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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CPRS): A Literature Review Amanullah, Mohammad Sany Rosafi; Ini Hidayat Makbul; Kadek Nandita Nugraha; Afif Farras; Baiq Inna Dwi Hardyningrat; Devi Chandra Kirana; Najla Aulia Yahya; Salsabila Dinda Nuril Ishlahi; Siti Nurhaliza; Shofia Kadarisma; Yunita Hapsari
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 24 No. 4 (2024): Oktober - Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v24i4.7731

Abstract

CRPS (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome) occurs due to tissue trauma, leading to inflammation, activation of peripheral nociceptors, and increased regulation of neuronal processes. The etiology of CRPS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an inappropriate inflammatory response and dysfunction in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The purpose of this article is to provide additional information regarding CRPS, thereby facilitating more accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The research method used is a literature review, which discusses the definition, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), drawing on sources from PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Future research is essential to deepen the understanding of this syndrome and create opportunities for more effective prevention and treatment of CRPS.
Necrotizing Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) Post-MDT in Multibacillary Hansen’s Disease: A Case Report Mira Nupila Rahma; Made Prajnana Adhi Parasikan Susana; Wibisono Hasanul Muhtaram; Ashila Sallama Nur Fadlila; Indri Tiffani; Lalu Abdul Mubarak; Retno Dwi Utami; Baiq Mayada Isqie; Florentcia Davina Gunawan; Nensy Dwi Astika; Pande Komang Inten Widya Iswara Oka; Kurniati Kurniati; Yunita Hapsari
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 26 No. 3 (2026): Juli - September
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v26i3.12326

Abstract

Necrotic erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is a rare and severe type 2 leprosy reaction that mainly affects patients with multibacillary Hansen's disease and may progress to tissue necrosis. We report the case of a 26-year-old woman with released-from-treatment (RFT) multibacillary Hansen's disease who presented with recurrent painful erythematous nodules, cutaneous necrosis, paresthesia, numbness, and peripheral neuropathy. Clinical examination revealed enlarged and tender peripheral nerves with sensory and motor impairment, while slit-skin smear demonstrated a bacteriological index of +3. Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and mild microcytic anemia, indicating an active inflammatory process. The patient was diagnosed with recurrent necrotic ENL after completion of multidrug therapy and was treated with systemic corticosteroids, analgesics, wound care, emollients, neurotropic supplementation, and iron therapy. Clinical improvement and a reduction in the bacteriological index were observed during follow-up, although recurrent skin lesions and residual sensory neuropathy persisted. This case emphasizes that necrotic ENL may occur after RFT and highlights the importance of early recognition, appropriate treatment, and close follow-up to reduce recurrence, prevent irreversible nerve damage, and improve long-term outcomes.