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Synthesis of Polyclonal Antibodies against Aflatoxin B1 Wicaksono, Wiyogo Prio; Permana, Deni Samsudin; Maryam, Romsyah; Einaga, Yasuaki
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 19, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Polyclonal antibodies of aflatoxin B1 were successfully produced from New Zealand White female rabbits after immunization by the hapten of aflatoxin B1-carboxymethyl hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride (AFB1-CMO) conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the antigen. The hapten was synthesized using the carbodiimide method with CMO as a linker. Absorption peaks at 362, 264, and 218 nm were observed as a result of characterization with UV-Vis spectroscopy, while IR spectroscopy showed peaks at 3448 cm-1 and 1642 cm-1 attributable to the hydroxyl and nitrile groups, respectively. Furthermore, mass spectrometry showed fragmentation at the m/z of 386, 368.2, and 310, which confirms that the hapten of AFB1-CMO was successfully synthesized. The hapten was then conjugated with BSA to serve as an antigen of AFB1 when it was injected into the rabbits. The specificity of the antigen towards its antibody and the confirmation of hapten-BSA conjugation were characterized using the dot blot immunoassay, which showed a BSA concentration of 1.74 mg/mL. Two weeks after the primary immunization by its antigen, agar gel precipitation testing showed that the rabbit blood serum had positive results for polyclonal antibodiest against AFB1 with the highest concentration of antibodiest of 2.19 mg/mL.
Electrochemical Detection of Neuraminidase Based on Zanamivir Inhibition Reaction at Platinum and Platinum-Modified Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes Ivandini, Tribidasari Anggraningrum; Ariani, Jenny; Jiwanti, Prastika Krisma; Gunlazuardi, Jarnuzi; Saepudin, Endang; Einaga, Yasuaki
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Neuraminidase sensors have been developed using platinum (Pt) and platinum-modified boron-doped diamond (Pt-BDD) electrodes based on the difference of electrochemical responses of zanamivir in the absence and in presence of neuraminidase. Cyclic voltammetry of zanamivir showed that the presence of zanamivir decreases the oxidation-reduction peak currents of Pt. The responses were found to be linear in the zanamivir concentration range of 7.5-150 μM. Comparison between Pt-BDD and Pt bulk electrodes showed that Pt-BDD offers approximately two times higher sensitivity of zanamivir responses than Pt bulk. Further comparison to gold-based electrodes showed that Pt-based electrodes provided about one order higher sensitivity of zanamivir responses. In the presence of neuraminidase, the oxidation-reduction currents of Pt again increase. Observation on the oxidation currents in the system with 2 x 10-5 M zanamivir showed that the responses were linear in the neuraminidase concentration range of 5-20 mU. Good reproducibility with an RSD < 3 (n = 10) was achieved even when the measurements were performed in a mucin matrix,suggesting that Pt-based electrodes are suitable to be applied for the detection method of neuraminidase.
Copper-nickel-modified Boron-doped Diamond Electrode for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction Application: A Preliminary Study Jiwanti, Prastika Krisma; Aritonang, Rani Puspitasari; Abdullah, Imam; Einaga, Yasuaki; Ivandini, Tribidasari Anggraningrum
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 23, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) activity is known to be influenced by electrode materials. In this study, we report the fabrication of a copper-nickel-modified boron-doped diamond (CuNi-BDD) electrode using wet chemical seeding and electrodeposition. Annealing was performed to improve the stability of the modified electrode during elec-trolysis. Characterization of the modified BDD electrodes shows successful deposition without damage to the surface of the BDD support material. CO2ER was conducted with the CuNi-BDD electrode, which produces various important products including methanol, formic acid, CO, and CH4. Additionally, a different applied potential affected the product distribution. CO2ER was also conducted on the surfaces of Cu-BDD and Ni-BDD electrodes for comparison.
Development of Immunochromatographic Strip Tests for Selective and Quantitative Detection of Melamine Wicaksono, Wiyogo P.; Ivandini, Tribidasari A.; Saepudin, Endang; Einaga, Yasuaki
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 18, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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An immunochromatographic strip test based on the complex reaction of antigen-antibody (melamine-antimelamine) was developed for quantitative detection of melamine. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were used to form AuNP-labeled antibody, which then acted as a biosensor. Melamine quantification was performed by the determination of AuNP using anodic stripping voltammetry technique with a boron-doped diamond as the working electrode. With sample volume of 100 µL and immunoreaction time of 7 min, the developed immunochromatographic strip test produced a linear calibration curve for melamine concentration range of 0–0.6 mg/L, with detection limit of 0.1 mg/L and RSD of ~5%. Furthermore, negative results were obtained for samples containing cyanuric acid and urea, indicating that the developed immunochromatographic strip test has potential for selective and quantitative detection of melamine.
Preparation of boron-doped diamond microelectrodes to determine the distribution size of platinum nanoparticles using current transient method Aliyah; Nurhidayat , Reza Rizqi; Afiten Rahmin Sanjaya; Rahmat Wibowo; Einaga, Yasuaki; Saepudin, Endang; Ivandini, Tribidasari Anggraningrum
Environmental and Materials Vol. 1 No. 1: (June) 2023
Publisher : Institute for Advanced Science, Social, and Sustainable Future

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61511/eam.v1i1.2023.117

Abstract

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) microelectrodes were prepared to investigate the correlation of hydrazine oxidation current responses with Pt nanoparticle (Pt NP) size distribution. The BDD film was grown on the surface of a tungsten needle with a diameter of 25 µm. An average particle size of around 5 µm BDD crystalline was successfully synthesized using a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique. The Raman spectrum confirmed the presence of diamond formation as indicated by peaks corresponding to C-C sp3 bonds, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum showed the presence of C-H and C-OH bonds on the surface of the BDD microelectrode. Meanwhile the Pt nanoparticles was synthesized through reduction reaction of  PtCl62- solution using NaBH4 with citric acid as the capping agent. Particles size between 4.46 to 4.78 nm were observed by using TEM measurements. The BDD microelectrodes were utilized to investigate the relationship between Pt nanoparticle size distribution and the current generated from the oxidation reaction of 15 mM hydrazine in a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4 in the presence of 1.0 mL nanoparticle solutions. A current range of 5 and 6 nA with a noise level of 0.15 nA was observed showing a good correlation with the particle sizes of Pt NPs. Comparison was also performed with the measurements using Au microelectrodes, indicated that the prepared BDD microelectrodes is promising for the measurements of nanoparticle sizes distribution, especially Pt NPs.
Synthesis of gold nanoparticles with allicin to modify boron-doped diamond surface for oxygen sensor applications Raharto, Toto; Setiyanto, Cahya Mukti; Ariyanta, Harits Atika; Nahda, Dinda Prastika Nabila; Hani, Adinda Muthia; Yulizar, Yoki; Ivandini, Tribidasari Anggraningrum; Einaga, Yasuaki
Environmental and Materials Vol. 1 No. 2: (December) 2023
Publisher : Institute for Advanced Science, Social, and Sustainable Future

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61511/eam.v1i2.2023.560

Abstract

Modification of surface of boron-doped diamond (BDD) film with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was carried out to increase its catalytic activity for an application as an oxygen sensor. Allicin was isolated from garlic by salting out extraction technique, and then used as the capping agent to synthesize AuNPs as it has a double bond structure that could be reacted to attach the BDD surface under UV light radiation. An average size of AuNPs at around 46,00 ± 9,06 nm was obtained, while the modification of the BDD surface by the synthesized AuNPs indicated that the surface of BDD could be covered by gold at around 0.6 % (w/w). Investigation of the AuNPs-modified BDD as a working electrode for the oxygen reduction by using cyclic voltammograms in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution pH 7 observed a current peak at around -0.45 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The current of this peak linearly increased proportionally to the dissolved oxygen concentrations (R2=0.9986). Moreover, a limit of detection of the dissolved oxygen of 0.12 ppm and limit of quantity 0.41 ppm could be achieved with excellent stability at 6.86% RSD with 6 repetitions and sensitivity at 19.086 μA/ppm indicated that the modified BDD is promising for applications as an oxygen sensor.
Influence of NaBH4 on the sensitivity of As3+ and As5+ sensor using gold modified boron doped diamond electrodes Yuliandri, Pratiwi; Lestarini, Dian Tri; Khalil, Munawar; Einaga, Yasuaki; Jiwanti, Prastika Krisma
Environmental and Materials Vol. 2 No. 1: (June) 2024
Publisher : Institute for Advanced Science, Social, and Sustainable Future

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61511/eam.v2i1.2024.804

Abstract

Background: Arsenic is known as one of the carcinogenic metalloids and can cause various health issues when ingested or inhaled over prolonged periods of time. Methods: In this work, boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was altered with gold particles (Au) arranged by seeding continued with electrodeposition of HAuCl4 solutions at the electrode surface, will be used as electrode to detect As3+ and As5+ in lake water. The deposited gold particles on the BDD surface were studied with scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Detections of As3+, As5+, and mixture solutions of As3+ and As5+, carried out with anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Findings: The, pre-treatment using NaBH4 carried out for reduction from As5+ to As3+, indicate an improvement at the sensitivity of As3+ and As5+ detection with a good linear responses for each solution in range concentrations of 0.02-0.2 ppm for As3+ and As5+, with R2=0.9759 and R2= 0.9876, respectively. Conclusion: Furthermore, limit of detections of 0.0335 ppm and 0.0239 ppm can be attained for As3+ and As5+ displayed high linearity, revealing that detection of each species of As3+ and As5+ can be conducted in mixture of As3+ and As5+. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study involves the modification of BDD electrodes with gold (Au) using a combined seeding and electrodeposition technique, which enhances stability and sensitivity for detecting arsenic (As³⁺ and As⁵⁺) at low concentrations. Additionally, the research introduces a pretreatment method using NaBH₄ to facilitate the detection of As⁵⁺ by reducing it to As³⁺, thereby improving the detection limits with anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV).