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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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PEMBUATAN DAN KAJIAN SIFAT-SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA, MEKANIKAL, DAN FUNGSIONAL EDIBLE FILM DARI KITOSAN UDANG WINDU
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.6364

Abstract

This research aims to develop bioplastic as primary packaging or edible film of chitosan biopolymer derived from tiger prawn shells (Penaeus monodon), and to perform physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. An evaluation of the physicochemical properties of plastic films made from chitosan, by modifying the order of the different treatment processes, namely: a) DPMA (deproteination, demineralization, deacetylation), b) DMKA (demineralization, decoloration, and deacetylation) has conducted. The results of scanning FT-IR of the product shows that chitosan has identical spectrum compare of standard compound. Chitosan product from tiger prawn shells was the used as raw material for the manufacture of bioplastics.  Experiments variable on the manufacture of edible film is a study of the effect of the use of different plasticizers (glycerol and sorbitol) and carboxylmethylcelullose (CMC) additives to the physicochemical, mechanical characteristics, and edible film functional. The results showed that all the edible film produced has a clear coat with a thickness between 0.05 to 0.3 mm. Meanwhile, the film density is highest at the DPMA + chitosan edible film sorbitol + CMC with a value of 1.7300 g/cm3. The use of plasticizer sorbitol provides great tensile strength but not too elastic, compared to the glycerol, while an increase in the average CMC can increase tensile strength and %Elongation. The use of different plasticizers and additives CMC does not significantly affect its functional properties, where the value of WVTR (water vapor transmission rate) is relatively the same on both types of edible films, ranging from 3.2409 to 4.8858 g /hr.m2.
Recovery of Minor Palm Oil Compounds Using Packed Bed Adsorption Column
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23461

Abstract

Carotene and tocopherol are valuable products that exist as minor compounds in palm oil and mostly extracted out during many stages of palm oil processing. Hence, most of it ended up in wastewater or palm oil mill effluent (POME). Fortunately, adsorption is potentially one of the most efficient method as compared to the others. In fact, it is widely studied in laboratory scale, in order to obtain equilibrium data for the steady state system. However, industrial practices are mostly operated in unsteady state in a continuous manner. Consequently, this study is executed to design a recovery process of one of the minor compounds in palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is carotene, using silica gel. It aims to predict the dynamic adsorption of recovery of minor compounds from palm oil mill effluent based on available equilibrium data, investigate the effects of dynamic and physical properties of the system towards the process by analyzing the breakthrough curve and study the feasibility of the scale up process by performing a sensitivity analysis on the system. Then, a base simulation was prepared by using available equilibrium data. Operating and design parameters such as, bed height, inlet flowrate and concentration were manipulated. Consistent with previous packed column studies, increase flow and concentration will reduce the time required for the column to achieve saturation, while increase bed height effects were vice versa. Finally, the last objective to achieve was to study the practicality of the packed bed column and perform a sensitivity on assumptions and predictions such as predicted mass transfer coefficient and isotherm model. It is proven that the selection of isotherm model and prediction in coefficient did not pose a large impact to the breakthrough curve and the average time required for the column of 1.5 m tall and 0.8 in diameter, to reach breakthrough time is 1.7 days. Hence, it can be concluded that adsorption technology using silica gel as its adsorbent can be applied is recovering minor compounds in palm oil mills.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 4-OUTLETS SPRAY AERATOR FOR PROCESSING OF INDIGOFERA LEAVES (Indigofera Tinctoria Linn) BECOMES NATURAL DYE SUBSTANCES
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.8045

Abstract

The commonly known natural dye substance processing for traditional clothes, such as batik and tenun (woven cloth) is fermentation. The fermentation process can specifically be continued with extraction to produce indigo paste. The process can be done mechanically, i.e. by stirring process, and chemically. In order to accelerate the production, manual process of aeration can be substituted with jet-spray aerator. The aerator prototype which has been developed is acrylic aerator tube with diameter of 240 mm and thickness of 5 mm. The tube was made 1 m long to provide with a sufficient space for indigo foam. Its bottom part is completed with spiral air hose having five small holes of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mm diameter uniformly located along the height of solution in the tube. The aerator was designed for the 10 litters of fermentation solution of 1 kilogram indigofera leaves. Based on the mass of indigo paste produced, the optimum working condition of the aerator is achieved on 3.8 m/sec air velocity and supply pressure of 2 bar with duration of 60 minutes. The aeration test indicated operational characteristic was quite good, i.e. Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR) of 3.6 kg/hour, Aeration Efficiency (AE) of 4.8 kg/kWh and factual Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (OTE) of 44%.
Pengambilan Minyak Mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 1 (2014): June 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i1.5764

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji metode yang effektif untuk mengambil kandungan minyak dalam mikroalga yang merupakan bahan baku potensial untuk produksi biodiesel. Proses pengambilan minyak mikroalga dilakukan dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Kelebihan MAE adalah waktu ekstraksi dan kebutuhan pelarut yang relatif rendah dibanding ekstraksi konvensional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen terbesar dihasilkan dari proses ekstraksi dengan microwave pada daya 450 W selama 20 menit dengan besar rendemen 0,547%. Berdasarkan uji GC-MS, minyak mikroalga hasil ekstraksi mengandung asam oleat, yang merupakan asam lemak tidak jenuh rantai panjang.This study examines effective methods to take the oil content in the microalgae which is a potential raw material for biodiesel production. Microalgae oil was extracted by using method of Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The advantages of using MAE is less amount of solvent consumption and needs relatively lower energy compared to conventional extraction. The results showed that the greatest yield of was obtained from extraction using  microwave power of 450 W for 20 minutes with a yield of 0.547%. According to GC-MS analysis, microalgae oil contain oleic acid, which is a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid.
Surface Modification With Gelatin For Polyurethane Vascular Grafts: A Review
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.23170

Abstract

The means for developing synthetic vascular grafts to replace blood vessels is increasing extensively because of the limited supply of autologous vessels. Synthetic polymers as the alternatives still suffer from restenosis and thrombus formation. Natural polymers, on the other hand, are commonly biocompatible and biodegradable, compliment the synthetic ones. Blending, grafting and coating of natural polymers have been proposed to improve surface properties of synthetic polymers. Gelatin is a promising candidate to help improving synthetic vascular grafts surface owing to its ability to promote cell adhesion without promoting platelet aggregation at its surface. In this review, several techniques to incorporate gelatin onto synthetic polymers, mainly polyurethane, for vascular grafts application are summarized, together with the recent updates and potential development in the future.
PEMANFAATAN KULIT BUAH NAGA (Dragon Fruit) SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI MAKANAN PENGGANTI PEWARNA SINTETIS
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2545

Abstract

Kulit buah naga merupakan limbah hasil pertanian yang mengandung zat warna alami antosianin cukup tinggi. Antosianin merupakan zat warna yang berperan memberikan warna merah yang berpotensi menjadi pewarna alami untuk pangan dan dapat dijadikan alternatif pengganti pewarna sintetis yang lebih aman bagi kesehatan. Pengambilan zat warna antosianin dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah aquades. Variabel penelitian antara lain varietas buah naga, konsentrasi asam sitrat dalam pelarut, suhu ekstraksi, dan waktu ekstraksi. Potongan kulit buah naga diekstraksi dengan pelarut aquades dan asam sitrat dengan perbandingan tertentu, pada suhu ekstraksi 25-800C dan waktu ekstraksi 0,5-3 jam. Analisis kadar antosianin dilakukan dengan analisa antosianin metode Glusti dan Wrolstad. Hasil percobaan diperoleh bahwa varietas buah naga daging merah menghasilkan kadar antosianin terbesar 22,59335 ppm. Selain itu kadar antosianin terbesar diperoleh pada variasi pelarut aquades:asam sitrat (5:1) 26,4587 ppm, variasi pada suhu kamar menghasilkan 21,5028 ppm dan waktu pengadukan  3 jam menghasilkan 23,3027 ppm. Pewarna alami ini telah diaplikasikan pada makanan dan diujikan pada tikus putih, hasil uji coba menunjukkan pewarna buah naga dapat dipakai sebagai pewarna alami makanan. Dragon fruit peel is agricultural waste which contains quite high natural pigments of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin is a dye that potentially provides a red natural colorant for food and alternatively used as synthetic dye which is safe for health. In this study, the process of taking anthocyanin was conducted using extraction method. The solvent used was distilled water. The variables observed in the research include dragon fruit varieties, the concentration of citric acid in the solvent, extraction temperature, and extraction time. The dragon fruit peel was extracted using solvents of distilled water and citric acid at a certain ratio, at extraction temperature varies from 25-80oC with the extraction time varies from 0.5 to 3 hours. The analysis of anthocyanin concentration was conducted by using Glusti and Wrolstad method. The experimental result shows the red dragon fruit varieties produced the greatest concentration of anthocyanin (22.59335 ppm). Moreover, the result shows the greatest concentration of anthocyanin obtained from the following variations, i.e. the 5:1 solvent ratio of distilled water : citric acid produces 26.4587ppm,  the extraction at room temperature produced 21.5028 ppm, and the extraction for 3 hours stirring produced 23.3027 ppm. The extracted dragon fruit dye has been applied for food and tested on white mice; the test result shows the dye can be used as a natural food dye.
INNOVATION TO PISANG BARLIN (MUSA ACUMINATA AA) AS THE SUBSTITUTE FLOUR
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11415

Abstract

This research is used to explore local ingredients from Musa Acuminata AA. Musa Acuminata AA foodstuffs are usually used only as a raw fruit, not much processed into another food product. Food innovation that raise local potential is needed to increase local food value. This study is an experimentation research, which is uses laboratory experiments at the Food and Beverage Laboratory of Universitas Ciputra Surabaya. Data was collected from 20 respondents by using organoleptic test. There were 3 times of organoleptic test: 1). organoleptic test with whitewash immersion (code 001); 2). organoleptic test with Citroen water immersion (code 002) and 3). organoleptic test without any immersion process (code 003). Musa Acuminata AA flour tested in Research and Industry Standardization Laboratory to know about the moisture, protein, carbohydrate, fiber and potassium. The result: nutrition content code 001. Aw 0.351(25.7C); moisture 7.27%; protein 4.00%; carbohydrate 66.65%; fiber 2.79%; potassium 819.76 mg/100g. Nutrition content for code 002: Aw 0.347(25.6C); moisture 7.30%; protein 4.00%; carbohydrate 68.58%; fiber 2.00%; potassium 780.24 mg/100g. Nutrition content for code 003 Aw 0.536(25.5C); moisture 10.04%; protein 4.01%; Nutrition content for code 68.60%; fiber 1.61%; and potassium 990.18 mg/100g.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION USING GREEN TEA EXTRACT (CAMELIA SINENSIS) AS BIOREDUCTOR
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 1 (2017): June 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i1.6628

Abstract

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles with micro size is highly required in antibacterial fields. The biorefinery material is highly potential as a bioreductor which is applied in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The bioreductor is made from green tea leaves extraction using aquadest to extract its active substance, the catechin which is derived from polyphenol. The polyphenol can reduce the synthesis of silver nanoparticles naturally. The result of FTIR analysis from green tea leaves extract containing polyphenol shown in the uptake functional groups is -OH group located in 3425 cm-1, C=O group located in 1635 cm-1, C=C group located in 1527, and 1442 cm-1 , and C-O group located in 1234 cm-1. The precursors of AgNO3 was used as the main synthetic material. The synthetic condition was resulted from the reaction between the extraction of green tea extract and AgNO3 as the precursors in the variation of synthetizing time. The heating process during synthesizing is done in 50 ˚C along with stirring to foster the creation of silver nanoparticles. The analysis result of XRD shows that silver nanoparticles has the diffraction peaks in the angle of 2 theta that are 44.08, 64.40, and 77.51. The types of silver nanoparticles is Ag0 nanoparticles with face-centered cubic crystal structure. Based on TEM analysis, the size and particle size distribution can be determined using image J. The distribution shows that the longer synthesizing time, the bigger nanoparticles produced. With synthesizing times at 24 hours, 6 hours, 3 hours, and 2 hours produce average particle size of 26.4 nm; 9.2 nm; 8.4 nm; and 7.4 nm respectively.
MICROWAVE ASSISTED HYDRODISTILLATION UNTUK EKSTRAKSI MINYAK ATSIRI DARI KULIT JERUK BALI SEBAGAI LILIN AROMATERAPI
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3769

Abstract

Ekstraksi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali dilakukan menggunakan metode Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation dengan variasi daya (800, 600, 450, 300, dan 100 W) dan massa bahan (150, 125, 100, 75,dan 50 g). Ektraksi dengan variasi daya dilakukan pada massa 150 g dan didapat daya optimum yaitu 600 W, sedangkan ekstraksi dengan variasi massa bahan dilakukan pada daya 600 W. Minyak atsiri yang diperoleh dianalisis densitas, kelarutan dalam alkohol 95% dan senyawa kimia minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) dan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali yang didapat diaplikasikan untuk lilin aromaterapi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin besar daya yang digunakan maka volum minyak yang dihasilkan semakin besar dan waktu ekstraksinya lebih cepat. Variasi massa bahan menunjukkan semakin besar massa bahan massa bahan yang digunakan maka volum minyak yang dihasilkan semakin besar. Densitas minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali hasil penelitian yaitu 0,810 g/mL, larut pada alkohol 95% dengan perbandingan minyak-alkohol 1:6 dan terdapat tiga komponen senyawa kimia penyusun minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali yaitu limonen (93,99%), β-pinene (3,20%), dan germakren-D (2,82%). Minyak atsiri kulit jeruk bali hasil ekstraksi yang diperoleh dapat diaplikasikan untuk lilin aromaterapi. Kata kunci: Kulit jeruk bali, lilin aromaterapi, microwave assisted hydrodistillation, minyak atsiri. Essential oils extracted from pomelo peel was performed using Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation with variations of microwave oven power (800, 600, 450, 300, and 100 W) and material mass (150, 125, 100, 75, and 50 g). The extraction with power variation was conducted with 150 g of material and the optimum extraction power was obtained at 600 W. Therefore material mass variation was conducted with microwave oven power of 600 W. The essential oils produced were analyzed for its density, solubility in alcohol of 95% v/v, and chemical composition. The chemical composition analysis was conducted with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spektrometry (GC-MS). Afterward the essential oils was treated to produce aromatherapy candle. It is concluded that the greater power obtained the greater oil volume. Additionally the greater material mass resulted in the greater oil volume. The extracted pomelo peel essential oil density is about 0.810 g/mL. Beside that, essential oil solubility in alcohol is about 95% v/v (oil-alcohol ratio of 1:6). There are three oil components in pomelo peel essential oil, i.e. limonene (93.99%), β-pinene (3.20%), and germacrene-D (2.82%). Finally, obtained pomelo peel essential oil can be utilized as raw material to produce aromatherapy candle. Keywords: Aromatherapy candle, essential oils, microwave assisted hydrodistillation, pomelo peel.
Phosphate Release from Slow Release fertilizer using a mixture of Chitosan and Potato Flour as a coating
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.15289

Abstract

Indonesia has a high fertilizer demand because its use is easily dissolved during watering, so the fertilization process is inefficient. On the other hand, crab shells accumulate every year because the waste is almost 50% of the initial weight. One way to overcome this problem is to make a modified fertilizer into a slow release fertilizer by adding a bio-gel layer from chitosan and potato flour. The hydrophobic properties of chitosan and potato powder were chosen in addition to the amylopectin content of potato flour more than other types of starch. Then chitosan was dissolved using acetic acid, while potato starch was dissolved by distilled water by heating 76oC. Both mixtures are added to the fertilizer then stirred until the compost is coated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the products. Addition of thickness to the outer layer of manure reached 35.56 µm. The O-H function group is found in the spectrum of potassium and phosphorus which shows that there is a hydrogen bond in chitosan and potato flour. The most substantial swelling is obtained at the K (chitosan): P (potato flour) ratio of 3:7. The wet retention test showed that the addition of chitosan and potato flour was able to withstand soil retention. In the release test for Phosphorus shows good results at a value of 0.923 mg/L.

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