Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis (e-ISSN: 1978-2993), an international journal, provides a forum for publishing the novel technologies related to the catalyst, catalysis, chemical reactor, kinetics studies, and chemical reaction engineering.
Articles
524 Documents
<![CDATA[Catalytic Conversion of Residual Palm Oil in Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) By HZSM-5 Zeolite based-Catalysts ]]>
<![CDATA[Mohd Lukman Musa]]>;
<![CDATA[Ramli Mat]]>;
<![CDATA[Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2018: BCREC Volume 13 Issue 3 Year 2018 (December 2018) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1929.456-465
<![CDATA[Bleaching earth is used to remove colour, phospholipids, oxidized products, metals and residual gums in the palm oil process refinery. Once adsorption process end, the spent bleaching earth (SBE) which contains approximately 20-40 wt. % of the adsorbed oil was usually disposed to landfills. The oil content in SBE was recovered by catalytic cracking using transition metal (Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni) doped HZSM-5 zeolite in a batch reactor (pyrolysis zone) and fixed bed reactor (catalyst bed). The 5 wt. % of each metallic was introduced in HZSM-5 zeolite using incipient wetness impregnation method. The main objective of this study was to investigate the performance of modified HZSM-5 zeolite for cracking of residual oil in SBE. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, Nitrogen adsorption, and TPD-NH3. Liquid biofuel obtained from cracking was analyzed by GC-MS. The incorporation of metallic loaded on HZSM-5 zeolite has reduced the surface area of the catalyst that gives a significant impact to the catalytic behavior. The Ni/HZSM-5 zeolite exhibited the highest yields of alkenes as compared to others but slightly decreases the yield of alkanes whereas in contrast with the Cr/HZSM-5, the obtained alkanes were found higher than that of alkenes. In addition, the Cr/HZSM-5 and Ni/HZSM-5 favored the conversion of polycyclic aromatics to mono-aromatics, whereas parent HZSM-5 catalyst favored the formation of poly-aromatics. These results indicated that the metal loaded on HZSM-5 can promote the cracking of heavy fractions to lighter hydrocarbon thus can be used for cracking oil in SBE. ]]>
<![CDATA[Design of a Synthetic Zinc Oxide Catalyst over Nano-Alumina for Sulfur Removal by Air in a Batch Reactor ]]>
<![CDATA[Amer T. Nawaf]]>;
<![CDATA[Aysar Talib Jarullah]]>;
<![CDATA[Layth T. Abdulateef]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 1 Year 2019 (April 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.1.2507.79-92
<![CDATA[Owing to the environmental regulations with respect to sulfur content and continuing challenges of finding a suitable catalyst of such impurity, a driving force for the development of more efficient technologies a deep research on new oxidative catalysts is considered an important issue in fuel quality improvement. Thus, the present study shows a novel percent of nano-catalyst with 18% zinc oxide (ZnO) of active component over nano-alumina that has not been reported in the public domain for sulfur removal from kerosene fuel by air (oxidative desulfurization (ODS) method). Where, such percent of the active component on the nano-alumina helps to add one or two atoms of oxygen to sulfur content in the kerosene. The nano-catalyst (ZnO/nano-alumina-particles composite) is prepared by precipitation of zinc oxide and loaded over nano-alumina in one-step. The activity of the prepared catalyst was tested utilizing ODS process of kerosene fuel by air in a batch reactor. A set of experiments were conducted with a wide range of operating conditions, where the reaction temperature was ranged from 150 to 190ºC, the reaction time from 30 to 50 min and the catalyst weight from 0.4 to 1 g. The experimental results showed that the chemical nature of zinc oxides showed higher conversion (70.52%) at reaction temperature of 190 ºC, reaction time of 50 min, and 1 g catalyst weight used in the batch reactor. A kinetic model related to the sulfur removal from kerosene via ODS process in the batch reactor was also investigated in this study for the purpose of estimating the best kinetic parameters of the relevant reactions. The results showed that the prepared catalyst (ZnO over nano-alumina) can be applied confidently to reactor design, operation and control in addition to improve the fuel quality. Following the kinetic model of ODS process, a very well agreement between the experimental and predicted results is obtained. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved ]]>
<![CDATA[Influence of Phosphoric Acid Modification on Catalytic Properties of γ-χ Al2O3 Catalysts for Dehydration of Ethanol to Diethyl Ether ]]>
<![CDATA[Mutjalin Limlamthong]]>;
<![CDATA[Nithinart Chitpong]]>;
<![CDATA[Bunjerd Jongsomjit]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 1 Year 2019 (April 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.1.2436.1-8
<![CDATA[In this present work, diethyl ether, which is currently served as promising alternative fuel for diesel engines, was produced via catalytic dehydration of ethanol over H3PO4-modified g-c Al2O3 catalysts. The impact of H3PO4 addition on catalytic performance and characteristics of catalysts was investigated. While catalytic dehydration of ethanol was performed in a fixed-bed microreactor at the temperature ranging from 200ºC to 400ºC under atmospheric pressure, catalyst characterization was conducted by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results showed that although the H3PO4 addition tended to decrease surface area of catalyst resulting in the reduction of ethanol conversion, the Al2O3 containing 5 wt% of phosphorus (5P/Al2O3) was the most suitable catalyst for the catalytic dehydration of ethanol to diethyl ether since it exhibited the highest catalytic ability regarding diethyl ether yield and the quantity of coke formation as well as it had similar long-term stability to conventional Al2O3 catalyst. The NH3-TPD profiles of catalysts revealed that catalysts containing more weak acidity sites were preferred for dehydration of ethanol into diethyl ether and the adequate promotion of H3PO4 would lower the amount of medium surface acidity with increasing catalyst weak surface acidity. Nevertheless, when the excessive amount of H3PO4 was introduced, it caused the destruction of catalysts structure, which resulted in the catalyst incapability due to the decrease in active surface area and pore enlargement. ]]>
<![CDATA[Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Sized Manganese Ferrites for the Adsorption of Congo red from Aqueous solution using Batch studies ]]>
<![CDATA[Erdawati, Erdawati]]>;
<![CDATA[Faried, Miftah]]>;
<![CDATA[Shameli, Kamyar]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2018: Article In Press 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.0.0.2525.xxx-xxx
<![CDATA[A sol-gel method using citric acid has been used to fabricate nano-sized manganese ferrites (MnFe2O4) under different calcination temperatures. The microstructure and surface morphology of manganese ferrite powders were characterized by BET, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and TEM. The nano-sized manganese ferrite was examined for adsorption of congo red (CR). As the results, the BET showed the decreasing surface area of manganese ferrites to 4.47 m2/g for calcination temperatures of 800 °C. The XRD pattern also indicated the alteration of amorphous phase to the crystalline structure as the calcination temperature increased. In addition, the EDX analysis of manganese ferrite at 600 °C showed the element distribution of manganese, iron, and oxygen. Beside that, the TEM images of nano-sized manganese ferrites showed a concentrated atomic mass in the exposed region in the bulk structure. Finally, the adsorption experiment showed that the adsorption of CR followed the pseudo-second order, and adsorption equilibrium was best described by the Langmuir model. Therefore, this nano-sized manganese ferrite can be a promising adsorbent for dye and textile industry.Received: 12nd April 2018; Revised: 4h July 2018; Accepted: 13rd July 2018]]>
<![CDATA[An Investigation on Polymerization of Ethylene by Ziegler-Natta Catalyst in the Presence of a Promoter: Polymerization Behavior and Polymer Microstructure ]]>
<![CDATA[Yaghoob Gholami]]>;
<![CDATA[Majid Abdouss]]>;
<![CDATA[Sadegh Abedi]]>;
<![CDATA[Farhad Azadi]]>;
<![CDATA[Pezhman Baniani]]>;
<![CDATA[Maryam Arsalanfar]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2018: BCREC Volume 13 Issue 3 Year 2018 (December 2018) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1574.412-419
<![CDATA[The effect of a halocarbon (ethyl chloride) as a promoter on a Ziegler-Natta catalyst composed of TiCl4 (catalyst), AlEt3 (activator) and Mg(OEt)2 (support) in the polymerization of ethylene have been investigated. In addition, the impact of this compound on the structural and thermal properties of the produced polyethylene has been studied. The catalyst activity and polymerization rate increased almost up to twice when a suitable molar ratio of ethyl chloride to triethylaluminum (TEA) was used. There was no change in the type of the profile of the polymerization rate during the polymerization time. A reduction in the polymer molecular weight was observed in the presence of the promoter and hydrogen. In addition, the MWD curve shifted toward lower values in the presence of ethyl chloride. Furthermore, a numerical method was used to obtain the most probable chain-length distribution, number average molecular weight and weight fraction corresponding to each site type in the presence and absence of the promoter. Since, the catalyst had an irregular shape, the produced polymer also showed a similar morphology. In addition, the promoter used in the polymerization did not have any effect on the produced polymer morphology. The DSC results indicated that the presence of the promoter in the polymerization led to a decrease in the melting point of the produced polymer; whereas, there were no remarkable changes in the crystallization temperature of the polymers.]]>
<![CDATA[Facile Synthesis of Ag3PO4 Photocatalyst with Varied Ammonia Concentration and Its Photocatalytic Activities For Dye Removal ]]>
<![CDATA[Febiyanto Febiyanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Agus Soleh]]>;
<![CDATA[Muhammad Sofi Khoerul Amal]]>;
<![CDATA[Mohammad Afif]]>;
<![CDATA[Sukma Sewiji]]>;
<![CDATA[Anung Riapanitra]]>;
<![CDATA[Uyi Sulaeman]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 1 Year 2019 (April 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.1.2549.42-50
<![CDATA[The highly active photocatalyst of Ag3PO4 could be synthesized under ammonia solution using the facile co-precipitation method with the starting material of AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O. The variation of ammonia concentration was designed at 0.00, 0.05, 0.15, and 0.30 M. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated using the Rhodamine B degradation under blue light irradiation. The effect of calcination, pH condition, and visible light source irradiation was carried out in the experiment. The highest photocatalytic activity was found in the sample prepared using the addition of ammonia solution at the concentration of 0.05 M. This photocatalytic activity was 4.13 times higher compared to the Ag3PO4 prepared without the ammonia. The effective condition of photocatalytic activity was achieved at the sample prepared without calcination, degradation at pH of 7 and under blue light irradiation. ]]>
<![CDATA[Solid State Fermentation Parameters Effect on Cellulase Production from Empty Fruit Bunch ]]>
<![CDATA[Vita Wonoputri]]>;
<![CDATA[Subiantoro Subiantoro]]>;
<![CDATA[Made Tri Ari Penia Kresnowati]]>;
<![CDATA[Ronny Purwadi]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2018: BCREC Volume 13 Issue 3 Year 2018 (December 2018) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1964.553-559
<![CDATA[In this study, agriculture waste palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was used as carbon/cellulose source in solid state fermentation for cheaper cellulase production. Fermentation operation parameters, such as: solid to liquid ratio, temperature, and pH, were varied to study the effect of those parameters towards crude cellulase activity. Two different fungi organisms, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma reesei were used as the producers. Extracellular cellulase enzyme was extracted using simple contact method using citrate buffer. Assessment of the extracted cellulase activity by filter paper assay showed that Trichoderma viride is the superior organism capable of producing higher cellulase amount compared to Trichoderma reesei at the same fermentation condition. The optimum cellulase activity of 0.79 FPU/g dry substrate was obtained when solid to liquid ratio used for the fermentation was 1:1, while the optimum fermentation temperature and pH were found to be 30 °C and 5.5, respectively. The result obtained in this research showed the potential of EFB utilization for enzyme production. ]]>
<![CDATA[Microwave Irradiation-Assisted Chitosan Hydrolysis Using Cellulase Enzyme ]]>
<![CDATA[Nur Rokhati]]>;
<![CDATA[Bambang Pramudono]]>;
<![CDATA[Titik Istirokhatun]]>;
<![CDATA[Heru Susanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2018: BCREC Volume 13 Issue 3 Year 2018 (December 2018) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.13.3.2378.466-474
<![CDATA[The influence of microwave irradiation on the chitosan hydrolysis catalyzed by cellulase enzyme was studied. The hydrolyzed chitosan was characterized by measuring its viscosity and reducing sugar. Further, it was also characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The classical Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters were measured by analyzing the amount of reducing sugars. The results were compared with the hydrolysis by using conventional shaker incubator. The hydrolysis reaction time needed to obtain similar reducing sugar yield was significantly lower for microwave irradiation than shaker incubator. On the other hand, the reduction rate of the relative viscosity was significantly higher for the hydrolysis of chitosan using shaker incubator. A significant difference in chemical structure was observed between hydrolysis using microwave irradiation and shaker incubator. Overall, the result showed that the hydrolysis behavior of chitosan using microwave irradiation is significantly different with using shaker incubator. ]]>
<![CDATA[Liquefaction Behaviors of Oil Palm Frond and Bamboo in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride ]]>
<![CDATA[Zhong Sheng Tai]]>;
<![CDATA[Mohd Asmadi]]>;
<![CDATA[Noorhalieza Ali]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2018: BCREC Volume 13 Issue 3 Year 2018 (December 2018) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1805.447-455
<![CDATA[Oil palm and bamboo are two of the most widely used biomass in the world nowadays as they can be converted into many valuable products. However, they are very difficult to be hydrolyzed and converted into other products because of their tight and strong hydrogen bonding between the lignin and polysaccharides. Ionic liquid (IL) is said to be the most ideal solvent to dissolve those biomass. Thus, in this research, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]) was chosen to liquefy oil palm frond (OPF) and bamboo. The objective of this research was to compare the reaction behaviors of OPF and bamboo in [BMIM][Cl] at different treatment time. OPF and bamboo were heated at 120 °C for 2-24 hours under atmospheric pressure. Two fractions were obtained, namely [BMIM][Cl]-soluble and -nonsoluble. The non-soluble fractions were characterized using TGA, FTIR, XRD and FESEM while the soluble fractions were analyzed using HPLC. Based on the results obtained from the analyses, the effectiveness of [BMIM][Cl] in dissolving OPF was higher than bamboo as it was made up of less complex and compact cell wall structure. This structure allowed the diffusion of [BMIM][Cl] into the interior of OPF more easily to break down the hydrogen bonding network. Holocelluloses and lignin of OPF solubilized into [BMIM][Cl] more rapidly due to the greater distortion in hydrogen bonding network of the cell wall with the increase in treatment time compared to bamboo. Moreover, the mono-sugars of OPF were formed much easily than bamboo after short period (2 hours) of treatment. ]]>
<![CDATA[Recyclable Nanocrystalline Copper Based on MoO3/SiO2 as an Efficient Catalyst for Acylation of Amines ]]>
<![CDATA[Sharda P. Dagade]]>;
<![CDATA[Jaymala M. Deshmukh]]>
<![CDATA[ Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 1 Year 2019 (April 2019) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.1.2111.93-104
<![CDATA[Various loadings of copper supported on MoO3/SiO2 (CMS) were prepared by sol-gel method and used for the synthesis of substituted benzimidazole. Further it was characterized by using X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and acidity measurement by potentiometric method. XRD results indicated that Cu is present on the support primarily as CuO. The SEM and TEM results showed dispersion of cubic CuO nanoparticles on the surface. These mixed oxides were studied for the acylation of o-phenylene diamine with acetic acid in liquid phase. 10 wt. % CMS gave best results at 110 ºC with 94.81 % conversion of o-phenylene diamine and 100 % selectivity of substituted benzimidazole. Different parameters were studied for optimization of acylation, such as: temperature, acylating agents, solvents, amount of catalyst, and different catalysts. The CMS catalyst could also be recovered and reused at three times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. ]]>
