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Journal of Tropical Rural Development
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : -     EISSN : 30907934     DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtrd
Core Subject : Economy, Education, Agriculture, Social, Engineering,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Social Sciences Transportation
Journal of Tropical Rural Development JTRD is an academic journal published by Universitas Brawijaya. The journal focuses on advancing scholarly understanding of rural development issues in tropical regions through rigorous research and interdisciplinary perspectives. JTRD covers a wide range of themes that reflect the complexity of rural transformation, including economic development, social welfare, environmental sustainability, and policy innovation. The journal gives particular attention to rural economic activities, poverty reduction strategies, livelihood development, and agricultural productivity, as well as market access and economic diversification. It also presents research on natural resource management with an emphasis on sustainable approaches to water, soil, and biodiversity conservation. Other important topics include rural health such as access to health services, nutrition, and disease prevention, and rural education including educational quality, literacy improvement, and supporting infrastructure. Research on rural infrastructure development is also encouraged, covering transportation, communication, and basic utilities, along with studies on governance and policy implementation. JTRD aims to support evidence based policymaking and promote strategies that strengthen sustainable development and improve quality of life in rural areas. Through research articles, reviews, methodological studies, and policy analyses, the journal contributes to academic discussion and practical solutions for positive change in tropical rural communities. JTRD serves researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders who are committed to equitable and resilient rural development.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 21 Documents
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Factors Influencing Poverty Among Shrimp Farming in East Java: Poverty Among Shrimp Farmers Gimnastiar, Muhammad Akbar; Andriatmoko, Novil Dedy
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

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Abstract

Background and purpose – Poverty among shrimp farming households remains a significant challenge despite the sector’s potential to generate substantial income and contribute to rural economic growth. In regions such as Bangil District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java, many shrimp farmers face persistent poverty due to constraints related to household demographics, limited resources, and restricted access to services. This study aims to identify and quantify the factors influencing the likelihood of shrimp farmers being above or below the poverty line, providing empirical evidence to inform targeted poverty reduction strategies in the aquaculture sector. Methodology – Primary data were collected from 78 randomly selected shrimp farmers in Bangil District through structured interviews, observations, and documentation during October–November 2024. The study employed a probit regression model to analyze the effect of ten explanatory variables—cultivation experience, household size, education level, land area, age, number of working household members, land ownership, access to healthcare, access to information, and farmer group participation—on poverty status. Findings – The results indicate that five variables significantly influence poverty status: number of family members, length of formal education, land area, number of working family members, and land ownership. Larger households are associated with a higher likelihood of poverty, while greater education, larger pond size, more working members, and secure land ownership reduce poverty risk. Conversely, cultivation experience, age, access to healthcare, access to information, and farmer group participation show no statistically significant effect. Implications – The findings suggest that policies aiming to reduce poverty among shrimp farmers should focus on improving education and technical training, ensuring secure and equitable land access, promoting off-farm income opportunities, and strengthening household labor capacity. Integrated strategies involving credit access, infrastructure development, and market linkages are essential to enhance resilience and raise household welfare in shrimp farming communities.
Financial literacy and its determinants: The case of rural smallholder farmers in Indonesia Retnoningsih, Dwi; H. Chung, Rebecca
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

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Abstract

This study reveals the determinants of financial literacy of rural smallholder farmers in Indonesia with using the IV-Probit methodology based on primary cross-sectional data. The results show that these farmers are generally low in their financial literacy, and it is shaped by other factors such as socio-economic and farm operational characteristics. Participation in farmers' groups is considered the most critical of all the factors influencing financial literacy, followed closely by income. Other positive determinants include exposure to radio, altitude of farm location, education, access to capital and financial services, and farming experience, but effects seem to be at relatively smaller magnitudes. The results indicate the necessity for direct interventions, such as developing community-based groups with the participation of financial institutions and government representatives, and using mainstream media, particularly radio, to disseminate financial information and education. Enhanced financial literacy among smallholder farmers will enable them to make informed financial choices, thus promoting economic welfare and poverty alleviation in line with Sustainable Development Goals 1 (No Poverty) and 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth).
Network Analysis of Internal Migration in Vietnam Chung, Rebecca; Minh-Tu; Shu-Yi Liaw
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

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Abstract

This study examines the provincial network structure within Vietnam by investigating migration patterns through the lens of spatial economics and social network analysis. Data are drawn from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey covering the period from 2012 to 2018, comprising 2,921 observations. A hierarchical clustering method is employed to delineate the internal migration network structure. The results reveal an asymmetrical racetrack pattern in Vietnam’s inter-regional network structure, characterized by two primary clusters-the North and the South. The southern migration cluster exhibits greater prominence, particularly due to a higher proportion of intra-regional migration. Furthermore, within these clusters, analysis of intra-regional network structure indicates an asymmetrical and megalopolitan structure, with Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh serving as the respective hubs of the northern and the southern clusters. This megalopolitan migration network provides new empirical evidence on the importance of economic agglomeration and transportation costs, as emphasized in spatial economics. Moreover, the tendency for intra-regional migration over inter-regional migration underscores the role of social network theory in understanding migration processes. The findings contribute to promote more equitable development among provinces in Vietnam, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goal 10 on reducing inequalities.
Understanding Farmers’ perception of the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in Bangkalan Regency Lubis, Zulfikar Nursyady; Priyanto, Moh. Wahyudi; Rum, Mokh.
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

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Abstract

Conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land is an increasing phenomenon, especially in the outskirts of Bangkalan Regency which is experiencing growth in the residential sector. This study aims to analyze farmers' perceptions of conversion of agricultural land using a descriptive statistical analysis approach. Data were obtained through direct interviews with 50 farmer respondents using the accidental sampling method. The results of the study indicate that the main factors that encourage farmers to convert land are low agricultural yields and high land prices, followed by water scarcity and minimal incentives from the government. Meanwhile, the distance to educational and health facilities is considered to have the lowest influence on land conversion decisions. Therefore, policies are needed that support agricultural sustainability through land protection and improving farmer welfare.
Effects of Product Quality, Price, Brand Image, and Brand Awareness on Pesticide Purchase Decisions Among Horticulture Farmers in Malang Raya Hijriati Nur Sangadah; Arif Yustian Maulana Noor; Abdul Wahib Muhaimin
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

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Abstract

Background and purpose – The increasing diversity of pesticide brands requires farmers to make purchasing decisions based on both functional product attributes and brand-related factors. This study aims to analyze the influence of product quality, price, brand image, and brand awareness on the purchasing decisions of horticultural farmers in Malang Raya. Methodology – The study employed a quantitative approach using survey data from 122 horticultural farmers across eight districts. The purchasing decision variable was analyzed using logistic regression. Findings – The results show that product quality and price have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, indicating that functional attributes remain the dominant drivers of farmer product choice. In contrast, brand image and brand awareness exhibit no significant influence, suggesting that symbolic brand factors play a limited role in this market segment. Implications – The findings highlight the importance of strengthening technical product performance and developing competitive pricing strategies for companies seeking to increase market penetration among horticultural farmers. The study also provides empirical insight for policymakers and agribusiness stakeholders to refine extension and marketing strategies. Originality – This paper offers a focused empirical assessment of the determinants of pesticide purchasing decisions in horticultural production systems, integrating both functional and brand-related variables within a logistic regression framework, which remains limited in existing local agribusiness research. Keywords: brand awareness, brand image, consumer behavior, price, quality product
The Effect of Income Diversification on Household Food Security among Rice Farmers in East Java, Indonesia Rosyidah, Nur Diana; Fatahullah
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtrd.2026.003.01.3

Abstract

Background and purpose – Rice-farming households can remain food insecure even when they produce a staple food because seasonal income, small landholdings, price movements, and climate shocks make purchasing power unstable. This study examines the determinants of household income diversification and whether diversification is associated with lower food insecurity among rice farmers in Maduran District, Lamongan Regency. Methodology – Cross-sectional data were collected from 126 rice-farming households selected by simple random sampling in September 2025. Income diversification was summarized with the Simpson Diversity Index (SDI), household food security was assessed using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), a probit model identified factors associated with diversification, and Propensity Score Matching using nearest-neighbor matching estimated the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated. Findings – The reported mean SDI is 0.16, indicating strong dependence on on-farm income. Education, household size, annual income, credit access, and experience of climate shocks are statistically associated with diversification. After matching, diversified households have a lower reported food-insecurity score than comparable non-diversified households; the ATT is -2.00 points. Implications – Rural livelihood policy should treat off-farm opportunities as a complement to rice farming rather than a substitute for it. Skills development, market access, climate-risk management, and financial products that can support both farm and non-farm activities may strengthen household resilience and food access. Originality – The study combines a portfolio measure of income structure, an experience-based food-security measure, a probit model, and matching analysis in a local Indonesian rice-farming setting.
Effect of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies on Rice Productivity in East Java, Indonesia Ramdani, Kania Setya; Andriatmoko, Novil Dedy
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtrd.2026.003.01.1

Abstract

Background and purpose – There was a decline in rice production in Lamongan Regency in 2023–2024 of 22.414 tons its cause climate change. Climate change can be overcome with climate change adaptation strategies and socioeconomic factors influence farmers’ decision in implementing. The implementation of strategies adaptation can affect rice productivity. The objectives of this study are identify the socioeconomic factors that influence the level of climate change adaptation strategies and to identify the effect of the level of climate change adaptation strategies on rice productivity. Methodology – The research employs a quantitative methods approach. The area was selected purposively, and respondents selected with simple random sampling with Yamane formula resulting 132 respondents. The data were analyzed using probit regression analysis and Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Findings – The result shows that socioeconomic factors that positive and significant effect on farmers’ decision were farming experience, education, gender, side jobs, and availability of weather and climate information. And the level of climate change adaptation strategies has a significant and positive effect on rice productivity in Klagensrampat Village, Maduran District, Lamongan Regency Implications – These findings highlight the importance of implementing climate change adaptation strategies to maintain production stability and increase rice productivity. This study also provides empirical insights for the government to support farmers in improving the implementation of adaptation strategies, so that the implementation of adaptation strategies can be evenly distributed. Originality – This article offers an empirical assessment that focuses on the implementation of climate change adaptation strategies among rice farmers based on their level of implementation, which has never been studied before.
The Impact of Digitalization on Household Food Security of Rice Farmers in Kraksaan District, Probolinggo Regency Rajendra, Rexi; Hery Toiba; Moh Shodiqur Rahman
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtrd.2026.003.01.2

Abstract

Background and purpose - Digital connectivity provides smallholders with agricultural and livelihood information, but access remains uneven. This study examines factors associated with internet use and its relationship with food insecurity among rice-farming households in Kraksaan District, Probolinggo Regency, East Java. Methodology - A cross-sectional survey of 98 rice-farming households was conducted in September 2025. Food insecurity was measured using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). A probit model identified socioeconomic and farm characteristics associated with internet use. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) with stratification compared food insecurity between internet users and non-users, accounting for observed differences in household characteristics to improve comparability between the two groups. Findings - Most sampled households were food secure. Education, household size, and cultivated land area were positively associated with internet use at the 1% significance level. The PSM results report an ATT of -0.105 (SE 0.042; t = -3.169), indicating a significantly lower food-insecurity score among internet-using households after matching on observed characteristics. Implications - Digital inclusion can complement conventional agricultural and food-security interventions when connectivity is accompanied by practical digital literacy, locally relevant content, and extension support that helps farmers convert online information into production and household decisions. Originality - The study links the determinants of internet use with an experiential food-security measure and evaluates adjusted differences in food insecurity using PSM in a local Indonesian rice-farming setting.
Does Participation in Farmer Groups Promote Environmentally Friendly Fertilizer and Pesticide Use? Evidence from Rice Farmers in East Java, Indonesia Muna Azzahra, Fatimah Fitri; Rini Mutisari
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtrd.2026.003.01.5

Abstract

Background and purpose – Reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides requires not only technical alternatives but also social institutions that help farmers learn, evaluate risk, and translate information into practice. This study examines whether participation in farmer groups is associated with greater use of environmentally friendly fertilizers and pesticides among rice farmers in Kepanjen Subdistrict, Malang Regency, East Java, and identifies the economic, communication, educational, and land-related factors linked to both participation and environmentally friendly input use. Methodology – Survey data were collected from 100 rice farmers in September 2025. The study uses a structural equation modeling framework with six latent constructs measured through 18 indicators. The measurement model is evaluated using indicator loadings, average variance extracted, discriminant validity, reliability, and variance inflation factors, while the structural model is assessed through path coefficients, indirect effects, R-squared values, and SRMR. Findings – Economic-system conditions are positively associated with farmer-group participation. Communication systems, education-related capacity, and physical aspects of land are positively associated with environmentally friendly fertilizer and pesticide use. Farmer-group participation itself has a positive and statistically significant path to environmentally friendly input use. The model explains 16.6% of variation in participation and 49.5% of variation in environmentally friendly input use. Implications – The findings suggest that farmer groups can function as practical learning and coordination institutions, but participation alone is insufficient. Policies should combine stronger group facilitation with credible technical communication, farmer learning, locally appropriate input demonstrations, and support adapted to land and production conditions. Originality – The study links institutional participation and environmentally friendly input use in a single latent-variable framework and distinguishes the factors associated with participation from those directly associated with farm-level environmental behavior.
Does Contract Farming with Agricultural Startups Promote Household Food Security? Evidence from Rice Farmers in Ngawi, Indonesia Fasya, Dhiya; Rini Mutisari
Journal of Tropical Rural Development Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Agriculture Socio-Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtrd.2026.003.01.4

Abstract

Background and purpose – Smallholder rice farmers often face unstable output prices, limited capital, weak bargaining positions, and uneven access to technical information. Contract farming mediated by agricultural startups may reduce some of these constraints through input support, technical assistance, and more predictable market access. This study examines the factors associated with rice farmers’ participation in startup-based contract farming and whether participating households have better food-consumption outcomes in Ngawi Regency, East Java. Methodology – Survey data were collected from 100 rice farmers selected through accidental sampling. Participation in contract farming was modeled using binary logistic regression with age, education, household size, farming experience, land area, capital access, and activeness in farmer groups as covariates. Household food security was measured using the Food Consumption Score (FCS), and the adjusted difference between participants and nonparticipants was estimated using Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Findings – Contract farming in the study area is predominantly informal, oral, and short-term, usually covering one production season. Education, farming experience, access to capital, and activeness in farmer groups are positively associated with participation, while age is negatively associated with participation. Household size and land area are not statistically significant. After matching on observed characteristics, the reported Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) is 4.95 FCS points, indicating higher food-consumption scores among participating households. Implications – The results suggest that startup-mediated partnerships can support household food access when they combine market assurance with input, information, and financing support. Farmer groups appear especially important as channels through which farmers learn about and enter partnership arrangements. Greater transparency in short-term oral contracts, clearer price and quality rules, and stronger farmer-group facilitation could improve the inclusiveness and durability of these arrangements. Originality – The study links participation in agricultural-startup contract farming to a household-level food-consumption outcome and jointly examines participation determinants and matched food-security differences in an Indonesian rice-farming setting.

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