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All Journal EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis IJCR (Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research) Industrial Innovation Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu, dan Produk Kulit
Wahyu Fajar Winata
Department Of Leather Processing Technology, Politeknik ATK Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Evaluation of the Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Box Leather for Footwear Upper Applications Based on SNI 0234:2009: Implications for Industrial Ergonomics Himawan Santoso; Wahyu Fajar Winata; Fauzi Ashari
Industrial Innovation Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Industrial Innovation
Publisher : Politeknik ATK Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58533/cxbdy494

Abstract

Box leather is one of the most widely used chrome-tanned leathers for footwear upper applications due to its excellent combination of mechanical strength, flexibility, and surface quality. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical characteristics of box leather for footwear upper applications based on the requirements of SNI 0234:2009 and to discuss their implications from the perspective of industrial ergonomics. A descriptive research approach was employed through laboratory testing, including organoleptic assessment, thickness, tear strength, tanning maturity, finish rub fastness, water absorption, tensile strength, elongation at break, softness, crack resistance, burst resistance, and flex resistance, following the procedures specified in SNI 0234:2009. The results showed that most of the evaluated parameters complied with the standard requirements. The leather exhibited a thickness of 1.30 mm, tear strength of 52.38 kg/cm, tensile strength of 1653.26 kg/cm², elongation at break of 60.49%, and satisfactory crack resistance, burst resistance, and flex resistance, all of which fulfilled the requirements of SNI 0234:2009. However, water absorption after 2 h (89.69%) and 24 h (100.35%), grain adhesion (nerf), and wet finish rub fastness did not fully satisfy the standard and therefore require further improvement. From an industrial ergonomics perspective, the excellent mechanical performance indicates that the evaluated box leather possesses sufficient flexibility, structural stability, and resistance to repetitive loading, making it suitable for footwear upper applications that demand long-term comfort and durability. Conversely, the relatively high water absorption may reduce user comfort by increasing moisture retention and footwear weight during prolonged use. Overall, the evaluated box leather demonstrated good conformity with SNI 0234:2009, with future improvements recommended for moisture resistance, grain adhesion, and finishing performance through optimization of the retanning and finishing processes
Physical and Mechanical Characterization of Sheep/Goat Garment Leather According to SNI 4593:2011 with Industrial Ergonomics Wahyu Fajar Winata; Fauzi Ashari; Himawan Santoso
Industrial Innovation Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Industrial Innovation
Publisher : Politeknik ATK Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58533/65frjr16

Abstract

Sheep and goat garment leather is widely utilized in the apparel industry because of its softness, flexibility, lightweight characteristics, and excellent mechanical performance, making it suitable for high-quality leather garments. The quality of garment leather plays a crucial role in determining not only product durability but also wearer comfort and freedom of movement during use. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical characteristics of sheep/goat garment leather based on the requirements of SNI 4593:2011 and to discuss their implications from the perspective of industrial ergonomics. A descriptive research approach was employed using laboratory testing in accordance with SNI 4593:2011. The evaluated parameters included organoleptic properties, leather thickness, tear strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, softness, crack resistance, water absorption, finish rub fastness, and other quality characteristics specified in the standard. The experimental results were analyzed descriptively by comparing each parameter with the quality requirements established in SNI 4593:2011 to determine the conformity of the tested leather. The evaluation indicated that most of the measured physical and mechanical properties satisfied the standard requirements, demonstrating that the leather possesses adequate structural integrity and flexibility for garment applications. Nevertheless, several parameters require further optimization to achieve full compliance with the national standard and to enhance overall product quality. From an industrial ergonomics perspective, the observed mechanical properties indicate that the evaluated leather is capable of accommodating body movements while maintaining structural stability during repeated use. Appropriate flexibility, tensile strength, and softness are expected to improve range of motion, wearing comfort, and long-term durability, whereas physical characteristics related to moisture behavior may influence thermal comfort and user satisfaction. Overall, the evaluated sheep/goat garment leather demonstrated good conformity with SNI 4593:2011, suggesting its suitability for garment applications. Future improvements should focus on optimizing leather processing and finishing to enhance both material performance and ergonomic quality while preserving the favorable mechanical properties of the leather
Influence of Relative Humidity During Conditioning On The Mechanical Properties of Goat Leather Hermawan, Prasetyo; Sugiyanto; Saukani, Imam; Nuraini, Eko; Prakoso, Muhammad Ridwan; winata, wahyu fajar
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): Volume 11, ISSUE 2, 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/ijcr.vol11.iss2.art6

Abstract

The accuracy of leather testing results is strongly influenced by the conditioning stage prior to mechanical testing. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) are critical environmental parameters that affect the physical properties of leather, particularly tensile strength and elongation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different relative humidity levels during the conditioning stage on the tensile strength and elongation of goat leather used for glove materials. The test specimens were conditioned at an average temperature of 26.6 °C with relative humidity levels of 47%, 53%, 60%, 68%, and 76% for 168 hours. Mechanical testing was performed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at a crosshead speed of 100 mm/min, a gauge length of 50 mm, and a load cell capacity of 2000 kgf. The results showed that increasing relative humidity during conditioning significantly enhanced both tensile strength and elongation of the leather. Tensile strength increased from 163.087 kgf/cm² at 47% RH to 222.944 kgf/cm² at 76% RH, while elongation increased from 54.963% to 72.973%. All measured values exceeded the minimum requirements specified by the Indonesian National Standard. The results also indicate that the most appropriate testing condition corresponds to the standard conditioning environment of 27.0 ± 2.0 °C and 65 ± 5% RH according to SNI ISO 2419:2012. These findings highlight the importance of standardized environmental conditioning to ensure reliable and representative mechanical test results for leather materials
Co-Authors Akbar Izzulhaq Dewi, Zahra Saadiya Dimas Betran Saputra Dwi Ari Setyorini Elis Nurbalia Fadzkurisma Robbika Fauzi Ashari Hafitz Noprianto Ramadhan Heru Susanto Himawan Santoso Himawan Santoso Ika Yanti Ika Yanti, Ika Laili Rachmawati Mustafidah Udkhiyati Nabilla Indrakusuma Nais Pinta Adetya Nur Mutia Rosiati Nuraini, Eko Prakoso, Muhammad Ridwan Prasetyo Hermawan Prasetyo Hermawan Rahmayani, Elyka Rina Dwi Asmarani SUGIYANTO Swatika Juhana Tiyastuti, Rini