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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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FRACTAL KINETICS ANALYSIS OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF SAWDUST USING CELLULASE IN ETHANOL PRODUCTION
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11398

Abstract

Sawdust is one of the abundantly lignocellulosic materials in the world. Sawdust is considered promosing for ethanol production, because it contains mainly lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The drying process was applied to pretreat sawdust to make its degradation process easier. Biodegradation of sawdust was conducted by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase. The volume of cellulase in the hydrolysis substrate was varied from 5 to 9% v/v. The sugar concentration produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of sawdust every 1 h was recorded as well as its fractal kinetics analysis. Fermentation using yeast in 5 days was also performed to convert sugar hydrolysate to ethanol. Optimal sugar concentration in hydrolysate obtained was about 0.15 mol/L with cellulase volume of 9% v/v and its ethanol concentration was about 0.059% v/v. Fractal kinetics models by Kopelman and Valjamae which can quantitatively describe enzymatic hydrolysis of sawdust using cellulase were used. However, the result of this study indicated that, at high enzyme volume (9% v/v), Valjamae model was more suitable than Kopelman. The fractal exponent value (h) was about 0.667 and the rate constants (k) were about 0.44, 0.53, and 0.58 1/h at the enzyme volume of 5, 7, and 9% v/v. Thus, it can be concluded that enzyme volumes significantly effect rate constants.
PEMURNIAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL MENGGUNAKAN ZEOLIT 3A SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU OBAT KULIT
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 5, No 2 (2016): December 2016 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.6467

Abstract

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the feedstock for the production of cocozone oil, a substance that can be used as a medicine for several skin problems. This work is aimed to find the best method for producing VCO with low water content which is the prerequisite to be a suitable feedstock of cocozone oil. Two methods of VCO production i.e. agitation in room temperature (30oC) and cooling at 5oC for 24 hours were compared. The amount of zeolite 3A added to 20 ml of VCO was varied on 10, 20, and 30 gram. It is found that the agitation method with 30 gram zeolite 3A can lower the water content down to 30%.
Effect of Equivalence Ratio on the Rice Husk Gasification Performance Using Updraft Gasifier with Air Suction Mode
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23527

Abstract

Rice husk is the waste from agriculture industries that has high potential to produce heat and electricity through the gasification process. Air suction mode is new development for updraft rice husk gasification, where blower are placed at output of gasifier. The objective of this research is to examine these new configuration at several equivalence ratio. The equivalence ratio was varied at 32% and 49% to study temperature profile on gasifier, producer gas volumetric flow rate, composition of producer gas, producer gas heating value, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion. The time needed to consume rice husk and reach an oxidation temperature of more than 700oC for equivalence ratio of 49% is shorter than 32%. Producer gas rate production per unit weight of rice husk increase from  2.03 Nm3/kg and 2.36 Nm3/kg for equivalence ratio of 32% and 49%, respectively. Composition producer gas for equivalence ratio of 32% is 17.67% CO, 15.39% CO2, 2.87% CH4, 10.62% H2 and 53.45% N2 and 49% is 19.46% CO, 5.94% CO2, 0.90% CH4, 3.46% H2 and 70.24% N2. Producer gas heating value for equivalence ratio 32% and 49% is 4.73 MJ/Nm3 and 3.27 MJ/Nm3, respectively. Cold gas efficiency of the gasifier at equivalence ratio 32% is 69% and at 49% is 55%.
Production of Furfural from Corncobs Agricultural Waste by Acid Hydrolysis at Atmospheric Pressure
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.5765

Abstract

Corncob is the renewable agricultural biomass which has great potency to be developed into useful chemical. It can be used as raw material for producing furfural as it contains high concentration of pentosan up to 32%. Furfural is a useful chemical intermediate which may be further processed into other valuable products, such as furan, furoic acid, and furfuryl alcohol. Furfural is also an important chemical solvent. The aim of this research was to optimize the production process and maximize the yield of furfural. The research was conducted in three steps which included pretreatment of raw material, hydrolysis, and distillation. Corncobs was ground to form powder with a maximum particle size of 150 mesh and then hydrolysed in a stirred reactor using H2SO4 at temperature variation of 80oC, 90oC, and 100oC for 2 hr, 3 hr, and 4 hr at atmospheric pressure. The hydrolysate was filtrated and the filtrate was added by toluene and being kept for 12 hours. The product was separated by distillation at 110oC. The result showed the highest yield of furfural from corncobs was 31% which obtained by acid hydrolysis at 100oC for 4 hours. Analysis using GC-MS identified furfural in the product and several impurities, such as toluene, 1,5-heptadien-3-yne, and benzaldehyde.
Improving the Quality of Bio-Oil Produced from Rice Husk Pyrolysis by Extraction of its Phenolic Compounds
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.22530

Abstract

Rice husk is an agricultural waste which contains 50% cellulose, 25%-30% lignin and 15%-20% silica. It can be used as raw material of bio-oil. Bio-oil is liquid which produced by pyrolysis process. Bio-oil can be produced from the rice husk at 773 and 873 K. The main component of Bio-oil from rice husk pyrolysis at 773 and 873 K is phenolic compounds about 47.98% and 62.65%, respectively. It causes corrosive, low heating value, high acidity, high viscosity and unstable that causing an engine damage. The presence of phenolic compound decreases the quality of bio-oil. Therefore, it needs a process such as liquid-liquid extraction to reduce the phenolic compound using 80% methanol and 80% chloroform as a solvent. The extract and raffinate phase were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The aim of this research determine the effect of temperature pyrolysis for the characterization of bio-oil, the stirring speed and the temperature of the extraction for the distribution coefficient and the yield of phenolic compound. The results showed that the characterization of bio-oil produced from rice husk pyrolysis at 773 and 873 K are densities 1,040 and 1,042 Kg/m3; viscosities 9.3488 and 9.5007 cSt; acid numbers 46.75 and 52.45 mg KOH/g; pH 2.5 and 3; flash points 426 and 423 K and heating values 3.229 and 3.339 MJ/kg, respectively. The highest distribution coefficient and yield were obtained at 323 K and a stirring speed of 250 rpm. The distribution coefficient of bio-oil produced by pyrolysis at 773 and 873 K is 1.504, and 1.528, respectively. The yields of bio-oil produced by pyrolysis at 773 and 873 K are 58.885%, and 48.429%, respectively.  
PENGAMBILAN MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA CENGKEH (Clove Oil) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT n-HEKSANA DAN BENZENA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 2 (2012): December 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i2.2546

Abstract

Minyak cengkeh merupakan salah satu jenis minyak atsiri yang dapat diperoleh dari bunga, tangkai atau gagang bunga dan daun cengkeh. Kandungan minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh mencapai 21,3% dengan kadar eugenol antara 78-95%, dari tangkai atau gagang bunga mencapai 6% dengan kadar eugenol antara 89-95%, dan dari daun cengkeh mencapai 2-3% dengan kadar eugenol antara 80-85%. Kandungan terbesar minyak cengkeh adalah eugenol, yang bermanfaat dalam pembuatan vanilin, eugenil metil eter, eugenil asetat, dll. Ektraksi dengan pelarut adalah salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh. Pelarut yang digunakan dalam proses ekstraksi adalah n-heksana dan benzena. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rendemen yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan pelarut n-heksana dan benzene serta mengetahui komponen-komponen minyak cengkeh yang terambil dengan pelarut n-heksana dan benzena. Tahapan penelitian diawali dengan mengeringkan bunga cengkeh dengan dijemur di bawah sinar matahari selama 1 minggu. Setelah itu, bu-nga cengkeh kering ditumbuk sampai halus. Bunga cengkeh diekstraksi menggunakan soxhlet dengan 100 mL pelarut pada suhu didihnya selama 15 siklus (+ 80 menit). Dari percobaan yang telah dilakukan dihasilkan rendemen ekstrak bunga cengkeh dengan pelarut n-heksana sebesar 17,61% dan kadar eugenol 65,02%. Sedangkan dengan pelarut benzene, rendemen ekstraks bunga cengkeh sebesar 18,90% dan kadar eugenol 8,81%. Oleh karena itu, ekstraksi minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dengan menggunakan pelarut n-heksana relatif lebih baik karena memberikan kadar eugenol lebih besar daripada pelarut benzena. Clove oil is one of the essential oils obtained from the cloves, stalks or clove steam and clove leaf. The clove contains 21.3% of the essential oils with the eugenol content of 78-95%, the clove stalk contains 6% of the essential oils with the eugenol content of 89-95%, and the clove leaf contains 2-3% of the essential oils with the eugenol content of 80-85%. The clove oil is mostly composed of eugenol, which is useful in the production of vanillin, eugenil methyl ether, eugenil acetate, etc. The extraction using solvent is one of the methods used for the extraction of essential oils of clove flower. The solvents used for the extraction process were n-hexane and benzene. This study aimed to determine the yield of the essential oil obtained from the extraction using n-hexane and benzene as well as to know its components. The first step of the process was initiated by drying the cloves in the sun for a week. Then the dried cloves were finely ground. Clove was extracted using a Soxhlet with 100 mL of solvent at its boiling temperature for 15 cycles (+ 80 minutes). The obtained yield of the extraction process using n-hexane was 17.61% with the eugenol content of 65.02%. While the obtained yield from the extraction process using benzene solvent was 18.90% with the eugenol content of 8.81%. Therefore, the clove essential oil extraction using n-hexane solvent is relatively better than using benzene because it produces greater eugenol content.
THE EFFECT OF CONTACT TIME AND OZON DOSE TO POLUTANTS REDUCTION IN HOSPITAL WASTEWATER
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11401

Abstract

In Indonesia, Hospital wastewater treatment generally use biological process followed by chlorination process. Chlorination process has a negative impact on the aquatic environment that is cause death of other microorganisms by the residual chlorine. On the other hand, ozone is more effective than chlorine in killing microorganisms and other pollutants in hospital wastewater. The objective of research is to determine the effect of contact time and dose of ozone to reduction of pollutants (BOD, COD, free Ammonia and Phenol) in hospital wastewater. The experiment was carried out using an ozone reactor containing 'packing', an ozone generator as an ozone gas supplier. The experimental material is a hospital wastewater containing BOD, COD, Phenol and Ammonia free. The experimental variables used were: Contact time (1, 2, and 3 min), Dose of ozone (10, 15, and 20 mg/ L). Experiments were done by flowing hospital waste water at the top of the reactor ozone at certain rate and simultaneously flowed ozone gas from an ozone generator in the bottom of the ozone reactor so that it contacts the fluid in counter-current to the surface of the packing material (packing) in an ozone reactor. By adjusting the flowrate of the wastewater and the height of the packing, it can be determined the amount of contact time and ozone dose. Furthermore, by measuring the amount of pollutant concentration on the influent and effluent of the ozone reactor, it can be obtained the amount of removal in the pollutant concentration of the hospital wastewater.The results showed that contact time and ozone dose influence the decrease of pollutant concentration in hospital wastewater where contact time at 3 minutes and ozone dose 20 mg/L and ozonation time 15 minutes can reduce of pollutants concentration as BOD (97%), COD (98%), Ammonia free (97%), and Phenol (96%).
ADSORPTION OF NICKEL IN NICKEL SULPHATE SOLUTION (NISO4) BY LAPINDO MUD
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 1 (2017): June 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i1.7963

Abstract

This research has been carried out to produce adsorbent from Lapindo mud through various activation process, to adsorb nickel from nickel sulfate solution. Several investigations were performed in this research such as characterization of Lapindo mud before and after activation, effect of physical, chemical and chemico-physical activation to Si/Al ratio and determine the most effective method to produce adsorbent with high adsorption rate. Lapindo mud in this research was prepared through several methods such as without activation, calcination at 500 °C for 3 hours, chemical activation with 6 N HCl under reflux for 6 hours, chemical activation with 6 N NaOH under reflux for 6 hours, chemical activation with 6 N HCl under reflux followed by calcination process and the last treatment is chemical activation with 6 N NaOH under reflux followed by calcination process. The object of this research is the Lapindo mud adsorbent ability to adsorb Ni from NiSO4 solution. While activation methods and nickel concentration in this become independent variable. The reduction of nickel concentration efficiency is determined by the nickel concentration before and after adsorption process. The Si/Al ratio of Lapindo mud before activation process was 3.01 and it increase as the mud is activated. The highest Si/Al ratio was found at activation using HCl which is 7.85. Chemical activation using NaOH was found to be the best method to create the adsorbent with adsorption capacity 98.3%.
PEMBUATAN FILM PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE DARI LIMBAH BIJI DURIAN (Durio zibethinus Murr.)
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 1 (2015): June 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i1.3770

Abstract

Pembuatan film plastik biodegradable dilakukan melalui proses pencampuran menggunakan pelarut aquades dengan komposisi 10 g tepung biji durian, 50 mL larutan kitosan 2% , dan gliserol 25% dari berat pati.Variasi suhu pencampuran yaitu 70oC, 80oC, dan 90oC. Film plastik biodegradable yang dihasilkan dilakukan karakterisasi FTIR, biodegradasi, kuat tarik dan elongasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variasi suhu proses pengadukan mempengaruhi kemampuan kuat tarik dan elongasi. Film plastik biodegradable terbaik dihasilkan pada suhu pengadukan 80oC dengan nilai kuat tarik sebesar 1187,732 N/m2 dan % elongasi sebesar 7,547%. Film plastik biodegradable dari limbah biji durian mampu terdegradasi selama 15 hari, sedangkan variasi suhu proses pengadukan tidak mempengaruhi kemampuan biodegradasi.Gugus fungsi yang terdapat dalam film plastik biodegradable diantaranya C-H, O-H, N-H, C-O, C≡C, C=O, dan C=C. Adanya gugus fungsi amida dan ester dalam analisis FTIR menunjukkan film plastik biodegradable dari limbah biji durian ini dapat terdegradasi dan dapat dikatakan sebagai plastik yang ramah lingkungan.Kata  kunci: film plastik biodegradable, biji durian, degradasi, kuat tarik, elongasi, dan FTIR. The manufacture of the biodegradable plastic film was done through the mixing process using  an aquades solvent with 10 g of durian seed flour, 50 mL of 2% chitosan solution, and 25% of glycerol from the weight of starch. The variation of the mixing temperature are 70oC, 80oC, and 90oC. The biodegradable plastic film was characterized by FTIR, its biodegradation, tensile strength, and elongation. The results were showed that the variations of temperature mixing proses affecting the ability of tensile strength and elongation.The best biodegradable plastic film was produced from the mixing process at 80oC and the value of tensile strength at 1187,732 N/m2 and percentation of elongation at 7,547%. The biodegradable plastic from the waste of durian seed was able to relegated up to 15 days, after while the variation of mixing process temperature was not affect to the ability of the biodegradation. The functional groups that is contained in the bidegradable plastic film are including C-H,O-H, N-H, C-O, C=C, C=O, and C=C. The existence of amida and ester functional groups in the FTIR analysis showed that the bidegradable plastic film from this waste of durian seed can be degraded and can be regarded as an environmentally friendly plastic.Key word : biodegradable plastic film, durian seed, degradation, tensile strength, elongasi, and FTIR.
Potential of Chitosan From Local Crab (Portunus Pelagicus) to Enhance Storability of Musa Paradisiaca L.
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.16423

Abstract

Potential waste of local crab carapace (Portunus pelagicus) as a source of chitosan as an active layer that can protect bananas has been studied. The process in this study consists of three stages. The first stage was the isolation of chitin through deproteinization process using 2.0 N NaOH solution with a ratio of 1:6 w/v and demineralization process using 1.5 N HCl solution with a ratio of 1:12 w/v. The second stage is the deacetylation stage using 50% NaOH solution with a ratio of 1:20 w/v. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy is used to determine the degree of deacetylation. The third stage is the banana coating application using chitin solution to determine the shelf life of bananas with variations in levels of 2, 2.5, 3 and 3,5 % w/v by immersion method for one hour. It was found that carapace crab, a part that was underutilized from crab, gave rise to chitin deacetylation with a deacetylation rate of 62.11%; pH 8.9 and water content of 7.677%. Chitosan-based coatings are applied to fresh bananas and are found to increase fruit firmness, and inhibit browning. The results show that chitosan-coated bananas have a longer storage time. The application of chitin deacetylated (chitosan) as fruit banana coater found that higher coater levels extend the shelf life of bananas with the best coater content is 3% b/v. It results in a shelf life of bananas for up to 12 days, this is longer than bananas without chitosan layer which only has a shelf life of four days. Increased coating rates have a positive effect on the shelf life of bananas. This study shows that waste from carapace crabs can be used to form active layers that can preserve fruit.

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