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All Journal Fundamental and Applied Research in Medicine and Allied Sciences Indonesia
Dzukharian Munandar
Poltekkes Kemenkes Jayapura, Indonesia

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Optimization and Stability Testing of a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC)-Based Emulgel System for Transdermal Delivery of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Muhammad Nurul Fadel; Emma Jayanti Besan; Dzukharian Munandar; Zola Efa Harnis; Indri Dwi Rahasasti
Fundamental and Applied Research in Medicine and Allied Sciences Indonesia Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): May, 2026
Publisher : CV. Get Press Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69855/farmasi.v2i1.522

Abstract

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) are second-generation lipid nanoparticles composed of solid and liquid lipids that improve drug loading, stability, and controlled release. Incorporating NLC into an emulgel enhances transdermal drug delivery by improving skin permeation and prolonging drug release. This study aimed to optimize an NLC-based emulgel using Design of Experiment (DoE) and evaluate its physicochemical properties, drug release, skin permeation, and stability. Diclofenac sodium was selected as the model drug. NLC was prepared using melt-emulsification ultrasonication and optimized with a three-factor Box–Behnken design before incorporation into Carbopol 940 gel. Characterization included particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, viscosity, spreadability, and drug release analysis. The optimized formulation showed a particle size of 187.4 ± 5.2 nm, zeta potential of −32.6 ± 1.8 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 91.3 ± 2.1%. Drug release reached 85.6% within 24 hours following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Skin permeation was significantly higher than conventional gel, and the formulation remained stable for six months at 25°C/60% RH.
Evaluation of the Potential of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) in Increasing Oral Bioavailability of Low-Solubility Drugs Muhammad Nurul Fadel; Emma Jayanti Besan; Dzukharian Munandar; Husnunnisa; Cut Intan Annisa Puteri
Fundamental and Applied Research in Medicine and Allied Sciences Indonesia Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): May, 2026
Publisher : CV. Get Press Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69855/farmasi.v2i1.544

Abstract

Losartan potassium, a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug, exhibits poor aqueous solubility and limited oral bioavailability. This study aimed to develop and optimize a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) to enhance its dissolution and absorption. SNEDDS formulations were prepared using Capmul MCM C8, Tween 80, and PEG 400 based on solubility screening and ternary phase diagram analysis. The optimized formulation (F3) was evaluated for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), in vitro drug release, pharmacokinetics, and stability. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in experimental rats Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in experimental rats (n = 3 per group) to assess bioavailability. The optimized SNEDDS produced nanoemulsions with a droplet size of 68.3 nm, low PDI, and good dilution stability. In vitro studies demonstrated rapid drug release (>96% within 30 minutes), significantly higher than the plain suspension. Pharmacokinetic results showed a 3.09-fold increase in bioavailability and a 2.79-fold increase in Cmax without altering Tmax. Stability studies confirmed good physicochemical stability over six months under ICH conditions. In conclusion, SNEDDS is a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs such as losartan potassium.
Co-Authors Cut Intan Annisa Puteri Emma Jayanti Besan Husnunnisa Indri Dwi Rahasasti Muhammad Nurul Fadel Muhammad Nurul Fadel Zola Efa Harnis