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Journal : journal of embedded systems security and intelligent systems

Ensemble Learning for Android Privacy-Risk Flow Pre-Screening Using Permission and Metadata Features Tri Wahyuni; Muhammad Faisal; Titin Wahyuni; Nurnawaty; Rio Prasetyo Lukodono; Titik Khawa Abd Rahman
Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems Vol 7 No 3 (2026): September 2026
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Komputer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59562/jessi.v7i3.13180

Abstract

Purpose - This study develops a privacy-oriented pre-screening framework for identifying Android applications with potential Sensitive Data Exposure by combining lightweight permission and metadata features with ensemble learning. Design/methods/approach - Android applications obtained from the AndroZoo repository were analyzed using FlowDroid to construct reference labels based on sensitive source–sink flows. Privacy-oriented features were derived from permissions, application metadata, source and sink indicators, and interaction patterns. An Ensemble Stacking model integrating Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Extreme Gradient Boosting with Logistic Regression as the meta-classifier was evaluated under class imbalance. Additional circularity, ablation, repeated validation, and clean-feature experiments were conducted to assess robustness and deployment feasibility. Findings - The proposed framework demonstrated strong capability in distinguishing applications containing FlowDroid-defined potential privacy-risk flows. FlowDroid-derived source and sink indicators were highly discriminative, while permission-only features were less effective. Importantly, the clean-feature configuration retained strong discriminatory capability without requiring FlowDroid at inference time, supporting its use as a lightweight first-stage screening mechanism before more computationally intensive taint analysis. Research implications/limitations - The framework can support developers, security auditors, and platform administrators in prioritizing applications for deeper privacy inspection. However, the study relies on static analysis, a single application repository, and FlowDroid-derived reference labels. Originality/value - This study contributes a two-stage Android privacy-risk screening framework that combines lightweight deployable features with targeted static taint analysis while explicitly addressing label-feature circularity and inference-time feasibility.
Co-Authors Abdullah, Asrofi Fajar Abednego, Homban Abriani, Dea Prilia Achmad Noerkhaerin Putra Ad-Dausi, Abidzar Thufei Alesi, Tiffany Clara Alfayyadh, Muhammad Aghid Amin, Mohammad Syukron Amir, Asmar Amirudin, Rizki Amrulloh, Aji Bayu Yudho Angga Akbar Fanani, Angga Akbar Anggriyanti, Harizka Dwi Putri Ardiansyah, Dony Fajar Ardianwilianri, Raditya Arif, Khusnul Ma Arifqa, Citra Febiola Ariza, Nila Fanahda Asmanika, Cholifah Azaria, Nasywa Azhari, Tanwirul Azlia, Wifqi Balqis, Berliana Dewi Ceria Farela Mada Tantrika Choiriyah, Miftakhul Christanto, Natanel Danaswara, Arya Daypayana, Pande Putu Aruna Deanto, Bintang Putra Debrina Puspita Andriani Dewi Hardiningtyas Dino Caesaron Fadjar, Muhammad Rafanama Fahmi, Ahmad Yulian Farisza, Aqmal Favian, Muhammad Toby Gumilang, Dika Taufik Gusti, Gagian Iqbal I Hardian, Arifky Tri Harry Sudjono, Harry Hary Sudjono Hasbullah, Achmad Hema’la, Titonica Hermanda, Agnes Lovita Hutomo, Woe Jason Frederick Indrawati Kinasih Indrayadi, Bambang Irza, Muhamad Ishardita Pambudi Tama Iswan, Mirza Fikri Naqsabandi Izzulhaq, Muhammad David Jessie Makapedua Kamila, Rafa Kusuma, Lalu Tri Wijaya L. Tri Wijaya Nata Kusuma Latifani, Olivia Lely Riawati Lely Riawati Lustyana, Astuteryanti Tri Mochamad Choiri Moeslimin, Faishal Zakirwan Dien Moh. Saiful Anwar Muhammad Faisal Muhammad Faishal Jundana Muttaqin, Muhammad Faishal Jundana Murnisari, Ambar Endah Nada, Dinda Qothrun Nasir Widha Setyanto Nofa, Nadhifia Tista Nugraha, Cherylsinta Zata Amani Nurnawaty Oyong Novareza Pradana, Muhammad Rino Pradistia, Muhammad Taufiq Prathama, Kevin Aditya Pratikto Pratikto Putri, Dewi Masyithoh Putri, Fiona Almira Nur Anjani Putro, Wisnu Wijayanto Qomariyatus Sholihah Rachmansyah, Ihram Raditya Ardianwiliandri, Raditya Raditya Ardianwilianri Rafly, Muhammad Reza Rahadyan, Sheva Albari Rahardian, Muhammad Riza Rahman, Arif Rahmi Yuniarti Ratih Ardia Sari Remba Yanuar Efranto Risandy, Mentari Ramadhina Karuna Rizkyanto, Bayu Rizqullah, Dio Faiz Rofiq, Mohammad Ainur Rosyi, Vania Athalia Rosyita, Yussy Fatma Rudy Soenoko Sakinah, Balqis Raya Salim, Efandwi Salsabila, Sheninda Alvina Sari, Putri Herlinda Sari, Silvya Rahma Yulia Sari, Sylvie Indah Kartika Sasmita, Ananda Dedy Septiansyah, M. Ananta Zulvi Sinaga, Alexander Nicola Siswahyudianto Siti Kholisotul Ulfa Sri Widiyawati Sri Widiyawati Sugiono Sugiono Sugiono Sugiono Sugiono, Sugiono Supriyadi, Putri Oktavianti Suryanto, Nadhilah Hidayah Suwarto, Happy Ikmalurrohman Syah, Mugh Dzin Syahardhi, Muhika Girindra Tanwirul Azhari Tanwirul Azhari, Tanwirul Tiovana, Rizky Titik Khawa Abd Rahman Titin Wahyuni Tri Wahyuni Ulfa, Siti Kholisotul Uyunina, Alfi Vidayati, Diah Fajar Widha Kusumaningdyah Wijaya, Diana Leksono Wirasandi, Miranda Rustania Yeni Sumantri Yuenyongchaiwat, Kornanong Zefry Darmawan