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All Journal ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation
A. Ine Aprilia Damai
Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang
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Normative Sports Law Analysis for Global Anti-Doping Justice Wisnu Wisnu hadi; Muhammad Adrian Maulana; Sigit Nugroho; Muhammad Arief Setiawan; A. Ine Aprilia Damai; Aprillia Wulan Utari
ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/active.v15i2.49297

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the development of anti-doping regulations from a sports law perspective and to assess the effectiveness of harmonization through the World Anti-Doping Code in ensuring procedural and substantive justice for athletes across jurisdictions. The study employs a normative legal approach with an analytical-critical orientation through an examination of the World Anti-Doping Code, the 2005 UNESCO Convention, and various national regulations that have adopted them. A conceptual approach is applied to examine the theories of polycentric regulation, legal legitimacy, and procedural justice, while a comparative approach is used to test the consistency of implementation across nations. The research findings indicate that the global anti-doping regime has evolved into a hybrid model integrating lex sportiva and international public law, resulting in formal harmonization of testing standards, evidentiary rules, and sanctions. However, significant implementation gaps exist, particularly regarding institutional capacity, access to legal aid, and the speed of dispute resolution, which impact the protection of athletes’ rights and the perceived legitimacy of the system. The study’s conclusions emphasize that normative harmonization does not yet fully align with substantive justice; therefore, strengthening national capacity and implementing policy reforms that are more responsive to social and political contexts are necessary to ensure equitable protection of athletes’ rights globally.
The Effect of Anti-Doping Education on Volleyball Team Athletes' Knowledge and Attitudes Daffaa Ikhsan; Irfan Marhandika; Rakha Syamsudin; Muhammad Arief Setiawan; A. Ine Aprilia Damai; Aprilia Wulan Utari
ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/active.v15i2.49318

Abstract

Doping is a serious problem in the world of sports that can undermine sportsmanship, health, and the integrity of athletes. College athletes’ limited understanding of banned substances and the lack of anti-doping education increase the risk of doping violations, whether intentional or unintentional. This study aims to determine the effect of anti-doping education on the knowledge and attitudes of Unsika volleyball club athletes. The study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method through a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The study sample consisted of 30 athletes selected using total sampling. Data collection was conducted using a knowledge test and an attitude questionnaire, followed by analysis using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the Paired Sample T-Test. The results showed an increase in the mean score from 58.70 in the pretest to 82.67 in the posttest. The results of the Paired Sample T-Test showed a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a significant effect of anti-doping education on athletes’ knowledge and attitudes. Thus, anti-doping education has proven effective in enhancing athletes’ understanding and fostering positive attitudes toward the importance of sportsmanship and doping-free sports.
Doping and Reproductive Health in Female Athletes: A Narrative Literature Review Dafa Wishnu Moerara; Muhammad Rafi Zulfikar; Muhammad Arief Setiawan; Aprillia Wulan Utari; A. Ine Aprilia Damai
ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/active.v15i2.57710

Abstract

Doping is not only a violation of sport integrity but also a health-risk behaviour with specific implications for female athletes. This narrative literature review synthesises peer-reviewed studies, consensus statements, and official anti-doping documents published mainly between 2014 and 2026. The review focused on prohibited substances and methods that may affect endocrine regulation, menstrual function, fertility potential, virilisation, sexual health, and athlete well-being. The strongest evidence concerns anabolic-androgenic steroids, which can disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, impair ovulation, cause oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, reduce fertility potential, and produce androgenic changes such as acne, hirsutism, voice deepening, breast atrophy, and clitoromegaly. Human growth hormone, stimulants, hormone modulators, diuretics, and masking practices may contribute to reproductive-health risk indirectly through metabolic disturbance, cardiovascular strain, neuroendocrine stress, appetite suppression, low energy availability, and substance stacking. Menstrual dysfunction should not be interpreted as direct proof of doping because relative energy deficiency in sport, psychological stress, training load, eating disorders, pregnancy, and endocrine disease may produce overlapping symptoms. Prevention therefore requires gender-responsive anti-doping education, confidential medical referral, menstrual-health monitoring, supplement-risk counselling, therapeutic-use guidance, psychological support, and consistent anti-doping control. The review concludes that clean-sport policy should be integrated with reproductive-health protection so that female athletes receive both fair-competition safeguards and clinically appropriate support.
Co-Authors Aprilia Wulan Utari Aprillia Wulan Utari Dafa Wishnu Moerara Daffaa Ikhsan Irfan Marhandika Muhammad Adrian Maulana Muhammad Arief Setiawan Muhammad Rafi Zulfikar Rakha Syamsudin Sigit Nugroho Wisnu Wisnu hadi