Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device
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Articles
69 Documents
<![CDATA[Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Water Quality in the Bektiharjo River, Tuban Regency, Using the Water Quality Index and GIS-Based QUAL2Kw Modeling (2021-2025) ]]>
<![CDATA[Fadhillah Zahrotul Jannah]]>;
<![CDATA[Maritha Nilam Kusuma]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1108
<![CDATA[The Bektiharjo River is an important water resource supporting domestic, agricultural, tourism, and ecological activities in Tuban Regency, Indonesia. Increasing anthropogenic activities have raised concerns regarding water quality degradation. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Bektiharjo River during 2021-2025 by integrating the Water Quality Index (WQI), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the QUAL2Kw model. Secondary water quality data, including pH, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, and fecal coliform, were analyzed using WQI, spatial mapping, and water quality simulation under existing and critical flow conditions. The results showed that water quality declined from upstream to downstream, with average WQI values of 54-56 in the upstream segment, 48-52 in the middle segment, and 48-50 in the downstream segment, showing moderate to poor water quality. Seasonal differences were relatively small, with WQI varying by only 2-4 points across river segments. Water quality was generally higher during the rainy season in the upstream and middle reaches, whereas the downstream reach showed a slightly higher WQI during the dry season. QUAL2Kw calibration produced relative errors below 5%, showing good agreement between simulated and observed values during model calibration; however, these results represent calibration performance rather than independent model validation. Under existing conditions, DO decreased from 6.60 to 6.16 mg/L, while BOD increased from 0.89 to 2.50 mg/L from upstream to downstream. Under critical low-flow conditions, DO declined further to 4.12 mg/L, whereas BOD increased to 3.74 mg/L, showing reduced self-purification capacity. The findings show that management efforts should prioritize upstream watershed conservation, environmentally friendly agricultural practices in the middle reach, and improved domestic wastewater management in the downstream reach to support sustainable river management.]]>
<![CDATA[Zone-Based Staffing and Operator Dispatch Rule Interactions in a Large-Scale CNC Cell: An Agent-Based Simulation Study ]]>
<![CDATA[Rendy Reza Putra]]>;
<![CDATA[Fergyanto E Gunawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1129
<![CDATA[Determining operator quantity and dispatch priority in a large-scale CNC cell involves related decisions that are rarely evaluated together. This study developed an Agent-Based Model in NetLogo 7.0.3 to examine eight selected scenarios drawn from twelve theoretically possible combinations of operator count (6, 8, and 10), spatial allocation mode (zone-based and global), and dispatch rule (nearest-neighbor [NN] and longest-wait-first [LWF]) in a 28-machine, four-zone CNC cell. Each scenario was executed for 30 independent replications of one 7-hour shift, yielding 240 observations. Among the evaluated scenarios, zone-based staffing combined with NN dispatch produced the strongest overall performance. With ten operators (S3), mean throughput reached 4,380.6 units (SD = 7.6), with 80.3% machine utilization and 64.8% operator utilization. At eight operators, replacing NN with LWF within the zone-based structure reduced throughput by 30.6 units (0.71%), indicating a statistically detectable but practically modest difference. This pattern is consistent with a possible geometry-driven navigation-conflict mechanism within the linear seven-machine zones, although the mechanism was not directly quantified. In matched eight-operator comparisons, global staffing underperformed zone-based staffing under both dispatch rules. The lowest-performing scenario, involving six operators under global LWF dispatch (S7), produced 28.4% lower throughput than the zone-NN baseline and reached 98.0% operator utilization, indicating overload rather than efficiency. Selected pairwise comparisons were statistically significant (p < 0.001), but no formal statistical interaction term was tested. Overall, the observed pattern suggests that dispatch-rule effectiveness may depend on spatial allocation structure. For the modeled linear CNC-cell layout, zone-based staffing with NN dispatch represents the most robust practical default.]]>
<![CDATA[Hybrid Rule-Based and Anomaly Detection Model for Wholesale Sales Risk Classification ]]>
<![CDATA[Dwi Atmodjo WP]]>;
<![CDATA[Winny Purbaratri]]>;
<![CDATA[Lely Priska D Tampubolon]]>;
<![CDATA[Nani Krisnawaty Tachjar]]>;
<![CDATA[Deden Prayitno]]>;
<![CDATA[Budi Indiarto]]>;
<![CDATA[M Iman Wahyudi]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1184
<![CDATA[Large-scale wholesale transaction systems face increasing risks from suspicious purchasing patterns, abnormal customer behavior, and operational inconsistencies, while conventional rule-based methods may fail to identify previously unseen patterns. This study develops a decision-level hybrid risk classification model that combines expert-derived business rules with post-hoc anomaly decisions from Isolation Forest and DBSCAN. The modules are orchestrated in Apache Airflow and executed through a scheduled daily DAG for batch transaction monitoring. The model was evaluated retrospectively using 12,476 wholesale transactions recorded over 12 months in a single company. The business rules and ground-truth labels were elicited from the same expert pool; therefore, the separation between model development and evaluation was implemented at the data level through independent training, validation, and test subsets. The Hybrid Rule + Isolation Forest configuration achieved the highest accuracy at 87.5%, compared with 74.3% for the authors' rule-based baseline. The resulting 13.1-percentage-point gain should be interpreted as an internal ablation result rather than a comparison with a state-of-the-art external model. For operational efficiency, the automated workflow processed a batch of 1,000 transactions in 42 seconds, compared with approximately 3 hours of manual processing. These findings suggest that combining interpretable business rules with anomaly detection at the decision level can improve risk classification while retaining operational transparency. However, because the evaluation used data from only one wholesale company and shared expert sources for rules and labels, validation across independent companies and expert groups is required before broader generalization.]]>
<![CDATA[Design and Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Portable Biological Sample Incubator for Temperature-Controlled Transport ]]>
<![CDATA[Eko Arianto]]>;
<![CDATA[Antonius Hendro Noviyanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Elang Parikesit]]>;
<![CDATA[Ahmad Ricardo Syukur Silalahi]]>;
<![CDATA[Yeremia Sbastyan]]>;
<![CDATA[Ermelinda Insani Rahesti]]>;
<![CDATA[Lusia Aprilia Sera Weter]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1220
<![CDATA[The transportation of biological samples requires a temperature-controlled environment to preserve sample integrity throughout the pre-analytical process. This study presents the design and thermal performance evaluation of a portable biological sample incubator developed to maintain physiological temperatures during transport. The proposed prototype integrates an ESP32 microcontroller, an SHT31 temperature sensor, a pulse-width modulation (PWM)-controlled PTC heater, and a 12.8 V 6 Ah LiFePO₄ battery in a thermally insulated incubation chamber. Experimental evaluations were conducted at temperature setpoints of 36.0, 36.5, 37.0, 37.5, and 38.0 °C to assess thermal response, temperature stability, battery performance, and the low-voltage protection mechanism. The experimental results demonstrate that the incubator consistently achieved the desired temperature range and maintained stable operating conditions after reaching steady state. The battery provided continuous power throughout the operating period, while the low-voltage protection mechanism successfully disconnected the heating system at the predefined cut-off voltage of 10.5 V to prevent battery over-discharge. Overall, the developed prototype demonstrated reliable thermal control and effective power management, indicating its potential as a portable temperature-controlled transport system for biological sample applications.]]>
<![CDATA[Optimizing Zero-Knowledge Proofs For Soulbound Token-Based Academic Authentication On Resource-Constrained Devices ]]>
<![CDATA[Dedy Sumarhadi]]>;
<![CDATA[Sunardi]]>;
<![CDATA[Imam Riadi]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1230
<![CDATA[The transition toward the Web3 ecosystem shifts digital identity management from centralized authorities toward user-controlled decentralized infrastructures. However, blockchain-based academic credentials implemented through Soulbound Tokens (SBTs) may expose privacy risks because credential activities remain publicly observable. This study presents an academic authentication framework that integrates the ERC-5192 Soulbound Token standard with Groth16 zk-SNARKs implemented using Circom, SnarkJS, and client-side WebAssembly (WASM). The framework combines Merkle-tree membership validation and a nullifier mechanism to support privacy-preserving credential verification and replay resistance. Experimental evaluation was conducted under controlled conditions using a Samsung Galaxy A24 mobile device and the Ethereum Sepolia Testnet. Across 50 authentication trials, the prototype achieved a 100% authentication success rate. The measured mean authentication latency was 6.30 s, consisting of wallet connection (0.50 s), witness generation (1.00 s), proof generation (4.59 s), and smart contract verification (0.21 s). These results demonstrate the feasibility of browser-based privacy-preserving academic credential verification under the evaluated experimental configuration, while broader device and deployment validation remain necessary for large-scale implementation.]]>
<![CDATA[Sustainable Production Optimization under Resource and Environmental Constraints: Evidence from North Sumatra’s Industrial Sector ]]>
<![CDATA[Meslin Silahahi]]>;
<![CDATA[Lia Saniah]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1231
<![CDATA[This study develops an energy- and emission-constrained production-allocation model for North Sumatra to balance economic performance, resource availability, and environmental limits. A quantitative applied-operations-research design used January–December 2025 operational records from 150 medium- and large-scale manufacturing establishments across six subsectors. Provincial totals were estimated using an overall expansion factor of 8.667 as a uniform-factor approximation to the stratified estimator because stratum-specific population weights were unavailable. Multi-objective linear programming with AUGMECON-R compared observed, economic-only, resource-constrained, environmentally constrained, and integrated scenarios. The economic-only solution was projected to increase contribution margin by IDR 3.32 trillion (11.7%) but also increase energy use by 5.18 PJ and greenhouse gas emissions by 0.69 MtCO2e. The integrated solution increased projected contribution margin by IDR 1.65 trillion (5.8%) while reducing raw materials by 6.6%, energy by 12.2%, water by 15.2%, greenhouse gas emissions by 21.2%, solid waste by 21.5%, and wastewater by 21.6%. Production shifted most toward rubber and plastics (+12.4%) and away from non-metallic minerals/fabricated metals (−13.3%). The Pareto frontier retained 94.7% of the economic-only contribution margin at an 80% combined resource-and-environmental ceiling, declining to 90.5% at 75% and 84.0% at 70%, indicating a sharper trade-off below approximately 75–80%. The study contributes a province-level cross-subsector framework linking production allocation with demand-side energy and emissions benchmarks for industrial efficiency and renewable-energy planning.]]>
<![CDATA[Techno-Economic Performance of a 70.2 kWp On-Grid Rooftop Photovoltaic System Under Indonesia's Zero-Export Regulation: Curtailment Risk and Load-Growth Headroom at PNP Pelalawan Campus ]]>
<![CDATA[Dedi Tri Laksono]]>;
<![CDATA[Deni Tri Laksono]]>;
<![CDATA[Monika Faswia Fahmi]]>;
<![CDATA[Abd. Malik Tandifa]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1320
<![CDATA[Indonesia's Ministerial Regulation (Permen ESDM) No. 2/2024 abolished the export-import (net-metering) scheme for rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, effectively imposing a zero-export policy in which surplus generation fed into the grid is no longer compensated. This study evaluates the techno-economic performance of a 70.2 kWp fixed-tilt, bifacial on-grid rooftop PV system designed for the Pelalawan satellite campus (PSDKU) of Politeknik Negeri Padang (PNP) under this new regulatory regime. The system — 120 Trina Solar TSM-NEG19RC-585 bifacial modules and two Huawei SUN2000-30KTL-M3 string inverters — was modeled in PVsyst V7.4.6 using Meteonorm 8.1 weather data and a monthly load profile calibrated to the campus's metered base consumption of 32,105 kWh/year. Results show a specific yield of 1,273 kWh/kWp/year and a Performance Ratio of 76.27%, with temperature loss (−5.82%) dominating the loss cascade while DC and AC ohmic wiring losses remain below 1%, confirming a technically sound electrical design. However, load-matching analysis shows that only 14.9% of array output (14,020 kWh/year) is self-consumed, while 75,342 kWh/year (80.2%) is exported to the grid. Under the legacy net-metering assumption this configuration appears profitable (LCOE 661.72 IDR/kWh, NPV +IDR 282.9 million, 8.5-year payback), but recalculated strictly on self-consumption savings under Permen ESDM No. 2/2024, it yields a 25-year net loss of approximately IDR 952.5 million — proving that the design, while technically excellent, is not economically efficient at the campus's present base load. We argue that this apparent oversizing instead constitutes latent headroom for PNP Pelalawan's anticipated load growth and outline the interim mitigation and monitoring measures needed to justify retaining the larger capacity.]]>
<![CDATA[Community Acceptance of Biogas as Renewable Energy: The Mediating Role of Environmental Awareness ]]>
<![CDATA[Rusman]]>;
<![CDATA[Muh Irwan]]>;
<![CDATA[Ahmad Yani]]>;
<![CDATA[Dwi Irawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1379
<![CDATA[Biogas offers an opportunity to address energy and environmental challenges by converting organic waste into renewable energy, yet its successful implementation depends not only on technological availability but also on community acceptance. Understanding the factors that shape such acceptance is therefore important for supporting the wider adoption of biogas technology. This study examines the relationships among Perceived Environmental Benefits, Environmental Awareness, and Community Acceptance of Biogas, with particular attention to the mediating role of Environmental Awareness. A quantitative explanatory survey design was employed involving 300 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising 19 indicators measured on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS 4. The results show that Perceived Environmental Benefits have a positive and significant relationship with Environmental Awareness (β = 0.334, p < 0.001). Environmental Awareness also has a positive and significant relationship with Community Acceptance of Biogas (β = 0.423, p < 0.001), while Perceived Environmental Benefits have a significant direct relationship with Community Acceptance (β = 0.243, p < 0.001). The mediation analysis further indicates a significant indirect relationship through Environmental Awareness (β = 0.141, p < 0.001), indicating partial mediation. These findings suggest that environmental awareness serves as an important pathway through which perceptions of environmental benefits can strengthen community acceptance, while perceived benefits also retain a direct relationship with acceptance. The study highlights the need to combine environmental education, renewable-energy literacy, and clear communication of biogas benefits to strengthen community participation in biogas development.]]>
<![CDATA[Segmented Load Profile Development for Renewable Energy Integration in an Educational Building ]]>
<![CDATA[Herlina Wahab]]>;
<![CDATA[Sri Agustina]]>;
<![CDATA[Hermawati]]>
<![CDATA[ Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[PT. Global Research Collaboration ]]>
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DOI: 10.66314/joresd.v4i1.1202
<![CDATA[Educational buildings contain loads with different operating schedules; therefore, an aggregated demand curve can obscure the contributions of cooling, lighting, and other equipment. This study developed segmented electricity demand profiles for the Electrical Engineering Building at Universitas Sriwijaya, Inderalaya Campus, Indonesia. The profiles were reconstructed from connected load records, panel data, equipment ratings, and assumed operating schedules because continuous smart meter measurements were unavailable. The demand was decomposed into lighting, air conditioning (AC), other working-hour loads, and total building load. A representative 24-hour profile was repeated to form a synthetic 8,760-hour series for subsequent renewable energy simulations. The daily energy, peak demand, average load, load factor, end-use share, daytime and nighttime load ratios, peak concentration, load duration, internal arithmetic consistency, and AC operation sensitivity were evaluated. The synthetic total demand was 602.8 kWh/day, with a peak load of 83.925 kW and a load factor of 0.299. The peak is retained to three decimals solely to preserve arithmetic consistency with the component ratings and does not imply measurement accuracy. Repeating the representative day for 365 days yielded 220,022 kWh/year, whereas an illustrative calendar with 260 working days and year-round terrace lighting yielded 157,400 kWh/year. AC accounted for 53.91% of the daily energy. The daytime load ratio reached 98.94%, indicating that the assumed demand schedule was concentrated during the potential photovoltaic generation hours. The 24-hour and 8,760-hour series are provided as supplementary files. These profiles are schedule-based planning inputs and should not be interpreted as time-series demand.]]>
