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Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 19077505     EISSN : 24600601     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/kesmas
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Public Health
The focus of Kesmas is on public health as discipline and practices related to preventive and promotive measures to enhance the public health through a scientific approach applying a variety of technique. This focus includes areas and scopes such as Biostatistics, Environmental Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Policy, Health Services Research, Nutrition, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Public Health, Public Health Education and Promotion, Women Health.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Epidemilogi
Articles 7 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 5, No. 2" : 7 Documents clear
Mengukur Kualitas Hidup Anak Muhaimin, Toha
Kesmas Vol. 5, No. 2
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Kata kualitas hidup sering dihubungkan dengan pembangunan, khususnya pembangunan manusia, yang sering dikaitkan dengan kondisi seseorang baik dalam keadaan sehat maupun sakit, untuk menunjukkan aktivitas fisik, atau kondisi seseorang dalam hidup sehari-harinya. Sebagian orang mengkaitkan istilah kualitas hidup dengan kondisi sejauh mana terpenuhinya kebutuhan dasar untuk hidup seperti sandang, pangan, papan dan pendidikan pada seseorang. Oleh karena itu, banyak penelitian mengukur kualitas hidup dengan instrumen yang berbeda-beda, termasuk mengukur kualitas hidup anak dan banyak instrumen yang telah dikembangkan. Tulisan ini mencoba membahas pengertian kualitas hidup dan cara mengukurnya, terutama pada anak. Belum ada konsensus mengukur atau menggambarkan definisi konseptual kualitas hidup, tetapi para peneliti setuju bahwa kualitas hidup adalah konsep multidimensional yang dapat diukur dengan berbagai pendekatan. Kualitas hidup didefinisikan sebagai perasaan utuh (overall sense) kesejahteraan seseorang dan meliputi aspek kebahagiaan (happiness) dan kepuasan hidup secara keseluruhan. Kualitas hidup disebut juga dengan istilah status kesehatan subjektif (subjective health status). Untuk mengukur kualitas hidup, termasuk kualitas hidup anak, bisa dilakukan baik pada orang atau anak sehat maupun menderita penyakit tertentu dengan menentukan dimensi (domain) yang berbeda-beda dan masing-masing dimensi bisa digali dengan sejumlah item pertanyaan atau pernyataan dalam jumlah yang berbeda juga, yang harus dijawab atau diisi oleh responden, anak, orang tua atau keduanya. Quality of life (QoL) is very often to be associated with development, especially, human development, which is linked to condition of someone, either healthy or sick, to show daily physical activities. Some people are thinking that QoL is associated with basic needs of someone’s life such as clothe, food, house, and education. For these reasons, there are a lot of quality of life studies using different instruments, including child quality of life. There are also some instruments already developed to measure it. This paper is trying to discuss the meaning of QoL and how to measure it, especially for children. There is no consensus how to measure QoL as conceptual definition. However, researchers agree that it is multidimensional construct and that there are a variety of approaches by which it may be measured. Quality of life is defined as one’s overall sense of well-being and includes aspects of happiness and satisfaction with life as a whole, and it is called as subjective health status. To measure QoL, included children, either for healthy or specific illness, it can be done by different domains and for each domain consists of different number of items of questions or statements, which will be answered or filled up by either respondent, children, or both of them.
Efikasi Diri, Pusat Kendali, dan Persepsi Tenaga Kerja sebagai Prediktor Pencapaian Prestasi Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja Ramdan, Iwan Muhamad
Kesmas Vol. 5, No. 2
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah efikasi diri, pusat kendali, dan persepsi tenaga kerja dapat dijadikan prediktor yang akurat untuk memprediksi pencapaian prestasi kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja (K3), serta untuk menguji apakah model pencapaian prestasi K3 yang disusun dengan melibatkan interaksi tenaga kerja dengan lingkungannya cukup tepat. Dengan pendekatan cross sectional, penelitian dilakukan terhadap 200 orang responden pada perusahaan kayu di Kalimantan Timur. Variabel bebas terdiri dari efikasi diri, pusat kendali, dan persepsi tenaga kerja. Variabel tergantung yaitu prestasi K3, sedangkan variabel moderator adalah lingkungan fisik dan kimia kerja. Analisis data menggunakan structural equation model (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukan efikasi diri dan persepsi tenaga kerja berhubungan positif signifikan dengan prestasi K3, merupakan prediktor yang paling akurat untuk memprediksi pencapaian prestasi K3 (p=0,007 dan p=0,012). Kedua variabel ini memberi sumbangan efektif terhadap prestasi K3 yaitu sebesar 20,2 % dan 17,3 %. This research was focused on the relationship between worker’s behavior with Occupational Health Safety (OHS) achievement.The purposes of the research is to identify whether worker’s self-efficacy, locus of control and perception can predict OHS achievement, and to examine whether the OHS model engaging workers and work environment interaction are fit. This research was cross sectionally conducted towards 200 respondents in one of plywood plant in West Kalimantan. The independent variable were the worker’s self efficacy, locus of control and perception, while the dependent variable was OHS performance. The moderator variables were physical and chemical work environment. Data analysis used structural equation model. Research findings showed that self efficacy and worker perception have significantly positive relationship with worker’s OHS performance, and could be an accurate predictor to predict OHS performance achievement (p=0.007 and p=0.012), and provided effective contribution to OHS performance as big as 20,2 % and 17,3 % as well.
Socio-economy and Related Factors Influencing Condition and Capacity of Human Excreta Disposal and Sewer Systems: A Case Study in Coastal City of Manado Kandou, Grace Debbie; Lusut, Markus T.
Kesmas Vol. 5, No. 2
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Abstract

Di Manado, limbah cair yang tidak diolah dari rumah tangga termasuk dari kakus dan dari aktivitas-aktivitas lain yang menghasilkan limbah cair seperti rumah makan, hotel, rumah sakit, tempat pembuangan akhir sampah, dan pasar dibuang langsung ke Teluk Manado melalui selokan dan sungai. Kondisi ini diperparah oleh kapasitas kakus yang tidak memadai dan saluran pembuangan limbah cair yang buruk. Untuk menilai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kondisi dan kapasitas sistem pembuangan yang mungkin mengakibatkan penurunan derajat kesehatan dan lingkungan, telah dilakukan kajian deskriptif di dua kecamatan di Kota Manado yang melibatkan 304 rumah tangga di Wenang dan 300 rumah tangga di Molas. Ditemukan bahwa kebanyakan rumah tangga di kedua kecamatan tersebut telah memiliki toilet, masing-masing sebanyak 83,2% di Wenang dan 75,0% di Molas. Namun, tidak ada toilet yang berteknologi modern melainkan hanya menggunakan lubang dalam, saluran terbuka, dan sungai. Akibatnya, selama tahun 2002 kasus-kasus diare mencapai 1.250 di Wenang dan 513 di Molas. Di Molas, kejadian dematitis, gastritis, dan tifoid masing-masing mencapai 1.618. 272 dan 10 kasus. Secara statistik, kondisi dan kapasitas septic tank berhubungan dengan pendidikan formal dan pengetahuan mengenai limbah cair. Untreated wastewater containing human excreta from households as well as from other wastewater-generating sources such as restaurants, hotels, hospitals, garbage disposal, and markets, is discharged directly into Manado Bay through ditches, sewers, canals, and rivers. This situation is exacerbated by inadequate capacity of human excreta disposal treatment and improper sewage system. To assess factors influencing condition and capacities of this system that may degrade human health and the environment, a descriptive study has been conducted in two districts of the City of Manado. This study involved 304 households in Wenang and 300 households in Molas district. It was found that most households in those districts have their own toilet, 83.2% and 75.0% in Wenang and Molas respectively. However, no modern technology had been adopted where open deep holes, ditches, sewers, or rivers were still being used for toilets, particularly by low income communities. During 2002 there were 513 and 1,250 diarrhoea cases reported in Molas and Wenang respectively. In Molas 1,618 dermatitis cases, 272 gastritis cases, and 10 typhoid cases were also reported. Statistically, the condition and capacity of residential septic tank were significantly correlated with the residents’ level of formal education and wastewater-related knowledge.
Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Pasar Rebo dan Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan Djaali, Nur Asniati; Eryando, Tris
Kesmas Vol. 5, No. 2
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Salah satu penyebab utama angka kematian bayi yang tinggi adalah masalah berat badan lahir di bawah 2500 gram (berat badan lahir rendah). Berdasarkan data dari Statistik Rumah Sakit Indonesia tahun 2005, sekitar 40,7% kematian bayi disebabkan oleh berat lahir rendah, pertumbuhan janin yang lambat, malnutrisi janin, dan gangguan yang berhubungan dengan kecukupan masa kehamilan. Angka BBLR di RSUD Pasar Rebo pada tahun 2007 mencapai 8,7%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi berat lahir menggunakan data rekam medis RSUD Pasar Rebo. Studi ini menggunakan desain crosseksional dan data retrospektif rekam medis rumah sakit. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh ibu yang melahirkan di RSUD Pasar Rebo, Sampel diperoleh dengan teknik simple random sampling, dan jumlah sampel dihitung menggunakan rumus sample size uji hipotesis koefisien korelasi dengan variabel kontinyu/ numerik. Hasil analisis dan pengolahan data menunjukkan berat lahir berdistribusi normal dengan rata-rata sebesar 3126,6 gram dan standar deviasi sebesar 453,65 gram. Tingkat pendidikan, usia kehamilan, dan kenaikan berat badan ibu selama hamil berhubungan signifikan dengan berat badan bayi lahir. Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linier ganda, didapatkan bahwa ketiga variabel tersebut berkontribusi pada berat lahir dan tingkat pendidikan berkontribusi paling besar. Of the main causes of high infant mortality rate is birth weight under 2500 gram (low birth weight/LBW). Base on data from Indonesian Hospital Statistic in 2005 =, as much as 40,7% baby’s death was caused by low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal malnutrition, and problem related with term of pregnancy. Base on data from sample, LBW in RSUD Pasar Rebo in 2007 reached 8,7%.This study is aimed to know the factors that influence infant birth weight as observed from medical record in Pasar Rebo Public General Hospital, Jakarta, and to identify what factor influence most in predicting infant birth weight. A cross-sectional study was designed using retrospective data of hospital medical record. The population of this study was all mothers who gave birth in this hospital, had complete registration and data containing variables observed, such as infant birth weight, and at least performed antenatal care visit in the first trimester. Simple random sampling was administered. The amount of samples were obtained using correlation coefficient hypothesis testing sample size formula with continuous variable. Data processing and analysis showed that infant birth weight are distributed normally with mean 3126.6 grams and 453.655 grams standard deviation. Further analysis showed that educational level, term of pregnancy, and weight-gained during pregnancy were significantly related with infant birth weight. Using double linear regression analysis, those three variables contributed in predicting infant birth weight, where the educational level contributed most.
Upaya Pencegahan Flu Burung Masyarakat di Kabupaten Tangerang Lestari, Selfi Octaviani; Zakianis, Zakianis; Sapta, Wibowo Ady
Kesmas Vol. 5, No. 2
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Flu burung di Indonesia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan. Tahun 2005-2008 terdapat 30 kasus suspek flu burung di Kabupaten Tangerang, meliputi 18 kasus confirmed dan 16 kasus meninggal (case fatality rate = CFR 87,5%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui upaya pencegahan flu burung di tengah masyarakat Kecamatan Cikupa, Curug, Pasar Kemis dan Sepatan, Kabupaten Tangerang pada tahun 2009. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Yayasan Bangun Indonesia, yang dilakukan terhadap masyarakat dengan sumber informasi terdiri dari ibu rumah tangga, remaja, tokoh agama, tokoh masyarakat dan peternak. Survei dilakukan terhadap pengetahuan responden tentang flu burung, kebersihan perorangan responden, sanitasi makanan, dan sanitasi lingkungan. Jumlah sampel 320 responden yang diperoleh dari 4 Kecamatan. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pengetahuan responden tentang flu burung masih belum baik (62,2%), kebersihan perorangan terkait flu burung masih buruk (57,1%), sanitasi makanan bersumber unggas belum baik (61%) dan secara umum semua variabel sanitasi lingkungan sudah baik, hanya sanitasi kandang unggas yang sebagian besar masih buruk (57,1%). Penghasilan rata-rata masyarakat Tangerang yang masih rendah, menyebabkan pengeluaran mereka masih diprioritaskan untuk membeli kebutuhan pokok rumah tangga daripada pencegahan flu burung. Avian Influenza is still a major health problem in Indonesia. In Tangerang district within the period of 2005-2008, 30 suspect cases were found, 18 confirmed. Sixteen (16) died because of this disease (case fatality rate = 87,5%). The objective of this research was to study prevention measures towards Avian Influenza within the community at Cikupa, Curug, Pasar Kemis and Sepatan sub-districts, Tangerang in 2009. A descriptive study was carried out towards community involving the households, teenagers; religious leader, community leader and poultry business as selected respondent. Information to collect consisted of knowledge about Avian Influenza, personal hygiene, food sanitation based on bird and environmental sanitation. Total of sample were 320 respondents from each sub-District. Data were taken from secondary data of Bangun Indonesia Foundation as research executor. This research found that more than a half of respondents (62.2%) have good knowledge about AI, (57.1%) about personal hygiene related to Avian Influenza, 61% about food sanitation based on bird were good enough (61%). In general environmental sanitation variables were somewhat good except for cage where 51% still bad. In the effort to prevent Avian Influenza in Cikupa, Curug, Pasar Kemis, and Sepatan communities, Tangerang District, 2009, one of variables were still poor (57.1%) that was sanitation of bird cages. Avian Influenza cases in Tangerang District is still high, due to non supportive people behavior and poor environment sanitation proven by poor sanitation of bird’s nest. Low household income of Tangerang district’s people, bringing about them to spend more on basic goods rather than Avian Influenza preventive action.
Alur Klinis dan Biaya Pengobatan Rumatan Metadon di Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat Jakarta Rivany, Ronnie
Kesmas Vol. 5, No. 2
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Dampak penyalahgunaan narkoba antara lain adalah peningkatan prevalensi HIV/AIDS di kalangan pengguna narkoba suntik. Program Terapi Rumatan Metadon merupakan salah satu cara penanganan yang kini belum mempunyai alur klinis yang berfungsi menjamin standar kualitas pelayanan. Di samping itu, belum ada ketentuan yang dapat dijadikan acuan biaya pengobatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat alur klinis dan biaya pengobatan rumatan metadon dan casemix di Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat (RSKO) Jakarta. Metode penelitian merujuk INADRG yang berbasis evidence dengan diskusi kelompok, tenaga medis dan tenaga non medis serta profesi dan manajemen RSKO. Berdasarkan jumlah dan jenis utilisasi dalam alur klinis maka biaya pengobatan dilakukan dengan metode activity based costing dan simple distribution methode. Alur klinis yang diperoleh menunjukkan lama rumatan metadon 338 hari dengan casemix TBC, Hepatitis dan HIV/AIDS atau kombinasi. Biaya pengobatan rumatan metadon Rp.66.024.016, dengan casemix penyakit penyulit berkisar antara Rp. 70.156.705 hingga Rp.211.863.018 dan Rp. 84.875.621 hingga Rp. 226.988.354. dengan kombinasi penyakit penyulit dan penyerta. The drug abuse implicated in increasing HIV/AIDS prevalence among injection drug users. As an alternative treatment, Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) have not yet equipped with clinical pathway that function as a tool for assuring the standard quality of services. Beside that, treatment cost as average standard cost of health care services. The purpose of this study were to design and apply clinical pathway and treatment cost of MMT along with its casemix in Drugs Dependence Hospital Jakarta (DDHJ). Method used were INA-DRG based on evidence from medical record and focus group discussion involving medical and non-medical staff, related professional organization and hospital management. Based on numbers and types of treatment utilizated in clinical pathway, treatment cost was calculated by using activity based costing with simple distribution method. This study found that the length of stay for MMTP was 338 days, casemix consisted of TB, Hepatitis, HIV/AIDS and its combination. Treatment cost for MMTP was IDR 66.024.016, casemix for complicating disease ranging from IDR 70.156.705 to IDR 211.863.018, and IDR 84.875.621 to IDR 226.988.354 for casemix combination of complicating and comorbidity diseases.
Analisis Pemanfaatan Program Pelayanan Kesehatan Status Gizi Balita Sartika, Ratu Ayu Dewi
Kesmas Vol. 5, No. 2
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Gizi merupakan faktor determinan utama yang berhubungan dengan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Anak-anak berusia kurang dari lima tahun adalah kelompok rentan untuk masalah gizi dan kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini mendapatkan faktor status gizi yang paling dominan anak usia dibawah lima tahun. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap sumber data sekunder data riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2007. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis multivariat untuk menilai berbagai faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan status nutrisi. Menggunakan berat badan untuk umur, faktor risiko paling dominan adalah diare setelah dikontrol dengan sumber air minum, ketersediaan latrine, status sosioekonomi, ukuran keluarga, gender, pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan, penyakit saluran napas, pekerjaan ibu dan waktu pemberian air susu ibu sampai dua tahun. Menggunakan tinggi untuk tinggi badan faktor risiko dominan adalah ketersediaan latrines setelah dikendalikan oleh perilaku cuci tangan, status sosial ekonomi, sumber air minum, durasi pemberian ASI sampai dua tahun. Untuk mengatasi masalah gizi pada anak usia di bawah lima tahun dibutuhkan kebijakan yang terfokus memulihkan pertumbuhan dan status kesehatan anak usia di bawah lima tahun dengan korelasi antara program gizi dan program lain, seperti kesehatan lingkungan dan imunisasi. Selain itu, pemerintah harus mengatur peranan posyandu sebagai fasilitas yang membantu pemerintah untuk meningkatkan status kesehatan masyarakat. Nutrition is one of the major determinant factors related to human resources quality. Under-five years old children are susceptible to nutrition and health problems. The purpose of this study is to identify the most dominant factor of nutritional status of under five children using Riskesdas data in 2007. Multivariate analysis results showed that the risk factor which mostly associated with nutritional status using weight for age was a diarrheal illness after being controlled by the source of drinking water, latrine availability, socio-economic status, family size, gender, utilization of health services, respiratory diseases, maternal employment, and duration of breastfeeding up to 2 years. Using height for age was the availability of latrines after being controlled by hand-washing habits, socioe-conomic status, source of drinking water, duration of breastfeeding up to 2 years, diarrheal disease, family size and gender. Using weight for height was sex after being controlled by age, drinking water sources, distance and time to health services and respiratory disease. To overcome malnourished problem in children under five years old, it is needed to establish a policy focusing on the recovery of the growth and health status for under-five children with correlation between nutrition program and other programs, such as environmental health (clean and healthy life style) and immunization. Beside that, the government should arrange the role of the posyandu as a facility that help government to increase the health status of community.

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