Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Biomedical Waste Management in India-A Review Deepika Kanyal; Lata Kanyal Butola; Ranjit Ambad
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14285

Biomedical waste is any kind of waste either solid or liquid containing infectious, potentially infectiousmaterials of medical, laboratory or research origin from activities such as diagnosis, prevention & treatmentof diseases. Bio-medical waste has a higher potential of infection and injury to the healthcare worker, patientand the surrounding community. It consists of human anatomical waste, animal waste, microbiology &biotechnology waste, waste sharps, discarded medicines & cytotoxic drugs, soiled waste, liquid waste,incineration ash & chemical wastes. Common generators of biomedical waste include hospitals, clinics,medical & veterinary colleges, blood banks, mortuaries, autopsy centers, biotechnology institutions, researchlaboratories, home health care & funeral homes. Hazardous chemicals & radioactive waste though noninfectious require proper disposal. World Health Organization states that 10% of hospital waste are infectious& 5% are non-infectious but hazardous waste. World Health Organisation has classified medical waste into8 categories which include general, pathological, radioactive, chemical, infectious, sharps, pharmaceuticals& pressurized wastes. In India, Biomedical waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998 along with furtheramendments regulate biomedical waste management. It consists of 6 schedules which includes Categoryof Biomedical waste, Colour coding & type of container, Label for Biomedical waste containers or bagswhich should be non-washable & prominently visible, Label for transport of Biomedical waste containers orbags, Standard for treatment & disposal, Schedule for waste treatment facilities like Incinerator, Autoclave,Microwave System. Operating Standards like combustion efficiency & Emission Standards are defined.The present review article focused on basic issues as definition, categories, problems relating to biomedicalwaste and procedure of handling and disposal method of Biomedical Waste Management.

Glycated Haemoglobin- Recent Developments and Review on Non-Glycemic Variables Lata Kanyal Butola; Ranjit Ambad; Deepika Kanyal; Anjali Vagga
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14322

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the current tool for monitoring glycemic control once a diagnosis ofdiabetes is established. Its role in the diagnosis of diabetes has only recently come to attention. In the past,many international organizations have discussed the role of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes and rejectedthis application as appropriately DCCT-aligned assays were not used or available globally. Consideringthe high biological variability, the dynamics of glucose, as well as the limitations of blood glucosemonitoring technology, at that time, the possibility of obtaining an integrated average glycemia value bythe measurement of a single biomarker elicited immense interest and provided a powerful tool in bothdiabetes research and clinical management. HbA1c testing was soon facilitated by the development of a newanalytical methodology that was suitable for use in clinical laboratories. However, a consensus statement in2007 on assays used to report HbA1c has now further strengthened the case for a change in the diagnosisof diabetes. Using HbA1c as a screening or diagnostic tool has some logistical advantages over traditionalglucose testing (either oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] or fasting plasma glucose [FPG]). Patients canpresent for a relatively quick test in a non-fasted state at any point of the day, allowing more scope foropportunistic screening. HbA1c assay readings are less prone to recent influences of physical or emotionalstress and provide an indication of longer term glycemic control spanning the last 2–3 months. Owing tosuch logistical advantages there are calls for HbA1c to become the preferred diagnostic tool over glucosetests. Performing the HbA1c test regularly allows the assessment of glycemic control and verification of theefficacy of medication treatment and of education for self-care. It is estimated that 33% to 49% of peoplewith DM2 cannot achieve adequate goals for glucose, blood pressure, or lipid profile control and only 14%reach normal parameters in these measurements.

Role of Omega 3 Fatty acids, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 and Folate in Mental wellbeing- A Short review of Literature Lata Kanyal Butola; Deepika Kanyal; Ranjit Ambad; Rakesh Kumar Jha
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14323

Neuropsychiatric conditions have been linked to around 14 percent of the global disease burden, mainlydue to the chronically debilitating nature of depression and other widespread mental disorders, alcohol anddrug use disorders, and psychosis. The science and lay press have confirmed that vitamin D is an importantfactor that can have major health benefits in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Mostpeople have inadequate vitamin D levels in this country. This is also relevant for people with depression andother mental illnesses as well. Inadequate food consumption, lifestyle or other factors are a major causes ofVitamin D deficiency. Successful diagnosis and treatment of insufficient levels of vitamin D in people withdepression and other mental illnesses could be a simple and cost-effective therapy that could enhance thelong-term health outcomes and quality of life of patients. It is now well known that omega-3 fatty acids areimportant for physical health, and there is growing evidence that omega-3 fatty acids may also be importantfor mental health. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the two major omega-3fatty acids in fish oil, have essential biological roles within the CNS. DHA is a major structural componentof neuronal membranes, and modifying the neuronal membrane fatty acid composition contributes tofunctional changes in the behaviour of phospholipid membrane-embedded receptors and other proteins.EPA has major physiological roles that can influence the behaviour of neurons. For innumerable aspectsof brain functioning, adequate nutrition is needed. A modifiable risk factor for depression may be the poorquality of diet. The goal was to evaluate and synthesize the existing understanding of the role of nutritionin mental well-being. The risk of depression is increased by low omega-3 fatty acid status. Both fish oil andfolic acid supplements have been successfully used to treat depression. The response to antidepressants isdecreased by folate deficiency. Deficiencies in folate, vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Omega 3 fatty acids, VitaminB6 tend to be more prevalent in depressed individuals than in nondepressed individuals. In this short reviewof Literature we have focused on role of Omega 3 Fatty acids, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 andFolate in Mental wellbeing.

Clinical Indicators for Quality Improvements-A Mini Review of Literature Deepika Kanyal; Lata Kanyal Butola
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14324

The quality of health care is on the agenda in most health care systems. Much of this interest in quality ofcare has developed in response to recent dramatic transformations of health care systems, accompanied bynew organizational structures and reimbursement strategies that may affect quality of care. Assessing thequality of care has become increasingly important to providers, regulators, and purchasers of care. Indicatorsfor performance and outcome measurement allow the quality of care and services to be measured. Thisassessment can be done by creating quality indicators that describe the performance that should occur fora particular type of patient or the related health outcomes, and then evaluating whether patients’ care isconsistent with the indicators based on evidence-based standards of care. Quality of care can be definedas ‘the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desiredhealth outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge’, and can be divided into differentdimensions according to the aspects of care being assessed. This paper will focus define clinical indicatorsin a standard way for a global audience, and to review a few classifications of clinical indicators that may beuseful to those who wish to measure quality of care and describe the performance of health care and relatedoutcomes.

Leukotrienes and Inflammation –A Review Lata Kanyal Butola; Archana Dhok; Ranjit Ambad; Deepika Kanyal; Roshan Kumar Jha
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14325

Leukotrienes, together with the prostaglandins and other related compounds, are derived from 20 carbon(eicosa) fatty acids that contain double bonds (enoic). Hence this group of substances is called theeicosanoids. The name leukotriene derives from the original discovery of these substances in white bloodcells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and the fact that they all have in common 4 double bonds (hence the4 subscript), 3 of which are in a conjugated triene structure. Leukotrienes do not exist preformed in cells.They are formed from the breakdown of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated 20 carbon fatty acid. In itsesterified form, arachidonic acid is bound to the phospholipids of the cell membranes. Both immunologicaland non-immunological stimuli can release arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by activatingphospholipase A2. The glucocorticosteroid drugs can inhibit phospholipase A2 and thereby decrease theproduction of all the leukotrienes and hence leukotriene-mediated responses. Generally, inflammation leadsto vasodilation, vascular hyperpermeability, increased blood flow and recruitment of leukocytes to inflamedsites. These events cause enhanced production of cytokines, chemokines, chemical mediators and lipidmediators such as LTs and prostaglandins. Acute inflammation occurs over a short time (seconds, minutesand hours). In contrast, chronic inflammation is a long-lasting inflammatory and immune response thatoccurs over months to years and results in diverse diseases including asthma, allergies, atherosclerosis,arthritis, obesity, cancer and other age-related diseases such as AMD. In this review article we aimed tohighlight the evidence that implicates LTs in physiological function and also in disease processes.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Psychiatric Manifestations-A Consise Review Roshan Kumar Jha; Deepika Kanyal; Ritu Devi; Lata Kanyal Butola
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 3 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i3.15707

Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as mental confusion, memory changes, cognitive slowing, mood disorder, violent behaviour, fatigue, delirium and paranoid psychosis. Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in cell reproduction, normal erythropoiesis, nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis, normal growth, DNA synthesis, and one carbon metabolism. Vitamin B12 helps in synthesis of methionine from homocysteine and conversion of methylmalonylcoA to succinylcoA. Methionine is converted to SAM which donates its methyl group to myelin, membrane phospholipids and various neurotransmitters and free THF is liberated from N5 methyl THF which is used in synthesis of purine, pyrimidine and nucleic acid. An elevated level of Hcy as a neurotoxin was also shown to affect the redox signalling pathways in neurons through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in endogenous antioxidants. If patterns of DNA methylation in redox-related genes can modulate cognitive impairment caused by vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinaemia is therefore of interest, low levels of vitamin B12 can cause serious cognitive dysfunction. Psychiatric symptoms attributable to vitamin B12 deficiency have been described for decades. The earlier studies are for the most part in accord with more recent ones, despite being diagnostically less precise in psychological and hematologic terms. These symptoms tend to fall into many clinically distinct categories: slow cerebration; confusion; memory changes; delirium, with or without hallucinations and/or delusions; depression; acute psychotic states; and more rarely) reversible manic and schizophreniform states. In conclusion, psychiatric disorders can be rare manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency, which are reversible with therapy. Serum Vitamin B12 level should be checked in patients with psychiatric manifestations as it results in neuro psychiatric manifestations such as peripheral neuropathy, myeloneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, optic atrophy, delirium, dementia, psychosis and mood disorders

Title

Found 6 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 6 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 6 Documents
Search