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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZER (OMF) PADAT DARI LIMBAH INDUSTRI BIOETANOL (VINASSE)
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4189

Abstract

Organo-mineral fertilizer solid was generated from liquid-waste vinasse with the addition of other materials as variations such as filter cake, boiler ash, urea, and NPK through the evaporation of water content in the material. Each solid OMF has a different mixture. OMF A made of evaporated vinasse or sticky vinasse, OMF B made of vinasse and urea, OMF C made from vinasse and filter cake, omf D made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 2, OMF E made of vinasse and boiler ash 2 : 4, OMF F made of vinasse, filter cake, and boiler ash, OMF A3 made of vinasse and 3% NPK, OMF made of A6 vinasse and 6% NPK, OMF A9 made of vinasse and 9% NPK. OMF analysis includes NPK and C/N ratio. Solid OMF which meet the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) are OMF A3, OMF A6, OMF A9 based on the quantity of NPK and C/N ratio where NPK is a source of primer macro nutrients on the plant while the C/N ratio equilibrium will determine the equilibrium of the vegetative and generative stage. NPK content and C/N ratio of OMF A3 are 0,63%, 0,45% ,0,38%, and 10,30, respectively.OMF A6 was 0,59%, 0,52% ,0,41%, and 13,66, respectively as well as OMF A9 are 0,68%, 0,52% ,0,45% and 14,16, respectively. OMF that meet SNI applied to the watermelon plants. OMF that gives the best results in plants is OMF A9 compossed from vinasse and NPK 9% because the plants growth faster shown based on plant height and stem diameter, leaf shape, flower and fruit appearance time. 
Synthesis of ZnO/CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste for Biodiesel Production
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.20185

Abstract

The diminishing of fossil fuel reserve has raised a consideration on the renewable energy development. Biodiesel is among the promising renewable energy which is feasible for large-scale production. Biodiesel is generally synthesized through the alkaline-catalyst transesterification of vegetable oil. The common catalyst for biodiesel is homogeneous base catalysts which are active but show several drawbacks related to the environmental aspects. Therefore, development of heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for biodiesel production is critical. CaO catalyst is considered a favourable heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification reaction and it can be derived from various natural resources. In this work, CaO catalyst from eggshell was synthesized from eggshell waste. To improve the catalyst activity, CaO was combined with ZnO active metal, resulting ZnO/CaO catalyst. In this research, the development, characterization, and application of ZnO/CaO catalyst for waste cooking oil (WCO) transesterification to produce biodiesel has been investigated. Various concentration of ZnO was combined with CaO to determine the best formulation of ZnO/CaO catalyst development. It was demonstrated that the addition of ZnO active metal on CaO catalyst could remarkably improve the biodiesel yield through WCO transesterification reaction. The addition of 6% ZnO active metal on CaO, forming ZnO/CaO 6% catalyst, has exhibited the optimal enhancement of biodiesel yield. Furthermore, it was found that the optimum amount of ZnO/CaO 6% catalyst added in the reaction system was 3% w/w catalyst/WCO.
MINYAK ATSIRI DARI KAMBOJA KUNING, PUTIH, DAN MERAH DARI EKSTRAKSI DENGAN N-HEKSANA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 1 (2012): June 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i1.2541

Abstract

Bunga kamboja merupakan jenis bunga yang banyak ditanam dan dapat tumbuh dengan baik serta merupakan bunga yang beraroma yang mempunyai nilai guna tinggi untuk diproduksi minyak atsirinya, yaitu minyak yang mudah menguap dan mengeluarkan aroma khas. Minyak atsiri ini mengandung lebih dari 30 jenis senyawa kimia, beberapa diantaranya merupakan senyawa-senyawa kimia yang sangat berharga, yang termasuk dalam golongan senyawa sesquiterpen, alkohol, alkana, resin, dan wax/parafin. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi minyak atsiri kamboja dengan 3 variasi jenis bunga, yaitu kamboja merah, kuning, dan putih. Metode ekstraksi yang dipilih menggunakan ekstraksi dengan n-heksana. Minyak kamboja diperoleh dengan menguapkan hasil ekstrak pada titik didih n-heksana sampai tidak didapatkan lagi embunan, dilanjutkan dengan analisis rendemen minyak. Sementara itu, analisis jenis komponen minyak atsiri kamboja menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Kadar minyak atsiri hasil ekstraksi dengan pelarut n-heksana dari masing-ma-sing jenis bunga kamboja berbeda, dari kamboja kuning (4,457%), kamboja putih (2,908%), dan dari kamboja merah (2,763%). Hasil analisis GC-MS juga menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing minyak atsiri kamboja memiliki komponen kimia yang berbeda-beda. Senyawa kimia golongan alkohol diantaranya geraniol (2,64%), farnesol (8,61%), dan oktadekanol (3,87%), masing-masing dalam kamboja kuning, putih, dan merah. Adapun senyawa golongan alkana diantaranya oktadekana sebesar 21,24% (kamboja kuning), nonadekana (7,54% pada kamboja putih), dan 7,84% pada kamboja merah. Frangipani is a type of flower which is widely grown and have a nice scent, this flower  have a high value in order to produce essential oils. This essential oil contains more than 30 different types of chemical compound; some of them are chemical compounds that are very valuable, which is included in the sesquiterpen compounds, alcohols, alcane, wax/resin, and paraffin. In this research, the extraction of the Frangipani oil was conducted using three different flowers, i.e. the red, yellow, and white frangipani. The chosen extraction method was the extraction using n-hexane. The Frangipani oil was obtained by vaporizing the extraction results on the boiling point of n-hexane until there was no condensate left, and then continued with the analysis of the yield  of the oil. The analysis of the component of the frangipani’s essential oils was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectometry (GC-MS). The concentration of the essential oils as the result of the extraction using n-hexane solvent from each different type of frangipani was different, i.e. from the yellow frangipani (4,457%), white frangipani (2,908%), and from the red frangipani (2,736%). The results of the GC-MS analysis also showed that each frangipani oil has its own chemical component. The chemical substance from the group of alcohol such as geraniol (2,64%), farnesol (8,61%), and octadenol (3,87%) each found in the yellow, white and red frangipani. The alcane group found in the oil samples such as octadecane (21,24%) on yellow frangipani, nonadecane (7,54%) on white frangipani, and 7,84% on red frangipani.
THE EXTRACTION OF BROWN ALGAE (Sargassum sp) THROUGH CALCIUM PATH TO PRODUCE SODIUM ALGINATE
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11412

Abstract

Brown algae is a source of sodium alginat raw material. One type of brown algae that is found to grow in Indonesian waters is Sargassum echinocarphum. Brown algae including one type of seaweed that grows in many waters of Indonesia, especially the waters of Eastern Indonesia. Alginat is a pure polysaccharide of uronic acid contained in a brown algae cell wall arranged in the form of long linear chain alginic acids with levels reaching 40% of the total dry weight. The alginat form in general is sodium alginat, a water soluble alginat salt. The purpose of this research is to know the quality of alginat include alginat rendamen, water content, ash content, and viscosity. Conventional extraction methods from brown algae into sodium alginat produces the highest yield percentage of 32.42%, resulting from the extraction for 7 hours at 60 ° C. The lowest average yield percentage resulted in 5 hours extraction process of 2.78%, the average water content of 20.37 - 23.30%, the mean ash content of 22.28 - 34.87%, and the viscosity ranged between  18, 0 - 19.8 Cp.
THE INFLUENCE OF STARTER VOLUME AND AIR FLOWRATE IN HOSPITAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT USING AEROBIC FIXED FILM BIOFILTER BATCH (AF2B) REACTOR
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 1 (2017): June 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i1.7952

Abstract

BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free in the effluent of hospitals wastewater often exceed the quality standards. This was due to less optimal biological processes to degrade the pollutants. So we need an efforts to find optimal process conditions through the engineering process and the factors that affect the biodegradation of pollutants. On the other hand, AF2B reactor containing biofilter with bee nest shaped has a large specific surface area so as to maximize the biodegradation process of pollutants by microorganisms. While bacteria consortium consisting of several types of bacteria have a greater capacity than a single bacterium in the degradation of pollutants. The research aims to determine the effect of starter volume and air flowrate to decrease the concentration of pollutants (BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free) in AF2B reactor batch using a bacterial consortium. The research was conducted in three phase which are the making of growth curve, acclimatization and biodegradation of pollutants in an AF2B reactor batch using a bacterial consortium. The experiment variables are the starter volume (85%, 75%, 65% in volume), and the air flowrate (2.5; 5; and 7.5 liter/min). Materials used are hospital waste water and bacterial consortium. The experiment begins with setting up the AF2B reactor containing biofilter with bee nest shaped and then filled it with a starter from the acclimatization process on a given volume and followed by supplies of air at a certain flowrate. Then hospital waste water and 5% of nutrients were added till reach 10 liters of total volume in reactor. Samples were taken every 30 minutes for up to 360 minutes of biodegradation process. The samples were then analyzed its pollutants concentration (BOD, COD, phenol and ammonia-free). The BOD concentration was analyzed using Winkler bottles method, COD using open reflux method, while phenol and ammonia-free using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results showed that the starter volume and air flowrate affect the decrease of pollutants concentration till reach quality standard, which at starter volume of 85%, air flowrate of 7.5 liter/min and biodegradation time of 360 min can reduce the BOD, COD, phenol, and ammonia-free to 92%, 86%, 88% and 76% respectively.
Characteristics of Environmentally Friendly Food Container Composite Made From Sorghum Bagasse and Citric Acid
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 2 (2020): December 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i02.27345

Abstract

The common food container product was made from plastic such as polypropylene, polystyrene, etc which has slowed to degrade hence affected to the environmental pollution and health disorder. Therefore, environmentally friendly food container composite is developed from sustainable resources such as sorghum bagasse and citric acid. The effects of sorghum species, sorghum particles and citric acid content on the composite properties were investigated. Local species of sorghum was used as raw material such as Super 2 in the manufacturing of food packaging.  The size and moisture content of the particles were passthrough on 40 mesh and 10%, respectively. The content of the particle was variated such as 10, 15, and 20% wt. Furthermore, citric acid was used as a binder with difference content such as 10, 20, and 30% wt.  Those raw materials were mixed with tapioca starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glutaraldehyde. The mixing material was hot pressed at 180 ℃ for 15 minutes. The composite dimension was 12 cm x 10 cm x 3 mm. The physical and mechanical properties of the composite were carried out. Considering the properties of the composite, sorghum bagasse and citric acid are suitable as raw material of food container composite.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SEKAM PADI MENJADI SILIKA GEL
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.3698

Abstract

Sekam padi merupakan salah satu sumber penghasil silika terbesar, berpotensi sebagai bahan pembuatan silika gel. Abu sekam padi mengandung silika sebanyak 87%-97% berat kering. Sintesis silika gel dari abu sekam padi dilakukan dengan mereaksikan abu sekam padi menggunakan larutan NaOH 1N pada suhu 800C selama 1 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan penambahan larutan asam hingga pH=7. Gel yang dihasilkan selanjutnya didiamkan selama 18 jam kemudian dikeringkan pada suhu dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada suhu 800C hingga beratnya konstan. Hasil percobaan diperoleh bahwa silika gel dengan penambahan CH3COOH menghasilkan yield yang lebih besar dibandingkan penambahan HCl. Berdasarkan analisis FT-IR silika gel yang diperoleh memiliki gugus Si-O-Si dan gugus Si-OH. Silika gel dengan penambahan HCl memiliki surface area sebesar 65,558 m2/g, total pore volume 0,1935 cc/g, dan average pore size sebesar 59,0196 Å. Sedangkan silika gel dengan penambahan CH3COOH memiliki surface area sebesar 9,685 m2/g, total pore volume 0,02118 cc/g, dan average pore size sebesar 43,7357Å. Silika gel dengan penambahanCH3COOH memiliki kemampuan menyerap kelembaban udara yang lebih baik dibanding silika gel dengan penambahan HCl. Rice hull ash (RHA) is one of the biggest source of silica, potential for sintesis silica gel. RHA contains silica as many as 87 % -97 %. Synthesis of silica gel from rice hull ash was done by reaction using NaOH solution at temperature 800C for 1 hour and followed by the addition of an acid solution until pH=7. The gel were rested with time aging 18 hour, and then dried using oven at temperature 800C until constant weigh. The results obtained that the silica gel with the addition of CH3COOH produce higher yields than the addition of HCl. Based on FT-IR analysis, silica gel has a group of silanol (Si-`OH) and siloxan (Si-O-Si) group. Silica gel with the addition of HCl has a surface area 65,558 m2/g, a total pore volume 0,1935 cc/g, and average pore size 59,0196 Å. While the silica gel with the addition of CH3COOH has a surface area 9.685 m2/g, a total pore volume 0,02118 cc/g, and average pore size 43,7357 Å. Silica gel with the addition of CH3COOHhas the ability to absorb humidity better than silica gel with the addition of HCl.
"Batik" Industry Wastewater Treatment via Coagulation-Flocculation Process and Adsorption Using Teak Sawdust Based Activated Carbon
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.20144

Abstract

Untreated wastewater of Batik industry can pollute the environment because it contains metal compound, COD, BOD, which are higher than the allowable values. Therefore, a treatment of this wastewater prior discharging to water stream (i.e. river) is very important. This research aims to investigate the use of Teak sawdust as activated carbon, and also the effect of adsorbent concentration, adsorption contact time, as well as coagulation-flocculation-adsorption sequencing process to the level of COD, BOD, and Zn in Batik wastewater. The Batik wastewater used for this research obtained from Batik industry in Rembang, which mostly used naphtol as the coloring agent. The wastewater was initially treated by coagulation-flocculation process, followed by adsorption process. The coagulant-flocculant used in this research was 1 g/L of alum and 3 g/L of lime. Whereas, the adsorbent used was activated carbon made from Teak sawdust with variation of concentrations: 10, 16, 23, and 26 g/L. Whereas, the adsorption contact times were 20, 40, 100, 160, and 220 minutes. The results showed that the coagulation-flocculation process was able to decrease the levels of COD, BOD, and Zn by 73.28%, 73.62%, and 79.21% respectively. Additionally, the adsorption process by activated carbon also further decreased the levels of COD, BOD, and Zn significantly. Based on the results, the optimum concentration of activated that gave the best result was 26 g/L with 220 minutes contact time. Overall, the combination of coagulation-flocculation and adsorption sequencing process was able to decrease the level of COD, BOD, and Zn up to 96.69%, 96.90%, and 91.90% respectively.
THE PERFORMANCE OF EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT MODIFICATION TOWARD SIZE PARTICLE OF TUBER AND YIELD OF INULIN OF DAHLIA FLOWER TUBER
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9451

Abstract

Isolation of inulin from starch generally is done by extraction method. The size of the material to be extracted will affect the extraction process performance. In laboratory scale, the size reduction was done with a knife and the separation of starch from tubers was done by juicer. Temperature fluctuations during the extraction process would affect the yield of inulin, hence juicers and waterbath were found ineffective for larger scale. This research was aimed to design an extractor equipped with agitator blades for size reduction and a temperature controller. Extractor performance was investigated by evaluating agitation time (60-150 minutes), distance between agitator blades on the shaft (5 and 7 cm), number of the agitators, (1, 2, and 3 blades) against the fineness of cut material, starch and inulin content.  The results showed that the highest fineness of the samples was achieved at a distance of agitator blade of 7 cm, with 3 agitator blades and agitating time of 150 minutes. The highest yield of starch was 11.7% at size reduction time of 120 and 150 minutes using 3-blades agitator and the distance of 7 cm. The content of crude inulin obtained were by using the extractor was 2.206% and 2.213% by using the water bath. The difference of inulin content was 0.007% so it suggests that the extractor designed in this study can be used on inulin production in larger scale. The efficiency of the extractor was 85%.
ASPEK PERTIMBANGAN DALAM SIMULASI FERMENTASI FASE GAS BERBASIS CFD
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 2, No 1 (2013): June 2013
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v2i1.2911

Abstract

In the midst of restrictions issue on the use of fossil fuels, the world began to move towards the use of renewable fuels. One such fuel is hydrogen. Hydrogen itself could synthesized from fermentation method. Complex phenomenon will be difficult to be analyzed simultaneously and comprehensively when using conventional techniques. Optimation would be important since yield hydrogen from fermentation method was very small. Cause of few obstacles such as comprehensive phenomenon data not exsted mades this process very difficult to optimize. Simulation of hydrogen fermentation based on CFD would be one of the solution to retrieve phenomenon data comprehensively

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