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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM FERMENTATION OF ARUM MANIS MANGO SEEDS (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) USING Saccharomyces Crevisiaea
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 1 (2017): June 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i1.8139

Abstract

The increase of energy needs coupled with the decline in fossil fuel production, requires other sources of energy to meet those needs. One of the solution is using renewable energy. Bioethanol is one of the alternatives to the fossil fuel. This study was aimed at determining the exact mass of mango seeds in producing high grade bioethanol. Bioethanol was produced by fermentation of arum manis mango fruit seed using baker's yeast, Sacczharomyces cerevisiae.  The arum manis mango seeds were known to contain carbohydrate contents of 19.53%. The study was conducted by using different mass of mango seeds 25, 35 and 45 g resectively. The study showed that the samples of 25, 35 and 45 g produce ethanol with concentration of 4.78, 6.64 and 1.48%. These results indicated that the mass of 35 g mango seeds produced highest ethanol content.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MAGNESIUM STEARAT DAN JENIS PROTEIN PADA PEMBUATAN BIODEGRADABLE FOAM DENGAN METODE BAKING PROCESS
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 4, No 2 (2015): December 2015
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v4i2.4166

Abstract

Biodegradable foam with cassava starch, protein and chitosan as the basic ingredients can be produced by using baking process method. Variation on magnesium stearate amount and protein types gave different effect on the biodegradable foam quality. The amount of magnesium stearate was varied as 1; 1.6; 2.2; 2.8; 3.4 and 4 % w/w and the sources of protein used in this research were taken from soy bean, peanut and egg white. The foam produced in this research was then tested for its mechanical properties, water resistance and biodegradability. It was found that addition of magnesium stearate as much as 4% w/w reduced water adsorption and biodegradability of foam. Magnesium stearate affected the ability of absorption of water and foam degradation, but did not influence on tensile strength. Different types of protein also gave influence on water absorption, biodegradability and tensile strength. The best improvement of tensile strenght among the compounds tested was shown by soy bean based foam.
Teak Leaf-Based Activated Carbon for Phosphate Removal
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 1 (2019): June 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i1.20169

Abstract

The use of detergent predictably causes large quantities of phosphate ion in water bodies. It is considered to trigger eutrophication, that creates a severe reduction in water quality. Adsorption using activated carbon is one of the effective methods for the removal of phosphate from wastewater. Recently, the use of microwave irradiation in activated carbon preparation is a promising alternative to replace conventional heating using a furnace. In this study, the use of microwave heating was compared to conventional heating. The result showed that pore of activated carbon was larger than that of the char and the activated carbon prepared using 30% of ZnCl2 had the adsorption performance higher than that of prepared using 20% of ZnCl2. The optimum adsorption occurred at pH 4 and the equilibrium was reached after 180 minutes. The Langmuir equilibrium model was more appropriate than the Freundlich equilibrium model. While the kinetics model analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, internal diffusion, and external diffusion indicated that the pseudo second order was most suitable for the adsorption of phosphate by teak leaf activated carbon.
PENGOLAHAN BIJI MAHONI (Swietenia Macrophylla King) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU ALTERNATIF BIODIESEL
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 1, No 1 (2012): June 2012
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v1i1.2539

Abstract

Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak bumi yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak. Sumber energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Bahan baku potensial untuk memproduksi biodiesel yang tidak bersaing dengan bahan baku pangan contohnya adalah biji mahoni (swietenia macrophylla king). Tahapan yang diperlukan dalam percobaan biodiesel adalah proses pengambilan minyak biji mahoni dengan proses penyangraian, degumming, dan proses transesterifikasi. Alat yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan biodiesel yaitu: labu alas bulat dilengkapi kondensor, gelas ukur, pengaduk magnetik, alat-alat gelas lab, dan lain sebagainya. Proses pengambilan minyak dilakukan dengan penyangraian yang hasilnya di degumming dengan asam fosfat 5% b/b pada suhu 80ºC selama 15 menit. Degumming bertujuan untuk menghilangkan getah, lendir, protein, resin dan gum. Proses kedua yaitu transesterifikasi dengan metanol 1:6 (minyak dan mtanol) dengan KOH 0,1 N pada suhu 60ºC selama 1 jam. Setelah diperoleh metil ester, dilakukan proses pencucian atau penetralan metil ester pada suhu pemanasan 104ºC untuk menghilangkan kadar airnya. Dari hasil percobaan diperoleh rendemen minyak sebesar 86,92%, uji densitas 874,08 kg/m³, viskositas 3,07 mm2/s, dan bilangan asam 0,5601 mg KOH/g. Metil ester yang dihasilkan telah sesuai dengan SNI-04-7182-2006. An increased demand of the fossil fuel would lead to scarcity of the fossil fuel in the future. An alternative of environmentally friendly energy sources is biodiesel. It is accounted that the resources for producing biodiesel should not compete with food raw materials, such as mahogany grain, (swietenia macrophylla king). The necessary steps in the experiment of producing biodiesel are process of taking the mahogany seed-oil by using roasting method, degumming, and transesterification process. The required equipments for producing biodiesel were round-bottom flask equipped with condenser, measuring cylinder, magnetic stirrer, other lab-glassware, etc. Firstly, the process of taking the oil from mahogany seed was carried by using roasting method; then the result was degummed by using 5wt% of Phosphate acid at 80 oC for 15 minutes. The degumming process was aimed to remove sap, mucus, proteins, resin and gum. The second step was transesterification process using methanol 1:6 (oil and methanol) and 0.1N KOH solutions, which was carried out at 60 oC for 1 hour. Once the methyl ester was produced, the next steps were washing and neutralization of methyl ester at heating temperature of 104 oC to remove the water content in the methyl ester. The obtained yield from the experiments was 86.92%. The tested density, viscosity, and the acid value were 874.08 kg/m³, 3.07 mm2/s, and 0.5601 mg KOH/g, respectively. The produced Methyl ester is in accordance with SNI-04-7182-2006.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND ADDITION OF CAO TO HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM PATTUKKU COAL CHAR GASIFICATION
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 2 (2017): December 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i2.9760

Abstract

Hydrogen is an environment-friendly fuel and has a high caloric value. Hydrogen as a molecule is not found in nature, but it is found in compounds with other elements. Besides catalytic steam reforming of natural gas, hydrogen can also be produced from thermochemical processes such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. The process of gasification using steam as gasification agent can increase the yield of H2 in the gas products. The objectives of this research are to study the influence of temperature and the addition of CaO on H2 production. This research was conducted in an up-draft reactor for 60 minutes with three different temperatures;  i.e. 600, 700, and 800 oC and ratio of CaO:char of 0 and 0.5. Based on this study, the rise of temperature will improve the yield of H2 and CO2 in the gas products. At gasification temperature of 800 oC, the yield of H2 and CO2 is maximum. Moreover, the addition of CaO can improve the char conversion and reduce the concentration of CO2 in the gas products.
THE SYNTHESIS OF CHITOSAN POLYMER MEMBRANE/PVA AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY BATTERY FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCE
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 6, No 1 (2017): June 2017 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v6i1.6880

Abstract

The eco-friendly materials which have not commonly developed as energy storage alternative sources are solid electrolytes. Chitosan is one of the natural polymer potentially used as the material of solid electrolytes. The purpose of this study is to determine the conductivity value of chitosan polymer’s electrolytes-PVA-glutaraldehyde-NH4Br by varying amount of chitosan and ammonium bromide salt (NH4Br). The polymer electrolyte membrane was made using phase inversion method. Electrolyte polymer is made by mixing chitosan, PVA, glutaraldehyde, and NH4Br to become homogenous liquid and then printed it in petri dish. Polymer electrolyte with chitosan variation of 2; 2.4; 2.8 and 3.2 g has highest ionic conductivity of 1.4983 x 10-2 S/cm with the addition of 2.8 g that can be used as the optimum composition. The variations of salt (NH4Br) were 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1 g has the highest ionic conductivity in the point of 2.4385 x 10-2 S/cm with the addition of 0.6 g. The characterization result of FTIR shows OH group at the wavenumber of 3362.02  cm-1, C-O group at 1740.43 cm-1, and C=N group at 1542.41 cm-1. Synthesized polymer can be used as a battery that has 0.43 V voltage.
Preparation of Polyelectrolyte Complex Films of Chitosan-Alginate Incorporated by Eugenol and its Potency as an Antioxidant Packaging
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 2 (2020): December 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i02.26146

Abstract

Preparation of PEC chitosan-alginate films incorporated by eugenol has been investigated. Incorporation of eugenol in chitosan-alginate films was conducted by using the different concentration of eugenol including 0.25% 0.5%, and 1% (% w/v). The effect of eugenol incorporation in chitosan-alginate films was investigated through some properties of the films such as tensile strength, elongation at break, transparency value, and water vapor permeability. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of eugenol incorporation as an active compound of the films was investigated from antioxidant activity of chitosan-alginate films incorporated eugenol. Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) films of chitosan-alginate was occurred through molecular interaction between polycationic groups of chitosan and polyanionic groups of alginate. The formation of chitosan-alginate PEC films was synthesized at pH ± 4.0. Based on FTIR analysis, the ionic interaction between amine groups (–NH3+) and carboxylate groups (–COO¬) formed strongly. Characterization of films also indicated that PEC films of chitosan-alginate incorporated of eugenol was formed. Study showed that PEC chitosan-alginate films had good mechanical properties. Antioxidant activity assay through  fixed reaction time method  using DPPH radical (α,α-difenil-β- pikrilhidrazil) resulted in good percentage of radical scavenging activity (%RSA) from the films. The E3 films which contain 1% eugenol has 55.99% of  RSA value in 96 hours.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN EM4 (Effective Microorganism-4) PADA PEMBUATAN BIOGAS DARI ECENG GONDOK DAN RUMEN SAPI
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 3, No 2 (2014): December 2014
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v3i2.3696

Abstract

Eceng gondok (Eichornia crassipes) merupakan tanaman yang menjadi limbah perairan dan keberadaannya belum banyak dimanfaatkan. Kandungan selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin di dalamnya dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi biogas melalui proses fermentasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh EM4 (Effective Microorganism- 4) terhadap massa, nilai kalor, dan kecepatan pembentukan biogas dari eceng gondok. Percobaan dilakukan dalam anaerobic digester berukuran 4 liter, bahan baku yang digunakan adalah eceng gondok, rumen sapi, dan air dengan variabel penambahan EM4 sebesar 1% dan 0%. Fermentasi dilakukan secara batch dengan pengukuran gas (temperatur, tekanan, dan massa) setiap 7 hari sekali sampai hari ke-35. Sebelum proses fermentasi, dilakukan pengujian terhadap rasio C/N campuran bahan baku. Pembakaran gas dilakukan untuk membuktikan gas yang didapat mengandung metana. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio C/N untuk variabel dengan penambahan EM4 1% sebesar 5,33 dan rasio C/N untuk variabel dengan penambahan EM4 0% sebesar 7. Jadi, penambahan EM4 dapat menurunkan rasio C/N. Sementara itu, hasil fermentasinya memperlihatkan bahwa EM4 memperkecil produksi biogas meskipun proses pembentukannya cepat. Massa total biogas yang didapat pada variabel EM4 1% sebesar 1,1 g dan variabel EM4 0% sebesar 1,55 g. Tekananbiogas mengalami fluktuasi (pada variabel EM4 1% sebesar 35,6 cmH2O, sedangkan pada variabel EM4 0% sebesar 40,6 cmH2O). Berdasarkan simulasi menggunakan chemical process simulator software, diketahui heating value biogas sebesar 39.180 kJ/kg. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) is a plant that becomes waste and its existence has not been widely used. Content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in it can be converted into biogas through a process of fermentation. Study examines the effect of EM4 (Effective Microorganism-4) on the mass, heating value, and the rate of formation of biogas from water hyacinth. An experiments were performed in anaerobic digesters size of 4 liters, the raw material used is water hyacinth, cow's rumen, and water with variable of EM4 addition of 1% and 0%. Fermentation was carried out in batch condition with gas measurement (temperature, pressure, and mass) every 7 days until the 35th day. Before fermentation, the C/N ratio of raw material mixture was analyzed. The gas was burnt to prove that the obtained gas containing methane. Results showed that the C/N ratio for the variable with the addition EM4 1% is 5.33 and C/N ratio for the variable with the addition EM4 0% is 7. Thus, the addition of EM4 can reduce C/N ratio. Despite the formation process is rapid, the results showed that EM4 reduce the biogas production. Total mass of biogas obtained at variableEM4 1% is 1.1 g and variable EM4 0% is 1,55 g. Biogas pressure is fluctuated (at variable EM4 1% is 35.6 cmH2O, EM4 0% is 40.6 cmH2O). Based on simulation using the chemical process simulator software, it is known that biogas heating value is 39,180 kJ/kg.
MODIFICATION OF IRON OXIDE CATALYSTS SUPPORTED ON THE BIOMASS BASED ACTIVATED CARBON FOR DEGRADATION OF DYE WASTEWATER
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 2 (2018): December 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i2.17174

Abstract

Methylene blue is one of the dyes in textile industries which has a negative impact on the environment. This compound is very stable, so it is difficult to degrade naturally. Methylene blue can be harmful to the environment if it is in a very large concentration, because it can increase the value of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which can damage the balance of environment ecosystem. Adsorption method by using activated carbon as the adsorbent is one of the most efficient and effective techniques in dye removal due to its large adsorption capacity. However, the adsorption method using activated carbon only removes the pollutant compounds to other media or phases. Other method that can be used includes Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This method has the advantage of being able to degrade harmful compounds in the waste through oxidation (oxidative degradation) processes. One method of AOPs is the process by using Fenton reagents. This study was aimed to prepare and characterize iron oxide/porous activated carbon catalyst. The type of porous activated carbon used was carbon from biomass derived carbon with microporous character. This biomass carbon is obtained from renewable natural products, namely coconut shell.The kinetics and adsorption models in the material will be derived and evaluated from the research data. Based on the research, it can be concluded that catalytic degradation is very effective for degradation of dye wastewater. Methylene blue degradation increases with the use of Fe2O3/activated carbon catalyst and the addition of hydrogen peroxide as the Fenton reagent. In addition, the pore structure difference in the catalyst also had a significant effect on the methylene blue degradation reaction resulting in increased capacity of methylene blue degradation reactions.
YELLOW CORN BISCUITS FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD: HIGH ENERGY AND BETA-CAROTENE
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 7, No 1 (2018): June 2018 [Nationally Accredited]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v7i1.9723

Abstract

Snacks which are most widely consumed by early childhood are biscuits. The conventional raw ingredients of biscuits are varied with yellow corn starch, which contains beta-carotene. The composition of yellow corn biscuit consists of 50% yellow corn starch, 40% wheat flour, and 10% cornstarch, and butter. The use of butter was varied in 25%, 30%, and 35%. An analysis was conducted on its energy content, protein, fat, and beta-carotene, as well as acceptance. The results of the study showed nutrient content was not entirely different from the use of margarine 25% and 35%, the energy was 441-468 kcal, protein was 6.4 to 7.3%, fat was 18.3 to 21.7%, and beta-carotene 2,721 -4,134 mg. The energy density of corn biscuits was 3.5 - 3.9 g / 1000 kJ. Yellow corn biscuits were considered as high-energy biscuits ( 400 kcal). The organoleptic test of the biscuits in early childhood conducted on all indicators (color, aroma corn, fragrant aroma, and crispness, sweet and savory taste) showed that the biscuits were categorized as likable. The use of different percentage of margarine is not significant concerning the acceptability of biscuits, except for the aspect of the fragrance and sweetness between the use of margarine 30% to 35%. Industrial-scale production is necessary for the dissemination of the consumption of yellow corn biscuits with margarine 35%, in particular for the early childhood

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