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Ranjit Ambad
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Biomedical Waste Management in India-A Review Deepika Kanyal; Lata Kanyal Butola; Ranjit Ambad
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14285

Abstract

Biomedical waste is any kind of waste either solid or liquid containing infectious, potentially infectiousmaterials of medical, laboratory or research origin from activities such as diagnosis, prevention & treatmentof diseases. Bio-medical waste has a higher potential of infection and injury to the healthcare worker, patientand the surrounding community. It consists of human anatomical waste, animal waste, microbiology &biotechnology waste, waste sharps, discarded medicines & cytotoxic drugs, soiled waste, liquid waste,incineration ash & chemical wastes. Common generators of biomedical waste include hospitals, clinics,medical & veterinary colleges, blood banks, mortuaries, autopsy centers, biotechnology institutions, researchlaboratories, home health care & funeral homes. Hazardous chemicals & radioactive waste though noninfectious require proper disposal. World Health Organization states that 10% of hospital waste are infectious& 5% are non-infectious but hazardous waste. World Health Organisation has classified medical waste into8 categories which include general, pathological, radioactive, chemical, infectious, sharps, pharmaceuticals& pressurized wastes. In India, Biomedical waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998 along with furtheramendments regulate biomedical waste management. It consists of 6 schedules which includes Categoryof Biomedical waste, Colour coding & type of container, Label for Biomedical waste containers or bagswhich should be non-washable & prominently visible, Label for transport of Biomedical waste containers orbags, Standard for treatment & disposal, Schedule for waste treatment facilities like Incinerator, Autoclave,Microwave System. Operating Standards like combustion efficiency & Emission Standards are defined.The present review article focused on basic issues as definition, categories, problems relating to biomedicalwaste and procedure of handling and disposal method of Biomedical Waste Management.
Glycated Haemoglobin- Recent Developments and Review on Non-Glycemic Variables Lata Kanyal Butola; Ranjit Ambad; Deepika Kanyal; Anjali Vagga
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14322

Abstract

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the current tool for monitoring glycemic control once a diagnosis ofdiabetes is established. Its role in the diagnosis of diabetes has only recently come to attention. In the past,many international organizations have discussed the role of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes and rejectedthis application as appropriately DCCT-aligned assays were not used or available globally. Consideringthe high biological variability, the dynamics of glucose, as well as the limitations of blood glucosemonitoring technology, at that time, the possibility of obtaining an integrated average glycemia value bythe measurement of a single biomarker elicited immense interest and provided a powerful tool in bothdiabetes research and clinical management. HbA1c testing was soon facilitated by the development of a newanalytical methodology that was suitable for use in clinical laboratories. However, a consensus statement in2007 on assays used to report HbA1c has now further strengthened the case for a change in the diagnosisof diabetes. Using HbA1c as a screening or diagnostic tool has some logistical advantages over traditionalglucose testing (either oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] or fasting plasma glucose [FPG]). Patients canpresent for a relatively quick test in a non-fasted state at any point of the day, allowing more scope foropportunistic screening. HbA1c assay readings are less prone to recent influences of physical or emotionalstress and provide an indication of longer term glycemic control spanning the last 2–3 months. Owing tosuch logistical advantages there are calls for HbA1c to become the preferred diagnostic tool over glucosetests. Performing the HbA1c test regularly allows the assessment of glycemic control and verification of theefficacy of medication treatment and of education for self-care. It is estimated that 33% to 49% of peoplewith DM2 cannot achieve adequate goals for glucose, blood pressure, or lipid profile control and only 14%reach normal parameters in these measurements.
Role of Omega 3 Fatty acids, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 and Folate in Mental wellbeing- A Short review of Literature Lata Kanyal Butola; Deepika Kanyal; Ranjit Ambad; Rakesh Kumar Jha
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14323

Abstract

Neuropsychiatric conditions have been linked to around 14 percent of the global disease burden, mainlydue to the chronically debilitating nature of depression and other widespread mental disorders, alcohol anddrug use disorders, and psychosis. The science and lay press have confirmed that vitamin D is an importantfactor that can have major health benefits in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Mostpeople have inadequate vitamin D levels in this country. This is also relevant for people with depression andother mental illnesses as well. Inadequate food consumption, lifestyle or other factors are a major causes ofVitamin D deficiency. Successful diagnosis and treatment of insufficient levels of vitamin D in people withdepression and other mental illnesses could be a simple and cost-effective therapy that could enhance thelong-term health outcomes and quality of life of patients. It is now well known that omega-3 fatty acids areimportant for physical health, and there is growing evidence that omega-3 fatty acids may also be importantfor mental health. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the two major omega-3fatty acids in fish oil, have essential biological roles within the CNS. DHA is a major structural componentof neuronal membranes, and modifying the neuronal membrane fatty acid composition contributes tofunctional changes in the behaviour of phospholipid membrane-embedded receptors and other proteins.EPA has major physiological roles that can influence the behaviour of neurons. For innumerable aspectsof brain functioning, adequate nutrition is needed. A modifiable risk factor for depression may be the poorquality of diet. The goal was to evaluate and synthesize the existing understanding of the role of nutritionin mental well-being. The risk of depression is increased by low omega-3 fatty acid status. Both fish oil andfolic acid supplements have been successfully used to treat depression. The response to antidepressants isdecreased by folate deficiency. Deficiencies in folate, vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Omega 3 fatty acids, VitaminB6 tend to be more prevalent in depressed individuals than in nondepressed individuals. In this short reviewof Literature we have focused on role of Omega 3 Fatty acids, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 andFolate in Mental wellbeing.
Leukotrienes and Inflammation –A Review Lata Kanyal Butola; Archana Dhok; Ranjit Ambad; Deepika Kanyal; Roshan Kumar Jha
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14325

Abstract

Leukotrienes, together with the prostaglandins and other related compounds, are derived from 20 carbon(eicosa) fatty acids that contain double bonds (enoic). Hence this group of substances is called theeicosanoids. The name leukotriene derives from the original discovery of these substances in white bloodcells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and the fact that they all have in common 4 double bonds (hence the4 subscript), 3 of which are in a conjugated triene structure. Leukotrienes do not exist preformed in cells.They are formed from the breakdown of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated 20 carbon fatty acid. In itsesterified form, arachidonic acid is bound to the phospholipids of the cell membranes. Both immunologicaland non-immunological stimuli can release arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by activatingphospholipase A2. The glucocorticosteroid drugs can inhibit phospholipase A2 and thereby decrease theproduction of all the leukotrienes and hence leukotriene-mediated responses. Generally, inflammation leadsto vasodilation, vascular hyperpermeability, increased blood flow and recruitment of leukocytes to inflamedsites. These events cause enhanced production of cytokines, chemokines, chemical mediators and lipidmediators such as LTs and prostaglandins. Acute inflammation occurs over a short time (seconds, minutesand hours). In contrast, chronic inflammation is a long-lasting inflammatory and immune response thatoccurs over months to years and results in diverse diseases including asthma, allergies, atherosclerosis,arthritis, obesity, cancer and other age-related diseases such as AMD. In this review article we aimed tohighlight the evidence that implicates LTs in physiological function and also in disease processes.
Recent Updates in Female Infertility: A Short Review of Literature Lata Kanyal Butola; Ranjit Ambad; Anjali Vagga
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14326

Abstract

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. It has been estimatedthat 93% of healthy couples practicing unprotected intercourse should except to conceive within 1 year.Females presenting after this time should therefore be regarded as possibly infertile and should be evaluated.Although infertility is considered by some as primarily a woman’s problem, men often contribute to and arealso affected. Infertility problem often arise as a result of hormonal dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis. Human infertility is a complex problem, which has numerous consequences depending on thesociety and cultural background, age, hormone problems, environmental problem, gender, lifestyle, sexualhistory, of the people it affects. Infertility is a global public health concern this is partly due to its complexityin etiology as well as difficulty in preventing, diagnosing and treating it.
Role of Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Vitmin- C Level in Non-Smokers and Chronic Smokers with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in Male Ranjit Ambad; Saurabh Hadke; Pradip Jain; Ashish Anjankar
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.15049

Abstract

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is recognized as a serious health hazard as each cigarette tears away 7-11minutes of human life. The present study aimed to investigate the serum MDA and vitamin c levels in nonsmoker and chronic smoker with AMI patient and its association with cigarette consumption. Cigarettesmoke contains many oxidants capable of generating reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species.These species play a key role in oxidative stress, leading to the development and progression of manydisorders, including hypertension, cancer, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.Methods: This study was conducted in the Medicine Department at DMMC & SMHRC, Nagpur incollaboration with ABVRH, Sawangi (Meghe) during September 2020 to January 2021. Informed consentwas obtained from all the subjects. 40 controls who were apparently healthy non-smokers were includedafter appropriate matching (for age and sex) and 40 apparently healthy chronic smokers were selected 40chronic smokers with diagnosed acute myocardial infarction were selected from SMHRC. All of them weremale subjectsResult: The MDA and vitamin C were compared between Group A and Group B and also between Group Band Group C. There was a significant rise in MDA (p<0.0001) and significant decrease in vitamin C (p<0.01)in Group B compared to Group A. There was a significant rise in MDA (p<0.0001) and significant decreasein vitamin C (p<0.001) in Group C compared to Group B.Conclusions: The increase in serum MDA level and decrease in vitamin C was found in chronic smokerscompared to non-smokers. It was also found that there is increase in serum MDA and decrease in vitamin Cin smokers with AMI compared with smokers without AMI, and the reason for this inter-subject variabilityof MDA and vitamin C levels may be due to gene-environmental factors.
To Assess the Study of Pro- BNP, CPK -MB and Troponin Level in Acute Myocardial Infarction Ranjit Ambad; Dattu Hawale; Pradip Jain
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.15086

Abstract

Introduction: One of the greatest causes of death and morbidity in the world is acute myocardial infarction(AMI). Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) with plaque erosion or breakup, causing transient,partial or total arterial occlusion, is the most common cause of AMI. Without appropriate blood flow, theheart cannot continue to function, and if it is severely compromised, death is inevitable. Simple and objectivemeasures of cardiac function are brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. These measurements can be used todiagnose heart failure, including diastolic dysfunction, and have been shown to save money by using themin the emergency room setting. For the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, the most sensitive and mostprecise measure available is creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MB). The main biomarker for AMI diagnosis iscardiac troponin I. The level of troponin may also be elevated with important prognostic value in many otherdisorders, including heart failure.Methods: This study was a case-control study, conducted in the Medicine and cardiology Department atDMMC & SMHRC, Nagpur in collaboration with ABVRH, Sawangi (Meghe) during Nov 2020 to Jan 2020.Total 80 individuals were considered for the study, 40 each in case and 40 in control groups.Results: As present study show the Pro-BNP Levels were increased significantly (P<0.001) in the AMI(2200±601.30) as compared in controls (90.20±3.20). The mean values of serum CK-MB and troponin Iwere significantly (P<0.001) higher in the AMI (165±47.21, 1.48±0.45) as compared to those in the healthycontrols (11.50±0.80± 3.250, 0.03±0.01) respectively.Conclusions: These findings therefore indicate that the combined detection of CK-MB, Troponin I and NTPro-BNP levels will contribute significantly to the early diagnosis of AMI. It can also provide the clinic withdiagnostic evidence and thus reduce AMI mortality in the acute phase.
Co-Authors Anjali Vagga Archana Dhok Ashish Anjankar Dattu Hawale Deepika Kanyal Lata Kanyal Butola Pradip Jain Rakesh Kumar Jha Roshan Kumar Jha Saurabh Hadke