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Leukotrienes and Inflammation –A Review Lata Kanyal Butola; Archana Dhok; Ranjit Ambad; Deepika Kanyal; Roshan Kumar Jha
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14325

Leukotrienes, together with the prostaglandins and other related compounds, are derived from 20 carbon(eicosa) fatty acids that contain double bonds (enoic). Hence this group of substances is called theeicosanoids. The name leukotriene derives from the original discovery of these substances in white bloodcells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and the fact that they all have in common 4 double bonds (hence the4 subscript), 3 of which are in a conjugated triene structure. Leukotrienes do not exist preformed in cells.They are formed from the breakdown of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated 20 carbon fatty acid. In itsesterified form, arachidonic acid is bound to the phospholipids of the cell membranes. Both immunologicaland non-immunological stimuli can release arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by activatingphospholipase A2. The glucocorticosteroid drugs can inhibit phospholipase A2 and thereby decrease theproduction of all the leukotrienes and hence leukotriene-mediated responses. Generally, inflammation leadsto vasodilation, vascular hyperpermeability, increased blood flow and recruitment of leukocytes to inflamedsites. These events cause enhanced production of cytokines, chemokines, chemical mediators and lipidmediators such as LTs and prostaglandins. Acute inflammation occurs over a short time (seconds, minutesand hours). In contrast, chronic inflammation is a long-lasting inflammatory and immune response thatoccurs over months to years and results in diverse diseases including asthma, allergies, atherosclerosis,arthritis, obesity, cancer and other age-related diseases such as AMD. In this review article we aimed tohighlight the evidence that implicates LTs in physiological function and also in disease processes.

Study of Acute Renal Failure in Anemic Patients at Vidharbha Region Gangaram Bhadarge; Pradip Jain; Neha Bhatt; Archana Dhok
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.15081

Introduction: Anemia is commonly characterised as haemoglobin in men of less than 13.0 g/dL andin premenopausal women of less than 12.0 g/dL. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) anaemia is a type ofnormocytic normochromic hypo-proliferative anaemia. It is also associated with poor results in CKD andraises mortality among other CKD complications. After a greater than 50 percent loss of kidney function,the disease normally begins to progress, generally when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls to lessthan 60 mL/min. When chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses, the seriousness of anaemia continues toworsen. Erythropoietin deficiency in renal development and the incidence of anaemia do not always appearto correlate with renal impairment severity.Material and Methods: Total 60 patients of iron deficiency anemia were taken for the study which contains55% (33) male patients and 45% (27) of female patients. This is a cross-sectional investigation whereincases were out-patients. Patients went to the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course focus in the Dept. ofGeneral Medicine. The samples were used to analyze serum urea, Creatinine and Hematocrit value.Result: The level of urea in male (260.69±38.25) is non-significantly high than in female (241.0±34.16)patients.The hematocrit value was significantly low in both men and women (p=0.0006) indicating nodifference irrespective of gender. However, it was discovered that the mean value of females (20.14±2.63)was higher than that of males (17.90 ±2.16).Conclusion: Our study concluded that hematocrit value had a strong association with acute renal failureirrespective of the gender and the severity of the anemia is independent of the maximum or minimum valueof the creatinine or urea.

Study of LDH Isoenzymes in Myocardial Infraction at Vidharbha Region (Central India) Rakesh Kumar Jha; Pradip Jain; Ankita Khandolkar; Archana Dhok
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.15084

Introduction: A significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide is myocardial infarction (MI).Within the first few hours of the beginning of MI, the greatest risk of death occurs. Thus, for the effectivetreatment of patients with MI, early detection of cardiac ischemia is essential. Inappropriate diagnosis ofpatients with chest pain sometimes leads to improper admission, and vice versa, of patients without MI.Physical examination, precise ECG results and evaluation of cardiac biomarkers play an important rolein the early diagnosis of acute ischemia, in addition to clinical history. In the present analysis, the cardiacbiomarker lactate dehydrogenase released during a MI event is discussed in depth.Aim: We conducted a cross sectional study to examine the different levels of LDH isoenzymes in myocardialinfarction patients those admitted in cardiac care unit in SMHRC Nagpur.Material and Methods: The present study included 100 subjects of age group 30-80 years. Patients admittedto the coronary care unit at SMHRC & AVBRH between January 2020 and June 2020 was consideredeligible for the study. These guidelines ensured that sufficient blood samples were available and the criteriafor diagnosis were consistent. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme was fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis as described by Cawley and Eberhard. The stained slides were scanned on Chromoscan at 520 mixand the percentages of the fractions were quantitated.Results: The results obtained in the present study indicate that serum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activityincreases 4-5 folds in the first 24-72 hours after the onset of clinical infarction with a peak on the second day.It then declines gradually towards the normal within two weeks. Thus, determination of total serum LDHis valuable if patients present themselves for clinical check up even after a week from the day of infarct.Although the contribution of myocardium to total serum lactate dehydrogenase is large, its interpretationbecomes difficult if the diseases of other organs such as liver, kidney, etc.Conclusion: In conclusion, the present data strongly support the use of Lactate dehydrogenase for thediagnosis of MI. Such a strategy should boost both the precision and sensitivity for myocardial infarctiondiagnosis.

Relation of CRP, Ferritin and Procalcitonin Level in People Infection with Covid- 19 Dattu Hawale; Archana Dhok; Pradip Jain
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.15085

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Vitamin C in Non Pregnant and Pregnant Women Ankita Khandolkar; Rakesh Kumar Jha; Pradip Jain; Archana Dhok
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.15090

Introduction: It is perceived that smoking cigarettes during pregnancy is unfortunate and can promptexpanded unconstrained early abortion in the first trimester, premature abruption of the placenta, pretermdelivery, decreased birth weight and SIDS. All things considered, children destined to mothers who smokeduring pregnancy weigh 150-300 gram not exactly those destined to mothers who don’t smoke and thedanger of little for-gestational age among ladies who smoke is at any rate twice as high as among ladieswho don’t smoke. For more seasoned ladies, the effect of smoking during pregnancy on fetal developmentand preterm conveyance are more noteworthy. The danger of placental issues can be expanded by long haulsmoking.Aim: Effect of cigarette smoking in non-pregnant and pregnant women’s on the blood serum level of vitaminCMaterial and Methods: The present study included 150 subjects of age group 25-35 years. Out which75 werenon-smokers pregnant women as a control group and 75 were smoker pregnant women as a studygroup. During this stage of pregnancy, the vitamin C levels in the maternal serum were colorimetricallydetermined. The respondents also answered a questionnaire about their smoking habits during pregnancy.Vitamin C intake was measured during the third trimester by monitoring food consumption over a 5-dayperiod (including Sunday) and vitamin C registration with dietary supplements.Results: In the present study, we found significant decreased levels of serum vitamin C and in pregnantcigarette smokers as compared to pregnant non-smokers.Vitamin C was protective for placental abruption innonsmokers but not in smokers (P=0.01).Conclusion: If the production of antioxidants (vitamin C) in smokers is lower compared to pregnant womenwho are not smokers, this could aggravate their newborn’s peroxidation problems. Supplementation ofvitamin C tends to be connected with a decrease in placental abruption and preterm birth in pregnant smokers.

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