<![CDATA[The provision of safe, sustainable, and accessible drinking water remains a major development challenge in archipelagic and semi-arid regions such as East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Geographical constraints, limited water resources, and dispersed population distribution require adaptive governance approaches in the implementation of Drinking Water Supply Systems (SPAM). This study aimed to compare water governance and drinking water management practices implemented by the Regional Drinking Water Company of Kupang City and the Regional Water Utility of Rote Ndao Regency, representing two different geographical contexts within East Nusa Tenggara. A comparative case study approach was employed through field observations, interviews, and document reviews conducted at water sources, treatment facilities, reservoirs, and distribution systems. Data were analyzed descriptively to identify similarities, differences, operational challenges, and development opportunities in drinking water service provision. The findings indicate that the Regional Drinking Water Company of Kupang City operates a more complex system utilizing both surface water and groundwater sources, supported by comprehensive treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection before distribution. In contrast, the Regional Water Utility of Rote Ndao mainly relies on spring water and boreholes, with relatively simple distribution systems and limited treatment processes. Nevertheless, the traditional conservation area locally known as "Mamar" surrounding the Oemau Spring contributes significantly to source water sustainability in Rote Ndao.Both utilities face similar challenges related to seasonal water scarcity, increasing water demand, and infrastructure limitations. However, management strategies differ according to local environmental conditions, institutional capacities, and source water characteristics. Strengthening water governance, infrastructure investment, and watershed protection are essential for improving drinking water security in East Nusa Tenggara.]]>
