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All Journal Lingue : Jurnal Bahasa, Budaya, dan Sastra Penamas
Jenri Ambarita
Hoseo University
Religion Arts Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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Hierarchy without Domination: Dalihan Natolu as a Relational Model of Justice and Religious Moderation among the Batak Febri Kurnia Manoppo; Jenri Ambarita
Penamas Vol 39 No 1 (2026): Volume 39, Issue 1, January-June 2026
Publisher : Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Agama Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31330/penamas.v39i1.1082

Abstract

This study examines the paradox of ‘dalihan natolu’, the Batak kinship system: how a hierarchy based on inherited roles produces egalitarian relationships whilst simultaneously underpinning religious moderation. This paradox is difficult to explain through John Rawls’s liberal theory of justice, which is grounded in individualism and the equality of basic freedoms, and thus regards ascriptive hierarchies as the antithesis of justice. Building on Rawls, this study interprets the dalihan natolu through the paradigm of relational justice and the theory of reciprocal exchange, asking: through what mechanisms and within what limits can different roles produce fairness and equality? Data were collected qualitatively through in-depth interviews, participatory observation and audiovisual content analysis. The findings reveal asymmetrical equality: rotating reciprocal obligations counterbalance an advantage in one relationship with a subordinate position in another, preventing hierarchies from solidifying into permanent domination. This mechanism transcends religious divides, whilst leaving gender tensions and the burden of customary obligations unresolved. Dalihan natolu challenges the liberal assumption that ascriptive roles preclude justice, whilst simultaneously promoting inter-religious, kinship-based religious moderation.
INTEGRATING HOTS IN INDONESIAN HIGH SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2013 AND MERDEKA CURRICULUM Abd Rahim; Abdul Aziz; Ilma Rahim; Rizki Herdiani; Jenri Ambarita; Nurhikmah
Lingue : Jurnal Bahasa, Budaya, dan Sastra Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): Language and Literature Studies
Publisher : LP2M UIN Abdul Muthalib Sangadji Ambon

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33477/lingue.v7i1.9426

Abstract

This study evaluates and compares the integration of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Indonesian language textbooks for high school students under the 2013 Curriculum and the Merdeka Curriculum. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study conducts content analysis of four textbooks two aligned with the 2013 Curriculum and two with the Merdeka Curriculum employing HOTS criteria derived from Bloom’s taxonomy. The findings reveal that the 2013 Curriculum textbook (2014 edition) includes 78 questions, with 17 in the analyzing category and 37 in the evaluating category (32 checking and 24 criticizing questions). In comparison, the Merdeka Curriculum textbook (2021 edition) presents 55 questions, comprising 14 analyzing and 32 evaluating questions (25 checking and 16 criticizing). Despite a decrease in the total number of questions, the Merdeka Curriculum exhibits a greater emphasis on deeper critical evaluation, reflecting a pedagogical shift toward fostering students' critical thinking competencies. The contribution of this research lies in providing empirical evidence on how curriculum reforms affect the cognitive depth of textbook content, thereby offering insights for curriculum developers, textbook authors, and educators in designing learning materials that effectively promote 21st-century skills.
Co-Authors Abdul Aziz Febri Kurnia Manoppo Ilma Rahim Nurhikmah Rahim, Abd Rizki Herdiani