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All Journal Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Reaktor International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Jurnal Rekayasa Proses International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Indonesian Journal of Aerospace
Widiatmoko, Pramujo
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132
Aerospace Engineering Astronomy Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Social Sciences

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Journal : International Journal of Renewable Energy Development

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Synthesis of rubber seed shell-derived porous activated carbons for promising supercapacitor application Rustamaji, Heri; Prakoso, Tirto; Devianto, Hary; Widiatmoko, Pramujo; Febriyanto, Pramahadi; Ginting, Simparmin br; Darmansyah, Darmansyah
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 2 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60869

Abstract

This work investigates synthesizing activated carbon obtained from rubber seed shells utilizing several activating agents (KOH, CaCl2, and ZnCl2) for supercapacitor applications. Activated carbon was produced from a rubber seed shell using hydrothermal carbonization at 275 °C for 60 minutes and a 120-minute activation treatment at 800 °C. Various activating agents pronounced impacted the pore architecture, surface area, crystallinity, and level of graphitization, which collectively determined the electrochemical characteristics of the resulting materials. Incorporating activation agents enhances the specific surface area and influences the extent of graphitization of activated carbon. The specific surface area of activated carbon products ranges from 367 to 735.2 m² g⁻¹. Further investigation through electrochemical analysis, conducted with a carefully engineered two-electrode system, demonstrated a peak electrode capacitance value of 246 F g-1 at 50 mA g-1 for an ACZn-based supercapacitor. Supercapacitor cells’ energy and power densities reached significant levels, measuring 5.47 Wh kg-1 and 246 W kg-1, respectively. The RSS-derived activated carbon-based supercapacitor exhibited remarkable longevity in a 5000-cycle test, with consistent capacitance retention and coulombic efficiency of 100.11% and 100%, respectively. This work presents a sustainable pathway for producing activated carbon electrodes, contributing to the global circular economy and demonstrating considerable industrial potential.
Morphological and thermal stability analysis of Sn/C electrodes synthesized through impregnation and precipitation methods for CO2 electroreduction Eviani, Mitra; Prakoso, Tirto; Kusdiana, Dadan; Widiatmoko, Pramujo; Devianto, Hary
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61280

Abstract

This study investigates tin (Sn) based electrodes supported by graphite for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ECO2R) to formic acid, comparing precipitation and impregnation synthesis methods. Electrodes were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronoamperometry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The precipitation method yielded higher Sn content (91.22%) and superior thermal stability (3% mass loss at 1000°C vs. 45% for impregnation). Morphological analysis through SEM revealed precipitation-synthesized electrodes exhibited more uniform Sn particle distribution across the graphite surface, while impregnation resulted in larger Sn agglomerates with less homogeneous coverage, significantly influencing electroactive surface area and catalytic performance. The electrochemical performance of electrodes was tested using H-cell. CV showed decreased cathodic current for Sn/C electrodes compared to pure graphite in CO2-saturated electrolyte, while chronoamperometry indicated slightly better sustained performance for precipitation-synthesized electrodes with stabilized current densities after 3 hours of operation. EIS analysis suggested the precipitation method yields a marginally lower ohmic resistance (28.8 Ω vs. 29.8 Ω), resulting in a more favorable electrode structure for overall catalytic activity. Both methods showed lower ohmic resistance than that of pure graphite (38.1 Ω), the precipitation-synthesized Sn/C electrode emerged as the preferred selection for ECO2R to formic acid, balancing high Sn content, thermal stability, superior durability, and better Faradaic efficiency. The observed performance differences were attributed to distinct metal-support interactions formed during synthesis, with precipitation creating stronger metal-carbon bonds that enhance stability but potentially limit certain active sites necessary for optimal CO2 reduction kinetics. This comprehensive characterization revealed that the precipitation-synthesized electrode offers the most promising foundation for further development, potentially through process optimization, hybrid synthesis approaches, or targeted doping strategies to enhance catalytic activity while maintaining the advantageous stability characteristics.
Co-Authors Adriaan, Adriaan Ananda, Wisnu Dadan Kusdiana Daniel Yonathan, Daniel DARMANSYAH . Darmawan, Risky Devianto, Hary Eviani, Mitra Febriyanto, Pramahadi Fitri, Hera Rahma Guan, Guoqing Hakim , Afif Nur Heri Rustamaji Koto, Hilham Zamriko Mutiari, Anies Nurdin, Isdiriayani Nurdin, Isdiriayani Rizkiana, Jenny Simparmin br Ginting Sukmana, Ira Febrianty Tirto Prakoso Trianto, Azis Utomo, Mhd Ridho Yandra, Ridho Eka Yusupandi, Fauzi