T.; Nguyen, N. D.; Trang, V. Q.
Atom Indonesia Vol 51, No 2 (2025): AUGUST 2025
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2025.1645

Abstract

Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography (PET/CT), a key imaging modality in nuclear medicine, Combines Anatomical (CT) and functional (PET) data for cancer diagnosis. Despite advancements in machine learning for automated medical image analysis, publicly available PET/CT datasets remain scarce, limiting Artificial Intelligence (AI) research compared to CT and MRI. This study built a publicly accessible PET/CT Vietnamese dataset for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). A total of 416 PET/CT scans were collected from three Vietnamese hospitals, including 300 NSCLC cases. Malignant FDG-sensitive lesions, identified via clinical PET/CT reports, were manually segmented in 3D (slice-by-slice) on PET images and validated by three experienced radiologists. The dataset includes both original and annotated DICOM files, along with clinical patient data. It achieved a dice similarity coefficient of 80.3 % and volume similarity of 81.9 %, demonstrating high segmentation accuracy comparable to other studies. This dataset supports AI-driven NSCLC research and contributes to global efforts in automated PET/CT analysis for nuclear medicine applications.
Seismic Risk Analysis of the Serpong Nuclear Complex and the RSG-GAS Reactor Using Microseismic Methods Satriyo, A.; Suryanto, W.; Anggono, T.; Subekti, M.; Sucipta, S; Jatnika, J.; Swastikarani, R.; Sugianto, N.
Atom Indonesia Vol 51, No 2 (2025): AUGUST 2025
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2025.1596

Abstract

The G.A. Siwabessy research reactor (RSG-GAS), located in the Serpong Nuclear Complex (SNC), is a critical component of Indonesia's nuclear research infrastructure. This study aims to assess the seismic safety of the RSG-GAS reactor and its surrounding complex using microseismic methods, specifically the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) and Floor Spectral Ratio (FSR) techniques. HVSR measurements conducted across the B. J. Habibie Science and Technology Area (KST) revealed an average natural frequency (f₀) of 3.49 Hz (range: 2.84-4.43 Hz), amplification factors (A₀) averaging 2.84 (range: 2.11-4.88), and seismic susceptibility indices (Kg) averaging 2.72 (range: 1.34-4.39). The HK9 site, positioned 124 meters from the reactor, exhibited lower-than-average values, indicating reduced seismic vulnerability in the immediate reactor vicinity. FSR analysis was conducted to evaluate key structural parameters, including the Resonance Index (IR), inter-level deviation (γⱼ), peak ground acceleration (αbⱼ), and Building Vulnerability Index (Ktgⱼ). Most IR values fell within the medium-risk range (20.07 %-22.63 %), while one measurement point recorded 3.98 %, indicating high resonance risk. Inter-level deviations remained within acceptable safety thresholds; however, peak ground acceleration values exceeded critical limits at several levels, most notably at FU8 where 272.63 gal was recorded at -6.5 m elevation-significantly surpassing established safety standards. Several Building Vulnerability Index values also exceeded recommended safety limits. The findings demonstrate that while the RSG-GAS facility generally exhibits low-to-moderate seismic amplification and structural vulnerability, targeted structural reinforcements are essential at critical locations, particularly at the FU8 level. This study provides a comprehensive framework for enhancing seismic resilience of nuclear facilities in seismically active regions and contributes to the long-term safety assessment protocols for Indonesia's nuclear infrastructure.
Exploring the Effect of Different Scanning Protocols on the Modulation Transfer Function Arjah, H.; Osman, N. D.; ALMasri, H.; Anam, C.; Aziz, M. E.
Atom Indonesia Vol 51, No 2 (2025): AUGUST 2025
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/aij.2025.1553

Abstract

The Iterative Reconstruction (IR) algorithm can enhance image quality and reduce patient dose. This study aims to evaluate the in-plane resolution (X- and Y-), in association with different IR and filtered back projection (FBP), on three different Computed Tomography (CT) scanners: General Electric (GE), Philips, and Siemens. Uniform water phantoms were scanned using 35 milligrays (mGy) and 65 (mGy and then reconstructed using 2- and 5-millimetre (mm) slice thicknesses. Images were reconstructed using the iterative Beam Hardening Correction (iBHC), Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE), 4th generation hybrid statistical iterative reconstruction proposed by philips (iDose4), Filtered Back Projection (FBP), Adaptive Statistical iterative Reconstruction (ASiR-V), Weighted Filtered Back Projection (WFBP), Best Contrast or Brain Contrast algorithm (BC). All images were analysed using IndoQCT software. Automated Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) measurement was used to describe in-plane resolution. From the Siemens CT scanner findings, MTF at 10 % (MTF10) was increased by applying the iBHC algorithm from 0.52 to 0.57, but MTF10 of SAFIRE and WFBP showed no difference. For the Philips CT scanner, the iDose4 technique did not affect MTF10 compared to FBP, while the post-processing by BC decreases MTF10 from 0.5 to 0.49. For the GE CT scanner, the MTF is affected by radiation dose, while the ASiR-V MTF curve had no difference compared to FBP, with the highest MTF10 value of 0.67 for 35 mGy protocol compared to 0.64 for 65 mGy protocol. The image resolution is affected by CT dose and the use of reconstruction algorithms. These associated parameters may enhance or reduce image resolution.

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