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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology (IJCET)
Published by PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL
ISSN : 29619300     EISSN : 29619300     DOI : 10.55927
Core Subject : Religion,
Religion
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology (IJCET) is a peer-reviewed international journal that covers the fields of scientific research, literature studies, and academic scholarship that study Christian Education and Theology.
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Studi Agama
Articles 11 Documents
 1   2 
Western Epistemology and the Epistemology of Christian Education: A Conceptual and Implicit Study Rependi Sianturi; Rajiun Nababan
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.1

Abstract

This article analyzes the differences and intersections between Western epistemology and epistemology in Christian education. With a qualitative approach to literature studies with conceptual and comparative analysis of the major works of modern philosophy and theological literature and Christian education. The findings suggest that Western epistemology emphasizes rationality, objectivity, and subject-autonomy that reduces knowledge to cognitive activities separate from moral and spiritual, while Christian epistemology places divine revelation, faith, and personal relationship with God as the integral basis of knowledge. This article proposes a synthesis that ratio, experience, and faith are formed coherently with Christ as the basis of truth. As a concrete implication of the formulation of educational goals, the role of educators, and curriculum design that is oriented towards character transformation and spiritual growth of students towards the character of Christ.
Faith Habitus as a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Critical Analysis of Christian Religious Education Rocky Agustry Vernando Simamora
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.2

Abstract

In the context of contemporary social change, Christian Religious Education (CRE) faces serious challenges such as faith formalism, exclusivism, and social inequality, problems that are further compounded by a mono-disciplinary and cognitively transmissive approach to teaching faith. These conditions call for a renewed educational paradigm that holistically integrates theological, social, and pedagogical dimensions. This article aims to critically examine the gap between faith teachings and social praxis in CRE, while proposing the concept of faith habitus as a conceptual contribution. The study employs a qualitative–conceptual approach with an interdisciplinary analytical design, drawing on dialogue between Christian education theology (Thomas Groome), the social theory of habitus (Pierre Bourdieu), and experience-based pedagogy (John Dewey). The analysis shows that interdisciplinary integration enables faith to be understood as a spiritual–social disposition shaped through reflective education and social praxis. The concept of faith habitus is positioned as a theoretical and practical framework that bridges the gap between faith teachings and social reality, offering a transformative strategy to address social inequalities within the Church and Christian schools.
An Inquiry into the Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence and Sexual Perceptions of College Students Ara R. Justol; Mel Lenosh M. Egar; Raunian Dave S. Bagbag; Winston Jan Philip D. Galarosa; Eljoy L. Linggay; Whilmar B. Porras; Evan P. Taja-on
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.3

Abstract

The search for meaning through spirituality often guides how individuals view themselves and the world, shaping values and decisions in daily life. At the same time, sexual perceptions play an important role in personal identity, and their interaction with spirituality reveals both harmony and conflict in student experiences. The inquiry gathered responses from college students through a structured survey, ensuring representation from all academic departments, which summarized student views and identified meaningful connections between spirituality and sexuality. The findings show that college students with stronger reflective and meaning-oriented capacities tend to demonstrate higher awareness of sexual matters, particularly in areas related to identity and health. This connection highlights the role of inner awareness in shaping informed and respectful views on sexuality. These results suggest that fostering reflective awareness among college students may support healthier and more informed understandings of sexuality across diverse contexts.
Catholic Identity in Practice: A Survey on Awareness and Understanding of the Basic Catechism Among College Students Margelyn L. Goaynon; Jomar Troy P. Abregana; Ermito R. Dayaba; Christine Faith G. Marpa; Ivan D. Tata; Shane Dee C. Tinanyag; Benedict L. Angco Jr; Evan P. Taja-on
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.4

Abstract

Many young Catholics actively participate in religious practices, yet their understanding of the deeper meaning of these actions often remains limited. This disconnects between spiritual practice and doctrinal knowledge highlights the importance of strengthening catechetical formation. Strengthening catechetical formation among college students is vital for nurturing deeper spiritual growth, moral integrity, and a stronger sense of belonging within the Church. The research gathered data from college students using a structured questionnaire, with respondents drawn proportionally from different academic departments. The findings reveal that college students show strong awareness of Catholic teachings, especially in daily life and moral actions, but their understanding remains largely basic in areas related to belief, worship, and faith identity. This gap suggests that while faith is recognized and practiced, deeper comprehension of its meaning requires further formation. The results emphasize the importance of strengthening catechetical formation among college students to bridge the gap between awareness and understanding of the basic teachings of the Catechism.
Coram Deo in Christian Religious Education: A Literature Review on Integrating the Christian Worldview into 21st-Century Pedagogical Practice Nella Mariana Panjaitan
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.5

Abstract

The development of education in the twenty-first century presents significant challenges to Christian Religious Education (CRE), particularly when learning processes become increasingly driven by academic performance and pragmatic outcomes, while the formation of faith and character is often overlooked. This article revisits the concept of Coram Deo living before the face of God as a theological framework that can guide pedagogical practice in CRE. This study employs a literature-review method by examining books and scholarly articles, particularly from the past five years, related to the Christian worldview, faith-learning integration, and spiritual formation. The data were analyzed thematically to identify major contributions, gaps, and possibilities for developing a pedagogical model. The findings indicate that Coram Deo does not merely emphasize individual spirituality; rather, it shapes how learners understand themselves, the world, and their vocation. CRE is therefore understood not simply as the transmission of religious knowledge, but as a process of faith formation that engages cognitive, affective, and spiritual dimensions in a holistic manner. This article proposes a Coram Deo Pedagogical Model that integrates the biblical narrative of Creation–Fall–Redemption–Restoration into instructional stages, and highlights collaboration among school, family, and church as a formative ecosystem.
From Tolerance to Transformation: An Intercultural Approach to Christian Education through Theology and Communication Ethics Nella Mariana Panjaitan
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.6

Abstract

In many contexts, religious education practices stop at passive tolerance coexisting without meaningful dialogue thus failing to build just relationships in plural societies. This article aims to develop an approach to Christian Religious Education (CRE) that goes beyond transmissional models toward dialogical and transformative learning. This study employs a literature review with thematic and comparative analysis of theological, educational, and social science literature. Conceptual data were synthesized to formulate a learning framework relevant to pluralistic contexts. The findings show that integrating interculturality, theology that affirms human dignity, and ethical communication strengthens reflective and participatory faith formation. The article proposes the Mutual Transformation Framework, a model that places teachers and students in a process of reciprocal transformation through epistemological awareness, intercultural encounters, inclusive theological foundations, and reflective communication. This framework has the potential to deepen faith understanding, foster social sensitivity, and cultivate commitment to justice and peace. The study offers a conceptual contribution to the development of intercultural CRE and recommends further implementation studies in school and church settings.
Analyzing the Significance of Reformed Epistemology: A Critical Review of Criticism of Evidentialism and its Implications for Evangelical Apologetics Kristiani Yanti Kana; Delf Gustaf Kalalo
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.7

Abstract

Reformed Epistemology (RE) is one of the most significant developments in the philosophy of religion of the 20th and 21st centuries. This article analyzes the significance of Reformed Epistemology, focusing on its critique of evidentialism and its implications for the practice of evangelical apologetics. Through a critical literature review approach, this paper will outline the core arguments of Reformed Epistemology, particularly the thesis of "properly basic belief" in religious faith. The analysis will focus on the perspective of John D. Laing, who examines the triangular relationship between Reformed Epistemology, evidentialism, and apologetics. The article's findings demonstrate that Reformed Epistemology's significance lies in its ability to provide a legitimate epistemic foundation for religious belief without relying on propositional evidence, while simultaneously opening up space for a model of apologetics that is more testimonial and relies on the work of the Holy Spirit, rather than solely rationalistic. However, Reformed Epistemology has also drawn criticism for its potential fideism and its challenges to interfaith dialogue.
Theological Study of the Role of the Holy Spirit as the Antithesis of Liberal Theology Elisabeth Faomasi Gea; Yeremia Putra Danurja; Ekky Oktapian
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.8

Abstract

This study examines liberal theology, which emerged in the early 20th century and is rooted in modern philosophy and rationalism, emphasizing the capacity of human reason as the source of truth. This understanding created a crisis of biblical authority because it rejected fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith and reduced Jesus to a mere moral teacher. As an antithesis, the Holy Spirit in biblical theology is understood as a personal God who guides believers to all truth. Through His work, the Holy Spirit reveals divine truth that transcends the limitations of human reason, affirms the authority of the Bible, and empowers people to live in true faith. The research method used is a literature review with a theological-systematic approach and descriptive-comparative analysis. The results show that only through the help of the Holy Spirit can the church resist the influence of liberal theology, maintain the purity of its teachings, and bear faithful witness to Christ amidst the changing times.
Increasing Active Participation in the Catholic Liturgy through Faith Formation in the Diocese of Atambua Yohana Aek Klau
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.9

Abstract

The active participation of the faithful in the liturgy of the Catholic Church is a manifestation of a full appreciation of the faith, but in pastoral practice there is still a passive and formalistic involvement of the faith. This condition confirms the importance of understanding and appreciation of faith as an internal factor that affects the quality of liturgical participation. This research aims to analyze the role of understanding and appreciation of faith in increasing the active participation of the people in the celebration of the Church's liturgy. The research used a qualitative approach with a descriptive design, which was carried out in one of the parishes of the Catholic Church in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 10 informants consisting of 6 parishioners, 2 liturgical officers, and 2 pastoral administrators, and were complemented by direct observation during the liturgical celebration and documentation study. Informants are selected deliberately based on active involvement in the liturgical life of the parish. Data analysis is carried out thematically through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions drawn. The results of the study show that the active participation of the faithful in the liturgy is greatly influenced by the level of understanding of faith, the experience of spiritual appreciation, and the continuous development of faith.
From Proclamation to Dialogue: Reconstructing the Cross-Cultural Mission of Christianity in Christian Religious Education Rependi Sianturi
Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/ijcet.v5i1.10

Abstract

This study explores how to rebuild cross-cultural Christian missions in Indonesia from a monologic proclamation paradigm to a dialogic approach. This study uses a qualitative approach with a review of the latest theological, pedagogical, and social literature. It starts from the reality of religious and cultural pluralism and the sensitivity of the issue of mission in public spaces. The analysis shows that the one-way proclamation paradigm also keeps stereotypes alive, makes people resistant to Christianity, and makes it harder for students to have conversations. This article suggests a framework for Christian Religious Education (CRE) principles that is based on God's mission, incarnational, dialogical, and focused on restoring social relationships. It does this by combining the ideas of missio Dei, interkultural mission, dialogical communication, and social reconciliation.

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