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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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Extraction and Characterization of Coffee Oil From Instant-Coffee Waste
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.18619

Abstract

The higher demands of fossil energy usage are currently imbalance to its reserves. This issue will give a potency of fossil fuel scarcity that contributes on rising of its cost and disturbing economic stabilization in the future. It is desirable to find another resource which is sustainable and renewable to reduce the dependency on this resource. This study aimed to utilize the oil from instant coffee waste as biodiesel feedstocks. The coffee oil was extracted from instant-coffee waste by Soxhlet extractor and characterized its physical and chemical properties. The solvent extraction through the solid bed of coffee ground performed by five cycles interval using n-hexane as a solvent. Separation processing oil from its hydrocarbon solvent was in a rotary vacuum evaporator and the oil extract collected for further purposes. There was about 17.6% (on a dry weight basis) of coffee oil gained on 20 cycles of extraction. Analysis regarding its physicochemical properties reported that the crude oil has 0.89 g/mL of density, 43.82 mm2/s of kinematic viscosity, 44.47 mg KOH/g of acid value, and 176.40 mg KOH/g of saponification value. The fatty acids composition of the oil provided by GC-MS analyzer showed that unsaturated fatty acids contained, observed as trans-fatty acids rather than cis-fatty acids.
BIODIESEL DARI CAMPURAN LEMAK SAPI (Beef Tallow) DAN MINYAK SAWIT
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 1 (2012): June 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i1.2540

Abstract

Cadangan minyak bumi semakin menipis, sehingga dicari bahan bakar alternatif, salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Minyak nabati terutama minyak sawit merupakan bahan baku edible sedangkan lemak sapi merupakan bahan baku non-edible dengan biaya rendah dan memiliki ketersediaan tinggi pada produksi sapi. Pemanfaatan lemak sapi yang belum maksimal dapat digunakan bersama minyak sawit untuk menghasilkan biodiesel. Lemak sapi dicairkan supaya menjadi minyak sapi. Bahan baku minyak sapi dan minyak sawit dicampur dengan perban-dingan 3:1. Campuran minyak ditransesterifikasi dengan metanol dengan perbandingan molar (1:6) dan katalis NaOH. Proses dilakukan selama 90 menit pada suhu ±65°C. Hasil proses transesterifikasi adalah metil ester dan gliserol. Metil ester pada lapisan atas dipisahkan dari gliserol kemudian dilakukan pencucian. Metil ester atau biodiesel selanjutnya diuji angka asam, viskositas, densitas, dan analisis menggunakan GC-MS. Yield biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari campuran minyak sapi dan minyak sawit adalah 76%, angka asam 0,67124 mg-KOH/g, densitas 857,76 kg/cm³, dan viskositas 3,0074 mm2/s. Kesemua parameter tersebut sesuai dengan standart mutu SNI biodiesel. Kandungan metil ester dari minyak sawit dan lemak sapi adalah metiloleat dan metil palmitat. The availability of the fossil fuel is decreasing; hence the finding of an alternative fuels is very important. One of those alternative fuels is biodiesel. Vegetable oil, especially palm oil is the edible raw material, while the beef tallow is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The beef tallow mixed with palm oil can be used as raw material for producing biodiesel. Firstly, the beef tallow was melted into beef oil. The raw materials of beef tallow and palm oil were mixed with the composition ratio of 3:1. The resulted mixed-oil was transesterificated by adding methanol with molar ratio of 1:6 and NaOH as catalyst. The transesterification process was carried for 90 minutes at ±65°C. Transesterification process produces methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. The produced methyl ester was tested to determine the acid number, viscosity, and density. Analysis of the methyl ester components using GC-MS was also conducted. The experimental results show the yield of produced biodiesel from mixed-oil of beef tallow and palm oil (3:1) was 75.93%. The tested acid number, density, and viscosity were 0.67124 mg-KOH/g, 85.76 kg/cm³, and 3.0074 mm2/s, respectively. Data of the tested methyl ester properties are in accordance with the quality of standard ISO for methyl ester. The content of the produced methyl ester from the mixed-oil of beef tallow and palm oil are metiloleat and methyl palmitate.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND NITRATE COMPOUND ON GROWTH, BIOMASS AND FREE FATTY ACID CONTENT ON MICROALGAE CULTURE OF Spirulina sp. and Skeletonema sp.
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.8513

Abstract

Temperature and availability nutrients played an important role on growth and lipid production of microalgae.  In this study, we examined the effect of increasing suhu and excessed and depleted NO3 on growth rate, biomass and free fatty acid concentration in the Spirulina sp and Skeletonema sp. Two microalgae were culture on Conway and Milne media for 21 days using continuous culture technique.  There were four temperature treatments, such as 28oC, 30oC, 32oC and 34oC and three nutrient treatments, which were control nutrient treatment, without NO3 and  two times NO3 concentrations from control treatments with three replicates for each treatments. Results found that increasing temperature significantly affected on biomass and concentration free fatty acid, meanwhile nutrient treatments affected on growth rate, biomass and concentration of organic Carbon.  In general, increasing temperature was more affected on Spirulina sp in terms of increasing growth rate, biomass and free fatty acid concentration. However, Skeletonema sp was more responsive to  availability of NO3 in the media culture for increasing free fatty acid, and percentage of free fatty acid per dry weight.
PREPARATION OF SPENT BLEACHING EARTH-SUPPORTED CALCIUM FROM LIMESTONE AS CATALYST IN TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTE FRYING OIL
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 1 (2017): June 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i1.9860

Abstract

An investigation was conducted on palm oil refinery waste-spent bleaching earth (POR-SBE), POR-SBE supported by calcium as catalysts for methyl esters production through transesterification process using waste frying oil. The catalysts showed longer lasting activity than the traditional alkali catalysts. The optimum conditions for the process were: Ca-POR-SBE catalyst amount 7 %; methanol to oil molar ratio 12:1; and a reaction duration is 4 h. The process was able to transesterify oil to methyl esters at 96.8 % conversion at 65 °C. The catalysts were easily separated from the reaction mixture and the final product met selected biodiesel fuel properties in accordance with European Standard EN 14214.
Magnetically modified corn cob as a new low-cost biosorbent for removal of Cu (II) and Zn (II) from wastewater
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 2 (2020): December 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i02.27136

Abstract

Wastewater containing heavy metals can potentially harm the human and living organisms and also damage the environment and ecosystem. Wastewater containing total copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) over the normal threshold will result in Wilson's disease and digestive health, respectively. One of the most widely used methods to remove heavy metals from wastewater is adsorption. One type of adsorbent that has gained interest among researchers was biomass-based adsorbent or biosorbent. In this work, magnetic modification was used to increase the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of magnetic modification of corncobs as biosorbent on the adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) heavy metals from an aqueous solution. Magnetic modification with FeCl3.7H2O on corncobs has successfully increased the adsorption capability of Zn(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The optimum modification ratios for the adsorption of Zn(II) and Cu(II) were 1:2 and 2:1. The adsorption of these both heavy metals took place at temperature of 50°C with the adsorbent doses of 1 g and 1.5 g for Cu(II) and Zn(II), respectively. The highest adsorption percentages for the adsorption of Zn(II) and Cu(II) were 89.3% and 89.2%, respectively. Whereas, the maximum adsorption capacities of Cu(II) and Zn(II) were 75.76 mg/g and 63.93 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption mechanism of Zn(II) and Cu(II) has followed the Freundlich isothermal adsorption model.
SINTESIS ADSORBEN BERBASIS LIGNOSELULOSA DARI KAYU RANDU (Ceiba pentandraL.) UNTUK MENJERAP Pb(II) DALAM LIMBAH CAIR ARTIFISIAL
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.3697

Abstract

Pada penelitian ini, limbah kayu randu digunakan sebagai adsorben untuk menjerap ion Pb (II) dalam larutan. Kayu randu yang telah direaksikan dengan NaOH dikarakterisasi dan diuji kemampuan adsorpsinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada serbuk kayu hasil reaksi dengan NaOH terlihat adanya pori dengan bentuk dan ukuran yang lebih seragam dengan luas permukaan spesifik 7,420 m2/g dan diameter pori 0.3 nm. Adsorpsi mencapai kesetimbangan pada 120 menit dengan kemampuan penjerapan sebesar 2,47 mg/g. Adsorpsi mengikuti model isotherm Freundlich dengan nilai tetapan KF sebesar 1,986 dan n sebesar 0,649.In this research, cotton wood waste was used to adsorb Pb(II) ion in the solution. Sodium hydroxide treated cotton wood was characterized its spesific surface area, pore size, morphology and functional group. Furthermore, it was tested its adsorption ability to adsorb ion Pb(II). The result show that the treated cotton wood has uniform pores. Its specific surface area and pore diameter are 7.420 m2/g and 0.3 nm, respectively. The equilibrium was achieved in 120 minutes. Adsorption ability of the adsorben is 2.47 mg/g. In the adsorption, Freundlich isotherm model fit with the experimental data with the value of KF and n are 1.986 and 0.649, respectively.
Synthesis of Triacetin Catalyzed by Activated Natural Zeolite Under Microwave Irradiation
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.14028

Abstract

Esterification of glycerol with acetic acid under microwave irradiation in the presence of activated natural zeolite was investigated. Natural zeolite was collected from Ujung Pancu (Aceh Besar) and chemically activated with hydrochloric acid. The reaction was carried out in a stirred glass flask reactor placed inside microwave oven. Experimental variables include microwave transmission time, molar ratio of glycerol to acetic acid, and catalyst loading. XRD profile of activated zeolite showed an increase of Si/Al ratio to 6.042 and the crystallinity decreased slightly by 12.23%, mainly due to dealumination during chemical treatment. Qualitative analysis by FTIR shows that the reaction product obtained by microwave heating contains ester group (triacetin) at wavelength 1706.669 cm-1, while the quantitative analysis by acidi-alkalimetry titration indicates the highest glycerol conversion of 93.033% at the reaction condition of the molar ratio of 1:9, catalyst loading of 3%, and microwave transmission of 10 minutes. The present work suggests that microwave can be utilized as efficient heating technique in esterification of glycerol to triacetin.
THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROL CARBONATE FROM BIODIESEL BY PRODUCT GLYCEROL AND UREA OVER AMBERLYST 15
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.8904

Abstract

The growing utilization of biodiesel as a renewable fuel has generated a large surplus of glycerol as a major byproduct. The prices of glycerol continue to drop in such an oversaturated market. Therefore, new uses are being developed for glycerol to produce value-added chemicals. Among those chemicals, glycerol carbonate has many application in various fields. Glycerol carbonate is mostly used as a solvent in cosmetic and pharmacheutical industries due to its low toxicity, high boiling point, and low vapor pressure. The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea using Amberlyst15 as a catalyst was being conducted in this study. The reaction was carried out using a batch reactor for 5 hours with the condition of the reaction temperature was around 120oC, mole ratios of reactant of urea:glycerol were 0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, and 1.2:1 , catalyst concentrations were 2%, 2,5%, 3%, and 4%, and mixing speeds were 370 rpm, 525 rpm, and 700 rpm.  It is found that the optimum conversion of glycerol was obtained at 120oC with 5 hours of reaction using an equimolar amount of glycerol and urea with catalyst load of 3%. Mixing speed did not affect glycerol conversion. Amberlyst15 as catalyst was also stable enough to be reused at least for three times.
LAJU PELEPASAN DIAZINON DARI MIKROKAPSUL BERBASIS MELAMIN FORMALDEHID
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 1 (2013): June 2013
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i1.2910

Abstract

The microcapsules containing diazinon as the core material and melamine formaldehyde as the membrane material have been synthesized by in situ polimerization method. The microcapsule membrane on this researches was modified in two types, the first, melamine formaldehyde (MF) and the second types, melamine formaldehyde added with sodium dodecyl sulphate and polyvinyl alcohol (MF-SDSPVA). This research aims to study the effect of pH and temperature on the release rate of diazinon in aqueous medium. The results showed that the pH and temperature has little effect on the release rate of diazinon from microcapsule based on melamine formaldehyde. This is due to the diffusion through the microcapsule membrane is not influenced by the pH and temperature of the solution outside of microcapsule.
Pyrolysis of Coconut Coir and Shell as Alternative Energy Source
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11393

Abstract

Biomass waste can be used as raw material for bio-oil manufacture. One of the biomass is coconut coir and shell waste, commonly used as a substitute for firewood and handicraft materials. Therefore it takes effort to use coconut coir and shell to increase its economic value. One of the waste processing efforts is through pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the heating process of a substance in the absence of oxygen and produces products of solids, liquids and gases. The product of pyrolysis liquid is called bio-oil which can be used as alternative energy source. In this study, coconut coir and shell was pyrolysed as bio-oil. It also studied pyrolysis operating temperature and the amount of yield of bio-oil produced. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor with a pressure of 1 atm and a varying operating temperature of 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C for 60 minutes. The reactor was equipped with a condenser as a cooling column. The mass of raw materials used was 500 grams with a size of 0.63 mm. The results of the research show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced. For coconut coir pyrolysis it was obtained the highest yield of 34.2%, with density of 1.001 g/ml and viscosity of 1.351 cSt. As for coconut shell pyrolysis it was obtained highest yield of 45,2% with density of 1,212 g/ml and viscosity of 1.457 cSt. From the result of analysis using FTIR, the functional group of bio-oil was the most compound of phenol and alkene.

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