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INDONESIA
Pelita Perkebunan
Published by Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia
ISSN : 02150212     EISSN : 24069574     DOI : https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebuna
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Pelita Perkebunan, Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal (CCRJ): ISSN:0215-0212 Since its establishment in 1911, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) formerly Besoekisch Proefstation, had published its research findings through a journal call Mededelingen van het Besoekisch Proefstation. Between 1948-1981 the research institute was under the supervision of Bogor Research Institute for Estate Crops, and published its research findings through De Bergcultures which was later changed to Menara Perkebunan. Since the institute held the national mandate for coffee and cocoa commodities, and due to rapid increase in the research findings, ICCRI published its first issue of Pelita Perkebunanjournal in April 1985. Pelita Perkebunanis an international journal providing rapid publication of peer-reviewed articles concerned with coffee and cocoa commodities based on the aspects of agronomy, plant breeding, soil science, crop protection, postharvest technology and social economy. Papers dealing with result of original research on the above aspects are welcome, with no page charge. Pelita Perkebunan is managed by Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), which publish the research findings not only for coffee and cocoa but also other commodities relevant with coffee and cocoa, i.e. shade trees, intercrops and wind breakers.
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Articles 402 Documents
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Evaluation of Somatic Embryogenesis Ability in Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre) Priyono Priyono
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 26 No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v26i2.126

Abstract

Embriogenesis somatik diharapkan sebagai metode perbanyakan tanaman yang sangat efektif pada kopi. Evaluasi dua jenis proses embriogenesis somatik, yaitu proses langsung dan tidak langsung akan bermanfaat untuk menggambarkan kemampuan proliferasi sel. Penelitian untuk mengevaluasi embriogenesis somatik kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) yang mempunyai tingkat keragaman genetik tinggi telah dilakukan di Nestlé R&D Centre Tours, Perancis. Bahan tanam menggunakan kopi Robusta koleksi Nestle Perancis dan tiga klon koleksi Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia (Puslitkoka). Tiga aspek, yaitu proses embriogenesis, keragaman embriogenesis dan kemantapan embriogenesis dievaluasi dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik embriogenesis somatik langsung maupun tidak langsung dapat diamati. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua proses embriogenesis somatik tersebut merupakan dua mekanisme yang berbeda. Dalam penelitian ini ditunjukkan bahwa kemampuan embriognesis somatik tergantung pada genotipe, baik antar maupun di dalam kelompok genetik kopi Robusta, yaitu Congolese,Guinean dan Conillon. Lebih lanjut diketahui bahwa kedua proses embriogenesis somatik tersebut stabil terhadap indukan sebagai sumber eksplan. Kemampuan embriogenesis somatik tidak langsung ketiga klon Puslitkoka (BP409, BP961 dan Q121) sangat beragam, sehingga memberikan harapan adanya pola segregasi yang baik berdasarkan kemampuan embriogenesis somatik tidak langsung pada populasi yang dibuat dari silangan klon tersebut.Key words: Coffea canephora, somatic embryogenesis, variability, stability, genotype.
Use of Acrylic Acid Sodium Acrylate Polymer to Maintain Cocoa Seed Viability Pudji Rahardjo; Faila Sophia Hartatri
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 26 No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v26i2.127

Abstract

The main problem of cocoa seed storage is moisture content of the seeds because cocoa seeds will germinate if cocoa seeds moisture content is high. The objective of this research is to maintain the cocoa seeds viability in storage using acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer (AASAP). The function of AASAP is to absorb humidity in storage due to their ability to retain water and to prevent water loss. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute and in Kaliwining Experimental Garden. This experiment was arranged by factorial randomized complete design, in wich AASAP dosages 0%; 0.1% (0.1 g/100 seeds); 0.2% (0.2 g/100 seeds), 0.3% (0.3 g/100 seeds), 0,4% (0,4g/100 seeds), combined with seeds storage period 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The experiment used 3 replications and each repli cation used 100 seeds. Parameter of observation consisted of percentage of seeds germinated in storage, percentage of seeds infected by fungi in storage, seeds moisture content, percentage of seeds germination after storage, and early growth of cocoa seedlings. The results of the experiment showed that AASAP application with some dosages cocoa seeds storage cause to germinate in storage during 2 weeks. AASAP application with some dosages in cocoa seeds storage for 2 weeks would not result in infection by fungi and did not significantly affect seed germination after storage for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, and percentage of germination of cocoa seed after storage for 3 weeks decreased with increase dosage of AASAP. Higher dosage of AASAP would reduce early growth of cocoa seedling. Key words : Theobroma cacao, seed, acrylic acid sodium acrylate, seed storage, viabilty.
Population Development of Several Species of Ants on the Cocoa Trees in South Sulawesi Fatahuddin Fatahuddin; Ahdin Gassa; Junaidi Junaidi
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 26 No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v26i2.128

Abstract

Several species of ants with different behavior have been found in cocoa plantations and their behavior is important to be considered because it might be correlated with the degree of protection of cocoa plant from cocoa pests. The aim of this research is to manipulate and to develop ants population in environment, so they are able to establish permanently in cocoa trees. This research was conducted in Papakaju Regions Luwu Regency in Juli to November 2009. In this study, 10 cocoa trees with ants were sampled (each species of ant in 10 cocoa trees). A control of 10 tree samples without ant was also taken. In order to assess the abundance of ant population, it was grouped based on scoring, which score 1 for less than 20 ants, score 2 for 21–50 ants, score 3 for 51–200 ants, score 4 for 201–1000 ants, and score 5 for more than 1000 per tree. The results indicated that average of population score of the three ants species reached the highest population for the Oecophylla. smaragdina with average score 4.85 (>1000 ants), Dolichoderus thoracicus, with average score 3.90 (> 200 ants) and Crematogaster. difformis with average score 3.10 (>200 ants). This research indicated that three species of ants, Oecophylla smaragdina (weaver ant), Dolichoderus thoracicus (cocoa black ant) and Crematogaster difformis (cracking ant). in farmer cocoa plantations in South Sulawesi giving better performance against major pests of cocoa in particular cocoa pod borer (CPB). Key words: Ant Population, Oecophylla smaragdina, Dolichoderus thoracicus, Crematogaster difformis, artificial nest, cocoa.
Chitinase and Peroxidase Activities, Stomatal Density and Resistance of CocoaAgainst Black Pod Disease Rubiyo Rubiyo; Agus Purwantara; Sudarsono Sudarsono
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 26 No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v26i2.129

Abstract

Research based on morphology which is related to structural resistance such as stomata density and chemical resistance involving chitinase and peroxidase enzymes needs to be conducted. Hereafter, cacao resistant mechanism against Phytophthora palmivora can be realized. Research took place in June 2008 till February 2009 in Plant Disease Laboratory and Experiment Station of Kaliwining, Indonesian Coffee and Cacao Research Institute, Jember, East Java. Research on chitinase and perxidase analysis took place in Inter University Center Laboratory of Bogor Agriculture University (IPB). Based on stomata observation of 10 clones, the stomata density in pod and leaf did not give high correlation to the resistance. Resistant cacao clone did not always low stomata density compared to susceptible ones. Cacao clone which was susceptible did not always have high stomata density in pod and leaf. The number of stomata did not give significant difference between resistant clones and susceptible ones. The activities of chitinase and peroxidase enzymes upon tested clones indicated that there was chitinase role in the resistance of cacao against the infection by P. palmivora fungi. The increase of chitinase activity fungus in resistant clones generally intensified consistently, and similiar with peroxidase enzyme.Key words: Chitinase activity, peroxidase, stomata, Phytophthora palmivora, cacao resistance.
Fermentation Process of Cocoa Based on Optimum Condition of Pulp PectinDepolymerization by Endogenous Pectolityc Enzymes G.P. Ganda-Putra; L.P. Wrasiati; N.M. Wartini
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 26 No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v26i2.130

Abstract

Pulp degradation during cocoa fermentation can be carried out by depolymerization process of pulp pectin using endogenous pectolytic enzymes at optimum condition. The objectives of this research were to study the effect of fermentation process based on optimum condition in terms of temperature and pH of pulp pectin depolymerization using endogenous pectolytic enzymes polygalakturonase (PG) and pectin metyl esterase (PME) and fermentation period in cocoa processing on quality characteristics of cocoa beans produced and to study the role of those fermentation process in reducing fermentation time to produce cocoa beans with standard quality. This research used split plot design, with treatments of process condition of cocoa fermentation as main plot and fermentation period as split plot. Treatment of process condition of cocoa fermentation consisted of optimum condition for pulp pectin depolymerization by PGs (temperature 47.5OC; initial pulp pH 4.6); optimum condition of depolymerization on sequence depolymerization by PGs (temperature 48.5OC; initial pulp pH 8.0 during 1 day; last temperature 47.5OC; initial pulp pH 4.6 during 6 days), and natural fermentation process a control. While treatment of fermentation period consisted of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days. Evaluation of fermentation period was carried out based on pursuant to criteria of unfermented beans content and fermentation index. The results showed that process condition and fermentation time of cocoa affected quality characteristic of cocoa beans produced. Period of cocoa fermentation process based on optimum condition for pulp pectin depolymerization using endogenous pectolytic enzymes was 2 days shorter compared to natural fermentation. Cocoa beans quality of grade I and II were obtained from fermentation time of 4 and 2 days, respectively, using fermentation process based on optimum condition of pulp pectin depolymerization using endogenous pectolytic enzymes, whereas 6 and 4 days, respectively, when using natural fermentation.Key words: cocoa quality, fermentation, depolymerization, pectolytic.
Yield performance of the cocoa clones of Sca 6 and DRC 15 resistant to vascular-streak dieback Agung Wahyu Susilo; Surip Mawardi; Sudarsianto Sudarsianto
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 25 No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v25i2.131

Abstract

Selection on cocoa resistance to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) has identified some resistant clones for breeding purposes. Of the resistant clones, it was selected Sca 6 and DRC 15 which performing good potential for yield. This paper reports results on testing yield potential of the clones in separate trials. Sca 6 was tested in Kottablater Estate (dry climate in the altitude of ± 25 m asl.) and DRC 15 was tested in Mumbulsari Estate (dry climate in the altitude of ± 45 m asl.) both are in Jember. Trials were arranged in the randomized complete block design with 4 blocks. Evaluation for yield performance was conducted during 6 years of harvest and stability performance was analyzed in regression term using year of harvest as the index. The results indicate the yield potential of the clones was quite similar in the level of 1.4 kg/plant and performing stability during evaluation and good adaptability in the location. The yield potential was lower than the high yielding clones but use of Sca 6 and DRC 15 in heavily infasted VSD area should be considered than using of the susceptible clones. Sca 6 performed low potential on a dry-weight bean in the range of 0.65—0.86 g (class C of quality standard) but better performance could be found in the wet area. DRC 15 performed good potential on a dryweight bean of 1.16 g (class AA of quality standard). Fat content analysis of Sca 6 indicate a better performance of beans which grown up in the wet area (58.2%) than in the dry area (49.6%). It was reported the fat content potential of DRC 15 in the level of 50.4%. Key words: Yield performance, vascular-streak dieback, resistant clone, Theobroma cacao L.
Carbon stock in different ages and plantation systemof cocoa: allometric approach Fitria Yuliasmara; Aris Wibawa; Adi Prawoto
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 25 No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v25i2.132

Abstract

Indonesia has 1.5 million hectare of cocoa plantation in 2008. which hasstrategic position in carbon dioxide absorption to decrease global warming. Biomass approach method in plants carbon stock estimation specific for cocoa is still not available. The aim of this research is to determine carbon stock in 1—30 years ages of cocoa plants and to measure carbon stock in various cocoa planting systems using specific allometric formula of carbon stock estimation. Regression model on plant biomass estimation was estimated based on height, diameter, and their combination. Carbon stock estimation in different ages and plan tation system of cocoa was conducted by randomized completely block design with 3 replications. The result showed that model Y:áDâ as the best allometric formula, where Y is plant biomass, D is diameter at the breast hight, â is a constant with a value of 0.1208 and á was a constant of 1.98. Increasing of carbon stock in cocoa plantations was proportional to the ages of the plants according to the polinomial equation Y=0.0518X2+2.8976X–4.524. Agroforestry system increased carbon stock in cocoa plantation. Cocoa-Paraserianthes falcataria plantation system produce highest of carbon stock in 7 years. Key words : Carbon stock, allometric, cocoa, ages of plant, planting system.
Decaffeination process characteristic of Robusta coffee in single column reactor using ethyl acetate solvent Sukrisno Widyotomo; Sri Mulato; Hadi K. Purwadaria; A.M Syarief
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 25 No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v25i2.133

Abstract

Consumers drink coffee not as nutrition source, but as refreshment drink. For coffee consumers who have high tolerance for caffeine, coffee may warm up and refresh their bodies. High caffeine content in coffee beans may cause several complaints to consumers who are susceptible to caffeine. One of the efforts, for coffee market expansion is product diversification to decaffeinated coffee. Decaffeination process is one of process to reduce caffeine content from agricultural products. Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in collaboration with Bogor Agricultural University has developed a single column reactor for coffee beans decaffeination. The aim of this research is to study process characteristic of coffee decaffeination in single column reactor using ethyl acetate (C4H8O2) solvent. Treatments applicated in the research were time and temperature process. Temperature treatment were 50—60OC, 60—70OC, 70—80OC, 80—90OC and 90—100OC. Time treatment were 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, and 12 h Size of Robusta coffee beans used were less than 5.5 mm (A4), between 5.5 mm and 6.5 mm (A3), between 6.5 mm and 7.5 mm (A2), and more than 7.5 mm (A1). The result showed that decaffeination process with ethyl acetate solvent will be faster when its temperature was higher and smaller bean size. For bean size less than 5,5 mm, decaffeination process by 10% ethyl acetat can be done 8—10 hours in 90—100OC solvent temperature or 12 hours in 60—70OC solvent temperature for 0.3% caffein content. Organoleptic test showed that 90—100OC temperature solvent treatment decreased coffee flavor, which aroma, bitterness and body values were 1.9 each . Key words : Coffee, caffeine, decaffeination, quality, single column.
Changes in procyanidins and tannin concentration as affected by cocoa liquor roasting Misnawi Jati
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 25 No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v25i2.134

Abstract

Changes in cocoa procyanidins and tannin concentration as affected by cocoa liquor roasting were studied by heating up cocoa liquor of fermented beans containing 58 g kg-1 of polyphenols and the same liquor which was enriched with crude polyphenols, extracted from freeze-dried unfermented cocoa beans to a final concentration of 170 g kg-1. The liquors were roasted at 120 OC for 15, 25, 35 and 45 min with three replications. Result of the study showed that cocoa bean polyphenol was resistant against high temperature during heating of cocoa liquor 120 OC for up to 45 min. The resistance was stronger with the unfermented cocoa bean polyphenol than with fermented cocoa. High temperature promoted a small quantity of monomers up to pentamers of the fermented cocoa bean polyphenol to polymerize into higher oligomers, but did not with unfermented cocoa bean polyphenol. These results imply that the problem of lack in cocoa flavor in terms high astringency and bitterness due to high polyphenol content cannot be overcome by the application of high temperature during chocolate processing, meanwhile cocoa bean polyphenol could still give beneficial as an antioxidant even after high temperature application.Key words: Cocoa bean, polyphenol, procyanidin, tannin, roasting, antioxidant, flavor, astringency.
Performance and suggested alternative strategies in developing Indonesian cocoa export business Bambang Dradjat; Herman Herman
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 25 No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v25i2.135

Abstract

This research focussed on the export development of cocoa bean with respect to its export growth, values and competitiveness. Based on this deve-lopment, the aim of this research is to propose alternative development strategies of export business for cocoa bean in the future. The Analysis Hierarchie Process (AHP) framework of export business of cocoa bean was arranged consecutively from formulation of focuss or goals, identification of affecting factors and actors, deter mination of actor objectives, and recognition of alternative strategies needed. Each component of goals, factors, actors, objectives, and alternative strategies were valued on the basis of their importance using Saaty scales. Results of interviews with experts were analyzed using AHP technique. The development of cocoa bean export from 2000 to 2006 showed the competitiveness position of Indonesia in the world market was fairly good. In order to increase the growth and values of cocoa bean export, the experts consider the role of government as regulators and facilitators is very important. The government became the main actor for the export development through de/regulation related to the cocoa bean commodity. The objectives of actors could be achieved by combining strategies (i) provision of fund in national and regional budget, as well as other sources (ii) implementation of recomended technologies of cocoa, (iii) acceleration of replanting program, (iv) improvement of research productivity in producing high yielding plant materials, (v) development of transportation facilities from farms to harbours, (vi) development of farmers’ organization and partnerships as well as strategic alliance, and (viii) pests and diseases control. Key words: Cocoa bean, expor, role of government, objectives and strategies.

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