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All Journal African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Open Access DRIVERset African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Open Access DRIVERset Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Open Access DRIVERset African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Ahmed, Maryam Usman
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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Toxicological Evaluation of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus niruri in Wistar Rats Ahmed, Maryam Usman; Ijimari, Thomas Martin; Anthony, William; Etuk, Idongesit; Abdulfatai, Ayinla Abayomi
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 2 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i2.6145

Abstract

Natural products have long been used as therapeutic agents; however, many lack comprehensive scientific evaluation of their toxicity. This study investigates the potential toxicity of Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) aqueous leaf extract in Wistar rats. Twenty-five male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups of five animals each. Groups 2 through 5 received daily oral doses of 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, while Group 1 served as the control and received only grower mash and distilled water for 28 days. Toxicological assessment was conducted through hematological profiling and evaluation of liver and kidney function using standard biochemical methods. The results indicated a significant, dose-dependent increase (p<0.05) in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), suggesting hepatic stress. In contrast, albumin, creatinine, and urea levels did not differ significantly (p<0.05) from the control group, indicating no observable impairment in renal function. Hematological analysis revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) count, while white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) significantly increased with higher extract doses. These findings suggest that while P. niruri is traditionally regarded as a natural remedy, its aqueous leaf extract may induce hematological and hepatic alterations at elevated doses. Caution is therefore advised in its use, particularly in unregulated or prolonged applications.
Impact of Distinct Carbon Substrates on the Proliferation of Antimicrobial-Producing Microbes Umaru, Isaac John; Danjuma, Tyem Lawal; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Salman, Julius Ishaya; Ahmed, Maryam Usman; Umaru, Hauwa A.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 2 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i2.9474

Abstract

Microbial production of antimicrobial compounds remains a fundamental area of biotechnology and pharmaceutical development, and its efficiency is strongly influenced by the carbon source available in the growth medium, which functions not only as an energy substrate but also as a regulator of microbial metabolism and secondary metabolite synthesis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of five carbon sources—glucose, lactose, sucrose, starch, and glycerol—on microbial biomass yield, strain-specific growth preferences, metabolic compatibility, antimicrobial potency, inhibition zones, and bioactive metabolite production. Seven microbial strains, including Streptomyces, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Actinomyces, and Clostridium, were cultured in media supplemented with each carbon source. Biomass yield was measured gravimetrically, growth rate indices were calculated on a scale of 0–10, antimicrobial potency was assessed using zone of inhibition assays against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae, and metabolite yield was quantified in mg/L using spectrophotometric analysis. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. The findings showed that glucose produced the highest biomass yield and growth rates across all strains, with Bacillus and Pseudomonas each scoring 10. Lactose demonstrated selective effectiveness, particularly for Streptomyces, whereas sucrose supported moderate growth and selective antimicrobial activity. In contrast, starch and glycerol consistently resulted in low biomass production and minimal antimicrobial potency. The zone of inhibition results further confirmed that glucose and lactose were the most effective substrates, with inhibition zones exceeding 20 mm. Similarly, metabolite yield was highest with glucose (120 ± 5.4 mg/L) and lactose (115 ± 4.9 mg/L), while glycerol produced the lowest yield (30 ± 1.5 mg/L). The study concludes that carbon source selection plays a critical role in microbial proliferation and antimicrobial compound production, with glucose and lactose emerging as the most suitable substrates for broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and high metabolite yield. These findings contribute practical evidence for optimizing fermentation strategies according to microbial metabolic profiles to enhance antimicrobial synthesis.
Biochemical Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Detarium microcarpum in Wistar Rats Ahmed, Maryam Usman; Isreal, Domasun; Titus, Diowato; Ayinla, Abdulfatai Abayomi; Aliyu, Kamaludden; Etuk, Idongesit
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i3.6146

Abstract

Herbal remedies have been used since ancient times, often sourced from local traditional healers. However, many of these preparations are administered without thorough scientific evaluation. This study aimed to assess the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Detarium microcarpum on liver and kidney function in Wistar rats. A total of 25 male rats were randomly assigned to five groups of five animals each. Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 received oral doses of 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, for 21 consecutive days. Group 1, serving as the control, received only normal saline. Liver function was evaluated by measuring serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, and albumin. All liver parameters exhibited a significant dose-dependent increase (p<0.05) in the treatment groups compared to the control, indicating hepatotoxic effects. Similarly, kidney function parameters, including bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium (K⁺), also showed a significant dose-dependent increase. Conversely, levels of urea and creatinine significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the extract-treated groups relative to the control. The findings suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of D. microcarpum adversely affects liver and kidney function in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, despite its traditional use, the extract should be considered potentially toxic and used with caution.
Evaluation of The Antidiarrheal Activity of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus on Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhea in Rats Ahmed, Maryam Usman; Emmanuel, Comfort; Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 2 No 1 (2025): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v2i1.4532

Abstract

Diarrheal diseases are a major public health problem in developing countries. Anogeissus leiocarpus is used in Africa and particularly in Nigeria for the empirical treatment of diarrhea. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of aqueous stem bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus on castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. Thirty (30) Wistar rats of both sexes were grouped into six groups (the first three of which served as the normal control, negative control and standard treatment respectively, the last three were used as test groups) of five rats per group. Diarrhea was induced by administering 1 ml/rat of castor oil orally. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous stem bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins and phenols. Treatment with the extract produced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of diarrhea. The percentage inhibition of diarrhea increased with corresponding increase in dose of the extract and was comparable with the percentage inhibition produced by the standard drug (loperamide). Treatment with this extract also produced a modest dose-dependent reduction on intestinal transit in rats and a statistically significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent reduction in the volume of intestinal content when compared with the negative control group. The results obtained from this study suggests that the aqueous stem bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus have significant antidiarrheal effect on animal models and this finding supports the traditional use of the plant extract in the management of diarrhea.
Co-Authors A, Ajala-Lawal R. Abah, Moses Adondua Abdulfatai, Ayinla Abayomi Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad Akem, Ingwu Joseph Aliyu, Kamaludden Anthony, William Asare, Solomon O. Ayinla, Abdulfatai Abayomi Ayo, Victoria Ifeoluwa Danjuma, Tyem Lawal Emmanuel, Comfort Etuk, Idongesit Gbadebo, Adetoyi Moses Ijeomah, Nkechi Gift Ijimari, Thomas Martin Isa, Ruqayya Iseko, Kingsley Iyoko Isreal, Domasun Istifanus, Dafup Katdel Morolake, Olabanji Martina Najeeb, Aliyu Olamilekan Oyibo, Okpanachi Nuhu Salman, Julius Ishaya Samson, Mary Timothy, Mgbede Titus, Diowato Umaru, Hauwa A. Umaru, Isaac John Wahedi, Lumayu Alexander Yeboah, Genevieve A.