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Journal : International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Developing low-cost two wheels balancing scooter using proportional derivative controller Petrus Sutyasadi; Manukid Parnichkun
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 12, No 3: June 2022
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2454-2464

Abstract

This study suggests a strategy for creating a low-cost two-wheeled balancing scooter with a simpler system that can work similarly to the commercial ones on the market. A simple system will help people to understand how it works and how to build it. The mechanical parts were made from simple hollow bar iron. Wheelbarrow wheels were attached to two electric bicycle motors, and the controller was using an 8-bit microcontroller running a proportional derivative (PD) controller. PD controller only is not enough to run the scooter with a passenger smoothly. Some strategies were added to overcome some non-linear problems due to the use of low-cost components. Finally, the system is successfully built and can be ride by a 65 kgs weight of rider. The scooter can turn left or right, and even to make a 360-degree spot-rotation.
Control of robot-assisted gait trainer using hybrid proportional integral derivative and iterative learning control Elang Parikesit; Dechrit Maneetham; Petrus Sutyasadi
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 12, No 6: December 2022
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp5967-5978

Abstract

An inexpensive exoskeleton of the lower limb was designed and developed in this study. It can be used as a gait trainer for persons with lower limb problems. It plays an essential role in lower limb rehabilitation and aid for patients, and it can help them improve their physical condition. This paper proposes a hybrid controller for regulating the lower limb exoskeleton of a robot-assisted gait trainer that uses a proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller combined with an iterative learning controller (ILC). The direct current motors at the hip and knee joints are controlled by a microcontroller that uses a preset pattern for the trajectories. It can learn how to monitor a trajectory. If the trajectory or load is changed, it will be able to follow the change. The experiment showed that the PID controller had the smallest overshoot, and settling time, and was responsible for system stability. Even if there are occasional interruptions, the tracking performance improves with the ILC.
Enhancing Segway scooter optimization for adaptive stability with proportional derivative control system Artanto, Dian; Pranowo, Ignatius Deradjad; Sutyasadi, Petrus
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 15, No 6: December 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5266-5275

Abstract

This study presents a locally manufactured Segway scooter utilizing a proportional derivative (PD) control system for adaptive stability under load variations. The system employs a lookup table correlating PD parameters with user weight categories (50–60 kg, 60–70 kg, 70–80 kg). Constructed from lightweight steel and powered by a 24 V lithium-ion battery, the prototype supports up to 85 kg while maintaining energy efficiency. Experimental results confirm the PD controller’s effectiveness in achieving stability with minimal oscillation across all tested loads. It sustains a steady- state error below 0.5° (50–60 kg) and under 1° (70–80 kg), with oscillations under 7° and recovery from 35° disturbances. Compared to complex methods like genetic algorithms or fuzzy logic, the PD system offers greater simplicity and cost-efficiency. It matches fuzzy-PID stability while reducing computational overhead by 20–40% and power consumption to 10–20 W/s, outperforming conventional PID in dynamic load adaptability. The integration of PD control with locally sourced materials underscores the solution’s sustainability and practicality, providing a scalable, energy- efficient paradigm for personal transportation with robust performance across varying conditions.