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Nitrate - Nitrite Toxicosis in Animals and Their Cases in Indonesia ., Yuningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 10, No 1 (2000)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Nitrate is naturally present in the environment such as in plants, fertilized soil, and water. Toxicity of nitrate-nitrite in animals occurred when these animals consumed grasses or plants, which contained high level of nitrate. As a consequence nitrate is converted into lethal nitrite by the bacteria in the rumen. When nitrite is absorbed into the blood, haemoglobine (Hb) is converted by nitrite into methaemoglobine (MetHb) which reduces the oxygen uptake, if MetHb level reaches 20-30%. As a consequence the suffering animals show difficulty in breathing, the clinical sign develop when MetHb reaches 80-90%, causing the death of the animals and this MetHb levels result in brown discoloration of the blood, as a characteristic of nitrate-nitrite poisoning. Several cases of nitrate-nitrite poisoning were reported from Bogor, Bandung, Sukabumi, Jakarta, and Kupang in various animals from the year 1992 to 1997. It was reported that 6,250; 8,000; 2,000; 5,000 mg/kg nitrate and 10 mg/kg nitrite detected in the feed of zebra, dairy cattle, horse, sheep, and duck respectively. The grass containing high level of nitrate was probably due to over fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Â Key words : Poisoning, nitrate, nitrite, animals, grass, water

The Quality of Fish Meal for Animal Feed and its Toxicity ., Yuningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 3 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Fish meal is an important source of protein in feed. However its storage time and condition should be carefully observed as they may cause the fermentation if stored for long time. When Clostridium spp are dominant during proteolitic reactions, extensive changes to amino acids can occur by three different types of reactions: deamination, decarboxylation and coupled oxidation/ reduction, which result in the production of amines, ammonia, carbondioxide, keto acids and fatty acids. Based on the result of toxicological examination in fish meal samples which were received from 1999 to 2000 in diagnostic laboratory, Balitvet- Bogor, the samples contain ammonia: 15 samples (100%), histamine: 9 samples (64%) and nitrate: 2 samples (14%). As a conclusion histamine (decarboxilation reaction) and ammonia are a primary toxic substance in fish meal. Â Key words: Fish meal, histamine, ammonia, nitrate

Rabies in Indonesia and The Development of Its:Diagnostic Techniques Adjid, R M A; Sarosa, A; Syafriati, T; ., Yuningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 4 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Rabies is a zoonotic disease which is crucial for public health, as it can infect human beings and causes death . Rabies has spread across the world including Indonesia . Control to erradicate rabies still faces many obstacles. Rabies research at Research Institute for Veterinary Science emphasizes on rabies erradication focussing on some aspects of diagnostic techniques. Studies on the spesimen preservation, the shipment to the laboratory and the collection of brain specimens by straw method as well as the use of cornea touch preparat as intra vitam specimens have been conducted. Rabies diagnostic techniques by NPLA or modified FAVN on multispot slides and their applications in the field have also been studied. This paper also describes the preparation of FITC conjugate. ELISA technique was developed for serological test but still need to be improved to reduce non specific reaction, while RREID was used for antigen detection. Rabies diagnostic was conducted by using RT-PCR but its application was very difficult to be done for intra vitam. Research on Croton tiglium and Pangium edule extracts as an alternative for the strychnine poison used for dog elimination in the field has also been conducted but further research is needed in the future. Key words: Rabies, zoonosis, research, diagnostic

Effects of Toxic Compounds in Contaminated Drinking Water for Livestock ., Yuningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 2 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Good water quality is a broad term, which encompasses taste, mineral and organic content, salinity, solids, microbes and potential natural or chemical contaminants in the safety level . Due to the rapid development of industrial companies without a proper waste water treatment, the source of drinking water for animal can be contaminated by toxic compounds . Water resources for livestock must be free from the contamination qualitatively as well as quantitatively . This paper describes some contaminants in the drinking water, their effects on livestock, and methods to measure their level. Key words: Water quality, toxic compounds, livestock

Pasteurised milk and implementation of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) Murdiati, T.B; Priadi, A; Rachmawati, S; ., Yuningsih
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 3 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The purpose of pasteurisation is to destroy pathogen bacteria without affecting the taste, flavor, and nutritional value. A study on the implementation of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) in producing pasteurized milk was carried out in four processing unit of pasteurised milk, one in Jakarta, two in Bandung and one in Bogor. The critical control points in the production line were identified. Milk samples were collected from the critical points and were analysed for the total number of microbes. Antibiotic residues were detected on raw milks. The study indicated that one unit in Bandung dan one unit in Jakarta produced pasteurized milk with lower number of microbes than the other units, due to better management and control applied along the chain of production. Penisilin residues was detected in raw milk used by unit in Bogor. Six critical points and the hazard might arise in those points were identified, as well as how to prevent the hazards. Quality assurance system such as HACCP would be able to produce high quality and safety of pasteurised milk, and should be implemented gradually. Â Key words: Pasteurised milk, food safety, HACCP

A rapid, solid phase extraction (SPE) technique for the extraction and gas chromatographic determination lindane pesticide residue in tissue and milk ., Yuningsih; Yuliastuti, Sri
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 10, No 1 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Organochlorine pesticide contamination in feed can cause residue in animal product (tissue and milk), so its become a problem in food safety. Solid phase extraction (SPE) has been carried out for determination organochlorine pesticide residues in food animal production. The technique was rapid, not costly and produce limited amount of hazardous-waste. Samples were homogenized with acetonitrile trough cartridge C18, eluted in fluorocyl column with 2% ether-petroleum or acetonitrile fortissue and milk samples respectively. The recoveries of tissue sample by addition lindane standard solution: 0.50 and 1.00 Î¼g are 85.10 and 103.10% respectively, while that of milk with the addition of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 Î¼g are 83.80, 88.69 and 91.24% respectively. Three replicates were carried out for every sample. According of validation criteria of FAO/IAEA the recovery for analysis of pesticide residues was 70-110%. Therefore, the method is applicable. Â Â Key Words: Pesticide, Tissue, Milk, SPE, Gas Chromatography

Pasteurised milk and implementation of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) T.B Murdiati; A Priadi; S Rachmawati; Yuningsih .
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 9, No 3 (2004): SEPTEMBER 2004
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

The purpose of pasteurisation is to destroy pathogen bacteria without affecting the taste, flavor, and nutritional value. A study on the implementation of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) in producing pasteurized milk was carried out in four processing unit of pasteurised milk, one in Jakarta, two in Bandung and one in Bogor. The critical control points in the production line were identified. Milk samples were collected from the critical points and were analysed for the total number of microbes. Antibiotic residues were detected on raw milks. The study indicated that one unit in Bandung dan one unit in Jakarta produced pasteurized milk with lower number of microbes than the other units, due to better management and control applied along the chain of production. Penisilin residues was detected in raw milk used by unit in Bogor. Six critical points and the hazard might arise in those points were identified, as well as how to prevent the hazards. Quality assurance system such as HACCP would be able to produce high quality and safety of pasteurised milk, and should be implemented gradually. Key words: Pasteurised milk, food safety, HACCP

A rapid, solid phase extraction (SPE) technique for the extraction and gas chromatographic determination lindane pesticide residue in tissue and milk Yuningsih .; Sri Yuliastuti
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 10, No 1 (2005): MARCH 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Organochlorine pesticide contamination in feed can cause residue in animal product (tissue and milk), so its become a problem in food safety. Solid phase extraction (SPE) has been carried out for determination organochlorine pesticide residues in food animal production. The technique was rapid, not costly and produce limited amount of hazardous-waste. Samples were homogenized with acetonitrile trough cartridge C18, eluted in fluorocyl column with 2% ether-petroleum or acetonitrile fortissue and milk samples respectively. The recoveries of tissue sample by addition lindane standard solution: 0.50 and 1.00 μg are 85.10 and 103.10% respectively, while that of milk with the addition of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 μg are 83.80, 88.69 and 91.24% respectively. Three replicates were carried out for every sample. According of validation criteria of FAO/IAEA the recovery for analysis of pesticide residues was 70-110%. Therefore, the method is applicable. Key Words: Pesticide, Tissue, Milk, SPE, Gas Chromatography

Rabies in Indonesia and The Development of Its:Diagnostic Techniques R M A Adjid; A Sarosa; T Syafriati; Yuningsih .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 4 (2005): DECEMBER 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Rabies is a zoonotic disease which is crucial for public health, as it can infect human beings and causes death . Rabies has spread across the world including Indonesia . Control to erradicate rabies still faces many obstacles. Rabies research at Research Institute for Veterinary Science emphasizes on rabies erradication focussing on some aspects of diagnostic techniques. Studies on the spesimen preservation, the shipment to the laboratory and the collection of brain specimens by straw method as well as the use of cornea touch preparat as intra vitam specimens have been conducted. Rabies diagnostic techniques by NPLA or modified FAVN on multispot slides and their applications in the field have also been studied. This paper also describes the preparation of FITC conjugate. ELISA technique was developed for serological test but still need to be improved to reduce non specific reaction, while RREID was used for antigen detection. Rabies diagnostic was conducted by using RT-PCR but its application was very difficult to be done for intra vitam. Research on Croton tiglium and Pangium edule extracts as an alternative for the strychnine poison used for dog elimination in the field has also been conducted but further research is needed in the future. Key words: Rabies, zoonosis, research, diagnostic

Effects of Toxic Compounds in Contaminated Drinking Water for Livestock Yuningsih .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 2 (2005): JUNE 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Good water quality is a broad term, which encompasses taste, mineral and organic content, salinity, solids, microbes and potential natural or chemical contaminants in the safety level . Due to the rapid development of industrial companies without a proper waste water treatment, the source of drinking water for animal can be contaminated by toxic compounds . Water resources for livestock must be free from the contamination qualitatively as well as quantitatively . This paper describes some contaminants in the drinking water, their effects on livestock, and methods to measure their level. Key words: Water quality, toxic compounds, livestock

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