Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Articles
426 Documents
<![CDATA[ADSORPTION OF METHYL VIOLET DYE BY THERMALLY MODIFIED CEIBA PENTANDRA SAWDUST ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.12126
<![CDATA[The disposal of synthetic dyes into the environment is an important source of water pollution. Methyl violet, a typical cationic dye has been widely applied in industries, including textile industries.The dye causes the bad effect to the aquatic life because these compounds are quite stable and have low biodegradability. It presents an aesthetic problem and reduces photosynthetic activity. In this study, modified ceiba pentandra sawdust has been investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet dye from aqueous solutions. The modification has been carried out using heating treatment at 110oC and 200oC for one hour. The FTIR spectra of raw and modified Ceiba pentandra sawdust were recorded using an FTIR technique (Perkin Elmer, USA) by the KBr pellet method. The spectrum was scanned in the range of 400 to 4000 cm-1 wavenumbers. The photomicrography of the exterior surface of raw and modified ceiba pentandra sawdust was obtained by SEM (JEOL, Japan). Batch studies were performed to address various experimental parameters including pH, contact time, and initial concentration for the removal of this dye. The results show that heating treatment increases the amount of methyl violet adsorbed. Effective pH for methyl violet adsorption was 7. A greater percentage of dye was removed with a decrease in the initial concentration of dye. Quasi-equilibrium reached in 30 min. Equilibrium isotherms were analysed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. Freundlich equation is found to best represent the equilibrium data for methyl violet-modified kapok sawdust system. ]]>
<![CDATA[PEMBUATAN BIOADITIF TRIACETIN DENGAN KATALIS PADAT SILICA ALUMINA ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.8306
<![CDATA[Triasetin is a bioaditif to increase the octane number of the gasoline. Triasetin was generated from the reaction between giserol and acetic acid. Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production. Triasetin production can reduce glycerol which is actually a waste by converting it into bioaditif having higher value. The reaction can be accelerated by addition of catalysts either solid or liquid catalyst. The reaction in this study used a solid catalyst types Silica Alumina. The reaction takes place in the three-neck flask reactor which is equipped with heating unit, mixers, and tools to take samples at regular intervals. Variables used in this research is the variety of reaction time and the reaction temperature (70, 80, 90, 100, and 1100C). The concentration of triasetin obtained will be known through the analysis of Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of the analysis of GC or GC-MS treated or counted so getting glycerol conversion and selectivity of triasetin. The highest glycerol conversion 8,45% occurs at a temperature of 700C the reaction time of 90 minutes with triasetin selectivity 100%.]]>
<![CDATA[Refuse Derived Fuel Production through Biodrying Process (Case study: Solid Waste from Canteens) ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.24609
<![CDATA[Due to its calorific value, wastes could be treated into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) through several processes. In order to get higher calorific value, moisture content in the wastes could be removed by utilizing the heat generated from decomposition of organic fraction by microorganism (biodrying process). The study aims to treat solid wastes generated from canteens in Ganesha Campus of Institut Teknologi Bandung into RDF through biodrying process. Through standard sampling procedure, total waste generated from 59 canteens was 228 kg/day and organic fraction became the dominant (74%). There were 3 biodrying piles prepared, namely aeration, windrow, and control pile. Temperature in all piles increased in first and second weeks, then it gradually decreased and the average temperature were between 23-48 oC. The heat generated during the process could be remove water content and the optimum time 17-22 days could reach 20-30% of moisture content. The highest calorific value could be obtained from aerated pile (14.98 MJ/kg). By considering several parameters, the best RDF were produced from aerated pile. The parameters which still did not comply with the international standard of RDF were ash content, fixed carbon, and organic carbon. The quality of RDF was affected significantly by the composition of the feed. Though it could not meet with all parameters as an international standard of RDF, the product could be used as co-fuel to substitute coal or other fossil fuels for industrial activities. By knowing that the wastes could be converted into valuable product, the local municipality may shift the conventional paradigm of the waste management which is only collect-haul-dispose into a new paradigm by prioritizing waste recycle.]]>
<![CDATA[PENINGKATAN KADAR GERANIOL DALAM MINYAK SEREH WANGI DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI BIO ADDITIVE GASOLINE ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 1 (2014): June 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i1.3098
<![CDATA[Sereh wangi merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang banyak mengandung geraniol. Geraniol merupakan senyawa penyedia oksigen sehingga minyak sereh wangi dimungkinkan dapat digunakan sebagai bio additive gasoline. Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kadar geraniol dalam minyak sereh wangi dan menggunakannya sebagai bio additive gasoline.Penelitian dilakukan dalam tiga tahap, yaitu pemungutan minyak sereh wangi dari daun sereh wangi, peningkatan kadar geraniol dalam minyak sereh wangi dan aplikasi minyak sereh wangi yang mengandung geraniol tinggi sebagai bio aditive gasoline.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemungutan minyak sereh wangi yang dilakukan dengan metode distilasi uap menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 0,76% dengan kadar geraniol 5,36%.Kadar geraniol dapat ditingkatkan menjadi 21,78% melalui proses distilasi vakum pada suhu 120oC. Pengujian minyak sereh wangi dengan kadar geraniol tinggi sebagai bio additive gasoline meliputi uji performa dan efisiensi konsumsi bahan bakar dengan variasi perbandingan volume gasoline dengan bio additive. Hasilnya, penambahan minyak sereh wangi dengan perbandingan volume gasoline ; minyak sereh wangi = 1000:2 mampu meningkatkan power mesin dari 7,8HP menjadi 8,6HP. Sementara, pada pengujian efisiensi bahan bakar, penambahan minyak sereh wangi dengan perbandingan volume gasoline : minyak sereh wangi = 1000:2 dapat meningkatkan efisiensi mesin sebesar 10,8%. Citronella contains geraniol which is an oxygen provider substances, so it may be used as bio additive. The purpose of this research is to increase geraniol content in citronella oil and use it as a gasoline bio additive. This research is conducted in three steps including take the citronella oil from citronella leaf, increase geraniol content in citronella oil and use citronella oil as a gasoline bio additive. The result show that citronella oil produced from citronella leaf using vapor distillation method contains geraniol by 5.36%. The content can be increase using vacuum distillation up to 21.78 % at temperature of 120oC. The citronella oil test as a gasoline bio additive including performance test and fuel efficiency test with gasoline-bio additive ratio as variable. The addition of citronella oil to gasoline with the volume ratio of gasoline : citronella oil = 1000:2 increases machine power from 7.8 HP to 8.6 HP and fuel efficiency up to 10.8 %.]]>
<![CDATA[Biodiesel Synthesis From Waste Cooking Oil Using CaO.SrO Catalyst By Transesterification Reaction In Batch Reactor ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.14925
<![CDATA[CaO is a very good catalyst for oil transesterification reactions into biodiesel, but requires a reaction time of 2 hours to obtain equilibrium. The time of CaO catalysis reaction can be accelerated by modifying the CaO catalyst with SrO. Synthesis biodiesel of waste cooking oil has been successfully conducted by transesterification reaction that used batch reactor assisted by CaO.SrO catalyst. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics and catalytic activity of catalyst in the transesterification reaction. Catalysts have been successfully synthesized by coprecipitation method with oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:1, and its calcined at 800oC for 3 hours. Catalyst was characterized by XRD to determine the crystallinity. The smaller catalyst crystallinity obtained as the decline in intensity and shifts diffraction angles of CaO modified SrO catalyst. Surface area of catalyst characterized by SAA, that allow surface area between CaO modified SrO by 10.217 m2/g. Transesterification reaction performed on variation time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes), and the catalysts amount (1, 2, 4, 6, 8% w/v). The optimum condition of catalytic activity in reaction for 2 hours and the catalyst amount is 1% w/v of reactants that produce yield of biodiesel is 96.4%.]]>
<![CDATA[THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL AND ALKALI HYDROTHERMAL PRETREATMENT IN IMPROVING ENZYME SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9910
<![CDATA[Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) obtained after juice extraction is a potential feedstock for fermentable sugars production that can be further fermented to different kinds of products, such as ethanol or lactic acid. The proper particle size resulted from phsyical pretreatment and different pretreatment processes including water, alkali, hydrothermal, and alkali hydrothermal for improving enzyme susceptibility of SSB have been investigated. After grinding to particle sizes of 250 μm, 250-420 μm, and, 420 μm the sweet sorghum bagasse was washed to eliminate residual soluble sugars present in the bagasse. Dosages of cellulase enzyme used in saccharification were 60 and 100 FPU/g substrate, respectively. The results showed that SSB with particle sizes of 250-420 μm had the highest cellulose (38.33%) and hemicellulose content (31.80%). Although the yield of reducing sugar of 250-420 μm size particles was lower than that of smaller particle (250 μm), the former was more economical in the energy consumption for milling process. The yields of reducing sugar obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali hydrothermal pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse were 1.5 and 0.5 times higher than that from untreated sweet sorghum bagasse at enzyme loading of 100 and 60 FPU/g substrate, respectively. Furthermore, alkali hydrothermal pretreatment was able to remove as much as 85% of lignin. Morphological analysis using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) showed that samples treated with alkali hydrothermal have more pores and distorted bundles than that of untreated sweet sorghum bagasse. Meanwhile, XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis showed that pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity and smaller crystallite size than untreated sweet sorghum bagasse, which might be due to removal of amorphous lignin components.]]>
<![CDATA[TEORI DASAR SIMULASI PROSES PEMBAKARAN LIMBAH VINASSE DARI INDUSTRI ALKOHOL BERBASIS CFD ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 2 (2013): December 2013 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i2.2795
<![CDATA[In the midst of restrictions issue on the use of fossil fuels, the world began to move towards the use of renewable fuels. One such fuel is bio-ethanol. Production of bio-ethanol itself leaves vinasse wastetreatment problems with large discharge. There have been many ways to treat vinasse one of which is the burning of concentrated vinasse. Combustion process is a complex process in terms physical and chemical. Complex phenomenon will be difficult to be analyzed simultaneously and comprehensively when using conventional techniques. Simulation of combustion process based on CFD can be one such solution. In the case of vinasse as fuel and air as oxydizer the selected combustion model is a non-premixed combustion models with probability density function.]]>
<![CDATA[HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla) SAWDUST ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.12410
<![CDATA[Hydrothermal treatment is one of the thermochemical methods to convert complex organic compounds, such as organic waste and biomass, into upgraded solid, bio-oil, and other dissolved chemicals by utilizing the properties of water at near critical condition. Such method is very potential since the process is environmentally friendly and the products have more added values. In this research, conversion of mahogany sawdust (Swietenia macrophylla) using hydrothermal treatment method was studied. The experiments were conducted in a batch autoclave with temperature range of 200-300oC and initial pressure of 1 MPa. At targeted temperature, the process was hold for 30 minutes. In addition, biomass-water ratio (B/W ratio) for experiments was varied at 1:20, 2:20 and 3:20. The liquid products, which were characterized by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument, showed the presence of furfural and several organic acids, but no flavonoid compounds. Thus, coloring potential test of hydrothermal liquid was unsuccessful; there were not any color attached on the cloth specimen. On the other hand, proximate and ultimate test results indicated that solid products had high heating value (HHV) of 4625.34-4876.25 cal/g which were comparable to that of sub-bituminous coal.]]>
<![CDATA[EKSTRAKSI PEKTIN DARI KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT HCl SEBAGAI EDIBLE FILM ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 1 (2016): June 2016 [Nationally Accredited] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i1.4177
<![CDATA[Pisang merupakan buah yang sering dikonsumsi oleh manusia, baik secara langsung setelahbuahnya matang ataupun diolah menjadi makanan lain. Kulit pisang biasanya hanya dibuang menjadi limbah, padahal didalam pisang terdapat kandungan pektin sebanyak 22,4%. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi pektin dengan bahan dasar kulit pisang yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis pisang yang banyak mengandung pektin, pengaruh variasi bahan serta jenis pelarut yang menghasilkan pektin maksimum. Percobaan dilakukan memakai pisang kepok yang dikeringkan dan diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut dengan suhu ekstraksi 600 W, variasi berat bahan 10 dan 15 gram dengan waktu ekstraksi 20 menit. Dengan pelarut HCl. Hasil ekstraksi ditambahkan dengan etanol hingga terbentuk endapan, kemudian disaring dan di oven pada suhu 65 0C sampai berat konstan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menggunakan metode MAE kadar yield nya yaitu 16,53% lebih besar daripada menggunakan metode konvensional kadar yield nya yaitu 12,8%.]]>
<![CDATA[Effect Carrageenan to Biodegradable Plastic From Tubers ]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2] ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Negeri Semarang ]]>
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DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.22975
<![CDATA[Plastic waste can cause serious environmental problems. This can be overcome by various efforts; one of them is by replacing the use of conventional plastic with biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastic can be produced from tubers containing starch. The purpose of this study was to explain the suitability of two tuber species with typical protein quality and different starch structures. Starch was obtained from suweg tuber (Amorphophallus campanulatus) and ganyong (Canna edulis Ker). The material invested was obtained by dissolving 4 grams of each starch, each of which was dissolved with distilled water then added with various weight carrageenan. The tensile strength of biodegradable plastic was tested using tensile testing machines, biodegradation of soaked plastics using EM4 (Effective Microorganism) with reduced weight measurements, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) was used to identify the structure of compounds contained in biodegradable plastics. The tensile strength test results of biodegradable plastic from ganyong/canna tubers were 3.35 MPa with elongation of 13.51%, while the plastic from suweg tubers of 2.45 MPa with elongation was 13.68% on the addition of 5% carrageenan, respectively. Plastic degradation testing obtained plastic decomposition up to 100% in 37 days for ganyong and 34 days for suweg, respectively. It showed that the plastics was easily degraded. Identified by FTIR showed chemical structures of OH phenolic alcohols, C = O carbonyls, CO esters, NH amides and amines, and C≡C alkyne.]]>
