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Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration and Its Impact on Hepatic Indexes in Clarias gariepinus from Ibi, Gidin-Dorowa, and Donga Rivers in Taraba State, Nigeria Asuelimen, Steve Osagie; Ale, Ebenezer Morayo; Umaru, Isaac John; Iheanacho, Chinedu Christian
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3467

Exposure to heavy metals, which are particularly detrimental to human health, has increased as a result of anthropogenic activities and modern industry. Increased levels of heavy metals in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) can be a good sign that human activity has contaminated an aquatic ecosystem. The study aimed to eval_uate the levels of heavy metals and their potential effects on hepatic indexes in Clarias gariepinus collected from three different rivers (Ibi, Donga, and Gindin Dorowa) in Taraba State, Nigeria. The fish samples were collected from the three different rivers during the dry season. The gills were removed from the fish and subjected to oven drying and grinding before being analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. Blood samples were also collected from the fish for liver biomarkers analysis. The heavy metal concentrations (specifically Pb, Cd, Zn, As, and Hg) were determined using Micro Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES) and compared to the maximum levels specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results showed that zinc had the highest mean concentration in all three river samples. However, all heavy metal concentrations in the gills of the fish were found to be below the maximum allowed limits advised by standard bodies, indicating that the gills were safe for consumption. Also, the liver biomarker analysis showed higher levels of ALP, total bilirubin, and albumin activity in the fish from Gindin-Dorowa compared to Donga and Ibi. However, all liver biomarker values fell within the reference standards, indicating that the fish from the three rivers were free from heavy metal toxicity. In conclusion, the study suggests that the Clarias gariepinus samples from the three rivers in Taraba State, Nigeria, had concentrations of heavy metals within safe limits, as determined by the WHO. The liver biomarker analysis further supported the absence of heavy metal toxicity in the fish.

Biochemical Basis of Collagen Defect: Keloids Ale, Ebenezer Morayo; Asuelimen, Steve Osagie; Andeuka, Useni Ajiya; Umaru, Isaac John; Umaru, Kerenhappuch Isaac
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3704

Obscure in their genesis, keloids are benign fibro-proliferative disorders. They take place as a result of disturbances in the typical wound healing process in vulnerable people. Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-ß) family members have been linked to the pathogenesis of this illness, despite the fact that many other factors have been hypothesized to contribute to its aetiopathogenesis. Finding the right therapeutical notion requires understanding the differences between hypertrophic scars, keloids, and typical scars. Even though keloids are rather common in the general population, the mechanisms that cause keloid formation are still poorly understood. The fact that there are numerous treatment modalities reflects the reality that no single treatment has consistently demonstrated to be highly successful. New pathophysiological theories for keloid formation are revealed by improvements in our understanding of the wound healing process. This review distinguishes between keloids and hypertrophic scars, provides an overview of physiological wound healing, examines current theories for keloid formation, and describes the etiology of scar formation. This knowledge could aid in unraveling the complicated keloid etiology and aid in the creation of a successful treatment approach.

Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration and Its Impact on Hepatic Indexes in Clarias gariepinus from Ibi, Gidin-Dorowa, and Donga Rivers in Taraba State, Nigeria Asuelimen, Steve Osagie; Ale, Ebenezer Morayo; Umaru, Isaac John; Iheanacho, Chinedu Christian
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3467

Exposure to heavy metals, which are particularly detrimental to human health, has increased as a result of anthropogenic activities and modern industry. Increased levels of heavy metals in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) can be a good sign that human activity has contaminated an aquatic ecosystem. The study aimed to eval_uate the levels of heavy metals and their potential effects on hepatic indexes in Clarias gariepinus collected from three different rivers (Ibi, Donga, and Gindin Dorowa) in Taraba State, Nigeria. The fish samples were collected from the three different rivers during the dry season. The gills were removed from the fish and subjected to oven drying and grinding before being analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. Blood samples were also collected from the fish for liver biomarkers analysis. The heavy metal concentrations (specifically Pb, Cd, Zn, As, and Hg) were determined using Micro Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES) and compared to the maximum levels specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results showed that zinc had the highest mean concentration in all three river samples. However, all heavy metal concentrations in the gills of the fish were found to be below the maximum allowed limits advised by standard bodies, indicating that the gills were safe for consumption. Also, the liver biomarker analysis showed higher levels of ALP, total bilirubin, and albumin activity in the fish from Gindin-Dorowa compared to Donga and Ibi. However, all liver biomarker values fell within the reference standards, indicating that the fish from the three rivers were free from heavy metal toxicity. In conclusion, the study suggests that the Clarias gariepinus samples from the three rivers in Taraba State, Nigeria, had concentrations of heavy metals within safe limits, as determined by the WHO. The liver biomarker analysis further supported the absence of heavy metal toxicity in the fish.

Biochemical Basis of Collagen Defect: Keloids Ale, Ebenezer Morayo; Asuelimen, Steve Osagie; Andeuka, Useni Ajiya; Umaru, Isaac John; Umaru, Kerenhappuch Isaac
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3704

Obscure in their genesis, keloids are benign fibro-proliferative disorders. They take place as a result of disturbances in the typical wound healing process in vulnerable people. Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-ß) family members have been linked to the pathogenesis of this illness, despite the fact that many other factors have been hypothesized to contribute to its aetiopathogenesis. Finding the right therapeutical notion requires understanding the differences between hypertrophic scars, keloids, and typical scars. Even though keloids are rather common in the general population, the mechanisms that cause keloid formation are still poorly understood. The fact that there are numerous treatment modalities reflects the reality that no single treatment has consistently demonstrated to be highly successful. New pathophysiological theories for keloid formation are revealed by improvements in our understanding of the wound healing process. This review distinguishes between keloids and hypertrophic scars, provides an overview of physiological wound healing, examines current theories for keloid formation, and describes the etiology of scar formation. This knowledge could aid in unraveling the complicated keloid etiology and aid in the creation of a successful treatment approach.

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Cereals and Leguminous Grains Selected Cereals and Leguminous Grains Retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Chinonso, Anih David; Kayode, Arowora; Umaru, Isaac John; Chinedu, Imo; Ale, Ebenezer Morayo; Oladele, Gloria Omonefe
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3689

Aflatoxins are group of secondary fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The aflatoxin producing moulds can grow on cereals and legumes in the field, poorly dried harvested crops in storage, processed food, and feed products. The study was carried out with the aim to determine the level of aflatoxin contamination of cereals grain and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Nigeria. A total Sixty-three (63) samples were procured from different vendors from the markets namely, new and old markets in Wukari and Dorowa Market, which comprises of 3 samples each of millet, maize, rice, groundnut, sesame seeds and soy beans. The samples were grounded and extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol. The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used in quantifying the total aflatoxin content of the samples. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the aflatoxin levels of shelled melon seeds while there was a significant difference in shelled groundnut, soybeans and millet samples purchased from all the markets. Aflatoxin levels in cereals and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State ranged from 0.57-1.17µg/kg in shelled groundnut samples, 0.47-2.27µg/kg in shelled melon samples, 1.53-3.17µg/kg in sesame seed samples, 0.10-0.20µg/kg in soybean samples, 3.11-13.10µg/kg in maize samples, 6.13-15.4µg/kg in millet samples, and 0.471.0µg/kg in parboiled rice samples. the levels of aflatoxin in the samples which was observed to be highest in millet sample procured from Dorowa market with a value of 15.43±0.15% and lowest in soy bean bean sample procured from Dorowa and New market Wukari with a value of 0.10±0.00%. These aflatoxin levels were within the permissible limits for total aflatoxins recommended by FDA and NAFDAC for all products intended for food, hence these cereals and legumes analysed in this study are safe for human consumption.

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Cereals and Leguminous Grains Selected Cereals and Leguminous Grains Retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Chinonso, Anih David; Kayode, Arowora; Umaru, Isaac John; Chinedu, Imo; Ale, Ebenezer Morayo; Oladele, Gloria Omonefe
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3689

Aflatoxins are group of secondary fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The aflatoxin producing moulds can grow on cereals and legumes in the field, poorly dried harvested crops in storage, processed food, and feed products. The study was carried out with the aim to determine the level of aflatoxin contamination of cereals grain and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Nigeria. A total Sixty-three (63) samples were procured from different vendors from the markets namely, new and old markets in Wukari and Dorowa Market, which comprises of 3 samples each of millet, maize, rice, groundnut, sesame seeds and soy beans. The samples were grounded and extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol. The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used in quantifying the total aflatoxin content of the samples. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the aflatoxin levels of shelled melon seeds while there was a significant difference in shelled groundnut, soybeans and millet samples purchased from all the markets. Aflatoxin levels in cereals and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State ranged from 0.57-1.17µg/kg in shelled groundnut samples, 0.47-2.27µg/kg in shelled melon samples, 1.53-3.17µg/kg in sesame seed samples, 0.10-0.20µg/kg in soybean samples, 3.11-13.10µg/kg in maize samples, 6.13-15.4µg/kg in millet samples, and 0.471.0µg/kg in parboiled rice samples. the levels of aflatoxin in the samples which was observed to be highest in millet sample procured from Dorowa market with a value of 15.43±0.15% and lowest in soy bean bean sample procured from Dorowa and New market Wukari with a value of 0.10±0.00%. These aflatoxin levels were within the permissible limits for total aflatoxins recommended by FDA and NAFDAC for all products intended for food, hence these cereals and legumes analysed in this study are safe for human consumption.

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