Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
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426 Documents
<![CDATA[GLYPTAL SYNTHESIS FROM GLYCEROL AND PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE USING ACTIVATED ZEOLITE AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST AND ITS COMPARISON TO HOMOGENEOUS p-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID CATALYST ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.12065
<![CDATA[The abundance of glycerol as the side product of biodiesel has motivated researches on glycerol utilization as a feedstock for more valuable products. This research presents the possibility of producing polyester (glyptal), which is a widely used coating material, from glycerol by esterification using phthalic anhydride. Esterification reaction of phthalic anhydride and glycerol to produce glyptal can be catalyzed by Lewis acid provided by either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. This study compared the performance of activated zeolite as heterogeneous catalyst in the esterification of glycerol and phthalic anhydride with the performance of p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) as homogeneous catalyst. The reactions were carried out in laboratory scale batch reactor. The kinetics was modeled using Step Growth Polymerization Model. The rate constant obtained from experimental data fitting on the model was correlated with temperature by Arrhenius equation. Both activated zeolite and PTSA exhibited Arrhenius behavior. Based on the comparison of the Arrhenius constants of the reaction catalyzed by each of the two different catalysts, PTSA performed better in term of lower activation energy. Nevertheless, this result did not suggest that activated zeolite was failed. The activated zeolite was successful to make the reaction happen. To reach the same performance as the homogeneous PTSA, the activated zeolite needs to be improved with respect to its cation exchange capacity and also the operational consideration such as the amount of zeolite added per volume of reaction and the intensity of mixing to minimize the diffusion resistance surrounding the zeolite particles.]]>
<![CDATA[EKSTRAKSI PEKTIN KULIT BUAH NAGA (Dragon fruit) DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI EDIBLE FILM ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 1 (2014): June 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i1.3097
<![CDATA[Ekstraksi pektin kulit buah naga dilakukan menggunakan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) dengan variasi berat bahan (10, 15, and 20 gram) dan waktu ekstraksi (15, 20, and 25 minute). Ekstraksi dengan variasi berat bahan dilakukan pada waktu ekstraksi 25 menit dan daya 600 W, sedangkan ekstraksi dengan variasi waktu dilakukan pada berat bahan 10 gram dan daya 600 W. Pektin yang diperoleh dianalisis kadar pektinnya menggunakan uji Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan diproses menjadi edible film. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield pektin kulit buah naga dengan metode MAE lebih besar dibandingkan metode konvensional. Variasi berat bahan mempengaruhi yield pektin yang dihasilkan, semakin sedikit bahan yang digunakan dalam ekstraksi, semakin besar yield pektin kulit buah naga yang dihasilkan. Yield pektin terbesar (72 %) dihasilkan pada variasi berat 10 gram. Variasi waktu ekstraksi juga memberikan pengaruh terhadap yield pektin, semakin lama waktu ekstraksi semakin besar yield pektin kulit buah naga yang dihasilkan. Yield pektin terbesar dihasilkan pada waktu ekstraksi 25 menit. Pektin hasil ekstraksi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan edible film. Extraction of pectinfrom dragon fruit peel is conducted using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with the variation of the weight of the raw materials are 10, 15, and 20 gram and the time of the extraction are 15, 20 and 25 minutes. Extraction with the variation of the weight of raw material is conducted in 25 minutes using power of 600 W, whereas the extraction with the variation of time is conducted with 10 gram of raw material using power of 600 W. The obtained pectin was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and processed into edible film. The result of the research shows that MAE method provides more yield of dragon fruit peel rather than the conventional method. The variation of the weight affecting the amount of the obtained pectin, the less material used in the extraction the more yield of the pectin obtained. The highest amount of pectin obtained when the weight of the material is 10 grams. The variation of time also affecting the obtained result, the longer the extraction time, the yield of the dragon fruit pectin is higher. The highest amount of pectin obtained when the extraction time is 25 minutes. The obtained pectin can be used as material of edible film.]]>
<![CDATA[ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES BRAKE CANVAS WITH BASIC INGREDIENTS OF THE DURIAN FRUIT SKIN AND TEAK LEAVES ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.15019
<![CDATA[The growth of the manufacturing industry in Indonesia affects on the demand of automotive parts. This study aims see the mechanical properties of organic brake canvas made from durian fruit skin and teak leaves. Composite making was done by smoothing durian fruit and teak leaves to become powder. The resulting powder was filtered with mesh 60 so that the particle size is the same so as to facilitate mixing. After that, simple mixing with other ingredients such as magnesium oxide and polyester resin is carried out. The printing process was carried out with a hydraulic press with a load of 4 tons for 3 hours. The brake canvas produced were tested for hardness, wear resistance, and absorbency by varying the percentage composition of the powder of durian fruit fiber and teak leaves. There are five variations in the percentage of composite material composition tested. The results obtained the percentage of the most optimum composition that has a value of hardness, wear wear resistance, and absorption capacity close to the value of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 09-0143).]]>
<![CDATA[KINERJA ENZIM GANDA PADA PRETREATMENT MIKROALGA UNTUK PRODUKSI BIOETANOL ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.7564
<![CDATA[The use of biomass of microalgae as a feedstock to produce bioethanol is very promising, it is caused by a large amount of carbohydrates contained in microalgae physiology cell. The main obstacle of enzymatic hydrolysis in order to produce bioethanol is the bound starch granules in a rigid cell wall. Therefore, pre-treatment steps needed to remove and convert complex carbohydrates into simple sugars before the fermentation process. Tetraselmis Chuii microalgae species are green microalgae (Chlorophyta) in which the cell wall containing cellulose and hemicellulose as the main constituent, therefore, this study observe the effect of the use of cellulase enzymes and xylanase as a strategy to open up the cell walls of microalgae. Another investigated parameter is the enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and methods of use of enzymes. The results showed that the highest yield of glucose obtained was 31.912% (w / w) and is achieved under the conditions of a temperature of 45oC, pH of 4.5, the amount of biomass of microalgae as 5 g/L, the concentration of cellulase enzymes and xilanase 30% (w / w) at 40 minute at mechanism using cellulase and xylanase enzymes simultaneously.]]>
<![CDATA[Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell to Chemicals by Using Bayah Natural Zeolites ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.22250
<![CDATA[Palm kernel shell (PKS) is one of the biomass with high potential that can be converted into chemicals. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) was converted by pyrolysis method to produce condensed liquid products, gas, and solid. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of catalyst activation time on yields and characteristics of PKS waste pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis process was carried out at a temperature of 500oC. Based on the results obtained with the addition of catalysts at 7 hr of activation can reduce the yield of solid products by 1.5% wt and 9.01% wt of liquid and increase the yield of gas products by 10.51% wt. On the characteristics of solid product there is a decrease in volatile matter by 55.04% wt and an increase fixed carbon by 40.27% wt. The gas characteristics, the H2 and CO gas decreases by 5.43% v/v and 1.36% v/v and the increase in CH4 and CO2 gas by 1.07% v/v and 5.72% v/v. Characteristics of the liquid obtained an increase in the amount of acetic acid by 11.75% v/v and decrease phenol compounds by 13.08% v/v. The result liquid product can be applied as a chemical.]]>
<![CDATA[PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ASAM SITRAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FILM PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE DARI PATI KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa acuminata balbisiana Colla) ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 1 (2016): June 2016 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i1.5965
<![CDATA[Banana peels can be used as raw material for biodegradable plastic film because the banana peels was consists of starch. Starch was derived from banana peels would be rapidly changing color or browning. Browning was prevented by the addition of citric acid during the process of starch extraction from banana peels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of citric acid on mechanical properties and capabilities degradation of starch biodegradable film made from this starch (film plastik pati kulit pisang – FPKP). FPKP was made with banana peel starch (pati kulit pisang – PKP) as raw materials, with the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer, and both CaCO3 and CMC as filler, whereas the PKP was obtained by simple extraction methods with or without the addition of citric acid. Glycerol concentration was varied from 20% w/w to 60% w/w, while CaCO3 and CMC were added in a fixed amount. The results was showed that the addition of citric acid affects the color of a PKP produced. The addition of citric acid can enhance the tensile strength of FPKP, up to 4,202 MPa for FPKP with CaCO3 filler and 4.032 MPa for FPKP with CMC filler. For biodegrability of FPKP, the affect of citric acid apply vice versa.]]>
<![CDATA[Application of Natural Zeolite in Methylene Blue Wastewater Treatment Process by Adsorption Method ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.22480
<![CDATA[Textile industry waste contains dyes that are difficult to decompose naturally and cause disruption of ecosystems in water. The colorant that is often used in the textile industry is methylene blue which is a cationic heterocyclic aromatic compound. This compound is so stable that it is difficult to decompose naturally and is harmful to the environment in large concentrations. Therefore, we need a waste treatment technology that can reduce the concentration of dye waste in water. So far, the adsorption method remains the most efficient and effective technique in removing dyes because of its relatively large adsorption capacity. One method that can be used is the adsorption method using natural zeolite. Zeolite is one of the non-metal mineral commodities or multipurpose industrial minerals, one of which is as an adsorbent or adsorbent media. This study aims to determine the potential of natural zeolite in absorbing methylene blue with variations in the concentration of methylene blue and various sizes of natural zeolite mesh. The procedures in this experiment include, the preparation of natural zeolite with size variations of 20-60 mesh, 60-100 mesh and 100 mesh and variations in the concentration of methylene blue used 15 ppm, 30 ppm and 45 ppm with contact time from 0 to 180 minutes. From the results of the study it was found that the smaller the size of natural zeolite used, the greater the percentage of dye removal that is at mesh size 100 mesh the percentage of dye removal was 32.11%. As for the variation of the concentration of methylene blue, the smaller the concentration, the natural zeolite can work optimally ie at a concentration of 15 ppm at 180 minutes the remaining methylene blue concentration of 0.145 ppm.]]>
<![CDATA[PEMBUATAN ASAM OKSALAT DARI SEKAM PADI DENGAN HIDROLISIS BERKATALISATOR NaOH DAN Ca(OH)2 ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 2 (2013): December 2013 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i2.2794
<![CDATA[Rice husk is a major by-product of the rice milling industries. Rice husk is one of the most common lignocellulosic materials those can be converted to oxalic acid by alkaline hydrolysis. This research investigated the effect of the alkaline catalysts at specified temperature and reaction time on the efficiency of process and yield of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid was produced by four processes; alkaline hydrolysis, precipitation, acidification, and crystalization. Washed and dryed rice husk was crushed to obtain 0.25 mm diameterl particles. The main process was performed by dissolving and hydrolyzing 125 grams of rice husk in 500 mL of 3.5 N NaOH and Ca(OH)2. Rice husk, which hydrolyzed by NaOH, was precipated with CaCl2 before acidification, whereas rice husk, which hydrolyzed by Ca(OH)2 directly acidified by sulphuric acid without precipitation process. Furthermore, water in acidified solution was evaporated to obtain crystal of oxalic acid. The result showed the alkaline catalyst Ca(OH)2 was more eficient than NaOH for hydrolysis. It omitted precipitation process. The highest yield of oxalic acid which produced by Ca(OH)2 catalyzed hydrolysis was 2.232% at 60oC for 60 minutes.]]>
<![CDATA[SYHNTHESIS OF CHITOSAN MODIFIED POLYURETHANE FOAM FOR ADSOPRTION OF MERCURY (II) IONS ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.13614
<![CDATA[Mercury from the traditional gold mining activities in Aceh Jaya Regency causes water source and thus residents are exposed to mercury metals. In organic and inorganic conditions, mercury is toxic to the human body, causes damage to the nerve system, kidney failure, heart failure, blood pressure disorders, and damage to the immune system. The problem of mercury contamination can be chemically solved in various ways. This research uses polyurethane foam to adsorb mercury from water. The adsorption and selectivity of polyurethane foam adsorption can be improved through modification with Chitosan. In this research, preheating temperature, glycerol and toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) compositions greatly affect the physical form of foam. The condition under which optimal glycerol composition used for synthesizing the polyurethane foams is 20% (w/w of mixture A). This glycerol composition results in polyurethane foams with an optimum ratio of the mixture A/TDI/distilled water of 2 : 1 : 1. The best adsorption is obtained with polyurethane foam added by 2.5% Chitosan. The optimum mercury adsorption 25% is resulted from the operating time of 60 minutes with adsorption capacity of 0.313 mg/g. For Chitosan modified polyurethane foam, research points out that the reaction is the second order reaction. The result concluded that the polymer has semi crystalline crystallization and melting temperatures.]]>
<![CDATA[EXTRACT OF COCOR BEBEK (KALANCHOE PINNATA) AS A CORROSION INHIBITOR ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.7949
<![CDATA[In this study, Cocor Bebek leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) extract is studied for metal corrosion inhibitor. 10.3 kg of K. Pinnata leaves produce concentrated extract of methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate as much as 65.7442, 36.1452, and 15.2711 g respectively. The concentrated extracts were then used to determine the rate of corrosion. Corrosion rate test showed that extract of ethyl acetate can reduce corrosion rate of carbon steel in NaCl 3.5% from 2.954 mpy to 0.963 and 0.923 mpy using 500 ppm and 1000 ppm of extract consecutively. Corrosion rate of Cocor Bebek extract at addition of 500 ppm ethyl acetate in the solution of NaCl 3.5% is decreasing immediately. It was found that the carbon steel corrosion rate decrease as much 4.857 for 6 hours and continuously shows sharp decline until 24 hours of corrosion time. Corrosion rate is slowly decreasing till reach 1.694 mpy at corrosion time of 168 hours.]]>
