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UTILIZATION OF CITRIC ACID AS BONDING AGENT IN SEMBILANG BAMBOO (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro) PARTICLEBOARD PRODUCTION Firda A. Syamani; Agus Z. Arifqi; Sasa S. Munawar; Sudarmanto Sudarmanto; Lilik Astari; Kurnia W. Prasetiyo; Mohamad Gopar; Ismadi Ismadi; Sukma S. Kusumah; Mohd. H. Hussin; Subyakto Subyakto; Yusuf S. Hadi; Kenji Umemura
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol 9, No 1 (2022): Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research
Publisher : Secretariat of Agency for Standardization of Environment and Forestry Instruments

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/ijfr.2022.9.1.99-120

Citric acid was utilized as a bonding agent in the production of Sembilang bamboo particleboard. The limitation in using bamboo for particleboard production is that the silica content in bamboo skin can accelerate particleboard processing machines' bluntness and reduce particle adherence in particleboard manufacturing. This research aimed to investigate the influence of bamboo skin and citric acid content on the characteristics of Sembilang bamboo particleboard. Particleboards were prepared using bamboo particles (type A) and unskinned bamboo particles (type B). The citric acid solution (59%) was sprayed over the surface of bamboo particles to obtain three different levels of citric acid, i.e., 15, 20, and 25 % (based on bamboo particles’ dry weight). The Sembilang bamboo particleboards were manufactured using a hot-pressing machine at 200°C, 5 MPa for 10 min. The particleboard targeted density was 0.8 g/cm3. The type B particleboards’ internal bond (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) were superior compared to the type A particleboards. This was influenced by the lower concentration of silica in type B particleboards, which tend to allow an intimate contact area among particles and citric acid then produced better quality particleboards compared to type A particleboards. The type B particleboards met the obligation of JIS A 5908 for type 18 particleboard in terms of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond, however, only fulfilled the type 8 particleboard in terms of screw holding power. The physical properties of Sembilang bamboo particleboard were also improved when using type B bamboo particles and adhered with citric acid at a level of 25%.

Sifat Fisis Mekanis Papan Partikel dari Serat Sisal atau Serat Abaka setelah Perlakuan Uap Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Made from Steamed Treated Sisal or Abaca Fibers Firda A Syamani; Kurnia W Prasetyo; Ismail Budiman; Subyakto Subyakto; Bambang Subiyanto
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 6, No 2 (2008): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Composites made from natural fibers have several weakness, particularly on thickness swelling, due to fiber dimensional changes during swelling of fiber cell wall or changing of lumen dimension by moisture uptaken. Steam treatment on fiber had been expected could reduced fiber water absorbancy by plasticized matrix of fiber cell walls. Fiber of Sisal and Abaca was chopped into 0.5 ~ 2.0 cm of length. Steam treament was conducted in autoclave for 30 minutes on 1.15 atm of pressure and 121ºC of temperature. Chopped fiber was dried in 60ºC oven to obtain 4% of moisture content. Dried fiber was mixed with 10% urea formaldehyde (UF) resin or 8% and 10% melamine urea formaldehyde (MF) resin (based on weight of fiber oven-dried). Glued fiber was formed into 25cm x 25cm x 0.8cm mat, then hot pressed at 20 kgf/cm2 pressure for 10 minutes. Target density was 0.7 g/cm3. Composites conditioning was conducted at room temperature for moisture equilibrium to the enviroment. Physical dan mechanical characteristics testing was carried out based on JIS A 5908 for particle board. Steam treatment could improved physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from sisal fiber using 8% MF.

Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Batang Gewang (Corypha utan Lamk.) dari Nusa Tenggara Timur Physical and Mechanical Properties of Gewang (Corypha utan Lamk.) Stem from East Nusa Tenggara Kurnia Wiji Prasetyo; Subyakto Subyakto; B. Paul Naiola
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 6, No 1 (2008): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Gewang (Corypha utan Lamk.) is an important palm grown wild in the savannah of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The genus Corypha, belong to Arecaceae or Palmae consist of about 8 species distributed from tropical Africa to India, tropical Asia, Indochina, Malaysia, and Quensland. Corypha grows in lowland of very dried climate and savannah. The local people have used this palm traditionally for many purposes to fulfill their daily needs. Trunks are used for producing starch for food, cattle food (putak), building material for housing, furniture and fence.Basic properties of stem from Gewang palm are identified according to the height and depth of samples in the stem. The properties identified are physical properties including density, water absorbtion and shrinkage on thickness and length direction; mechanical properties including modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and maximum crushing strength pararel to grain.Almost all properties tested are affected significantly by the height and depth of samples in the Gewang stem, where the influence of depth stem factor is higher than the height stem factor. Gewang stem from the bottom part of the stem produces better properties than middle and top part, indicates by a higher density, lower water absorption and shrinkage values. Similarly, physical properties of the outer part Gewang stem is higher than those in the medium and center parts. The mechanical properties result shown same phenomena that the bottom part of Gewang stem produces better properties than middle and top part, indicates by a higher modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and maximum crushing strength pararel to grain values. Similarly, mechanical properties of the outer part Gewang stem is higher than those in the medium and center parts.

Physical-Mechanical Properties and Bonding Mechanism of Corn Stalks Particleboard with Citric Acid Adhesive Kurnia Wiji Prasetiyo; Linda Oktaviani; Lilik Astari; Firda Aulya Syamani; Subyakto Subyakto; Suminar S Achmadi
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 16, No 2 (2018): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

As a natural fiber and agricultural by-product, corn stalks (Zea mays saccharata) is considered as an alternative raw material to produce particleboard. Corn stalks is a good source of lignocelluloses, renewable and low cost. This research was aimed to investigate the characteristics of corn stalk particleboard with citric acid as adhesive. This study also evaluated bonding mechanism particle with citric acid and the bonds between celluloses derived corn stalk with citric acid. The boards were manufactured under the hot pressing temperature 200 oC for 10 min. The citric acid concentration was varied in 0, 15, 20 and 25 wt%. The board size and target density were (25 x 25 x 0.9) mm3 and 0.8 g.cm‑3. Results showed that the physical properties of particleboards improved with increasing citric acid concentration up to 20 wt%. At the optimum citric acid content of 20 wt% could provide particleboards with the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding satisfied the requirement of the 13 type of the JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. Infrared (IR) spectral analysis from board which manufactured from isolated cellulose was mixed citric acid and pressed on temperature 200 oC showed the presence of ester linkages that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of citric acid had reacted with the hydroxyl groups of corn stalk cellulose.

Pemanfaatan Kulit Kayu Akasia (Acacia mangium Willd) untuk Papan Partikel dengan Kadar Fenol Formaldehida Rendah Utilization of Acacia (Acacia mangium Willd) Bark for Particleboard with Low Phenol Formaldehyde Content Subyakto Subyakto; Lisman Suryanegara; Mohamad Gopar; Kurnia Wiji Prasetyo
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 3, No 2 (2005): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Industrial forest plantation is a future for supplying raw material of wood industries. From the wood harvesting, bark wastes are abundantly resulted. As an illustration, a pulp factory in Palembang produces about 500 ton per day of bark waste of Acacia mangium Willd. At present the utilization of bark wastes was not optimally done. The purpose of this experiment was to utilize bark waste for particleboard, it is expected that high tannin content in the bark will reduce amount of adhesive applied.Fresh bark was cut into chips and processed further with a ring flaker machine to produce bark particles. Bark particles were mixed with Phenol Formaldehyde adhesive and water then hot pressed at temperature of 150ºC, pressure of 20 kgf/cm2, for 15 minutes. Amount of adhesive was varied at 4%, 6% and 8% based on dry weight of particles. Water was added for 10% of dry weight of particles. The size of board was 25 cm x 25 cm x 1 cm, with target densities of 0.7 and 0.9 g/cm3, with 2 replications. Boards were tested for their physical and mechanical properties in accordance with JIS A 5908.Results shown that board with density of 0.9 g/cm3 and amount of adhesive of 6% and 8% have internal bond and MOR (modulus of rupture) that met JIS A5908 type 8; while values of MOE (modulus of elasticity) and thickness swelling were not met the standard

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(lactid acid) Bamboo Fiber Composites Nanang Masruchin; Sasa S Munawar; Subyakto Subyakto
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 9, No 1 (2011): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

The effect of natural fiber, unbleached bamboo fibers (BF) on poly(lactid acid) (PLA) composite by means mechanical and thermal properties on the presence of plasticizer, triacetine was investigated. Wet processing was chosen by dissolving PLA on dicloromethane then BF with different fiber loading i.e 30, 40 and 50% were added. Thermal properties were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetry (TGA). The result showed that BF could increase the flexural strength and modulus of pure PLA by increasing the fiber loading. Moreover, it decreased at high fiber content (50%) due to the agglomeration of the fiber; however, the mechanical properties are still better than those of neat PLA. The best performances were shown by increasing the strength and modulus by 49.55% and 122.71% at 40% fiber content, respectively. DSC showed that fiber loading and plasticizer decreased glass transition temperature (Tg), meanwhile melting temperature (Tm) not significantly influence. Beside that TGA analyze showed that PLA/BF 60/40 composite start to decompose at 230 oC. Microscopic surface fracture of composites revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed fibers pull out, may due to lack of fiber-matrix bonding.Key words: bamboo fibers, composites, DSC, poly(lactic acid).

Sifat Ketahanan Api Lima Jenis Kayu dengan Pelapisan Carbon Phenolic Spheres (CPS) yang Diuji dengan Cone Calorimeter Fire Resistance Properties of Five Wood Species Laminated with Carbon Phenolic Spheres (CPS) Tested by Cone Calorimeter Subyakto Subyakto; Wahyu Dwianto
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 2, No 1 (2004): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

In all aspects of wood utilization their fire resistance properties are very important; therefore efforts to enhance those properties are needed. In the previous study, graphite phenolic spheres (GPS) laminated on woods and plywood enhanced their fire properties. Carbon phenolic spheres (CPS) is a new material made from a mixture of wood char and phenolic resin, this material is cheaper than GPS. In the present experiment, CPS sheet was laminated on five wood species and their fire resistance properties were evaluated using cone calorimeter.　The five wood species are randu (Bombax ceiba L.), angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Jacq.), mindi (Melia azedarach L.), puspa (Schima wallichii DC Korth), and mahoni (Swietenia mahagony L. Jacq). The specimen was 100 mm x 100 mm with thickness of 30 mm tested with cone calorimeter in accordance with ISO 5660 standard. Using cone calorimeter a homogenous heat was exposed to the surface of wood specimen, and ignited with igniter. About 1 mm thick of CPS sheet was laminated on the wood surface (100 mm x 100 mm). Specimen was tested at horizontal position and at heat flux of 40 kW/m2. On the unexposed wood surface, thermocouple was attached to measure increases of temperature. Results showed that five species of wood laminated with CPS have higher fire properties compared with control wood, however compared with woods laminated with GPS those results were lower.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong dari Industri Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit untuk Papan Partikel dengan Perekat Penol Formaldehida Utilization of Empty Fruit Bunch Waste from Oil Palm Industry for Particleboard Using Phenol Formaldehyde Adhesive Bambang Subiyanto; Subyakto Subyakto; Sudijono Sudijono; Mohamad Gopar; Sasa Sofyan Munawar
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 2, No 2 (2004): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) is waste from oil palm industry that has potential to be used as particleboard material. Production of particleboard might be useful to decrease the waste from oil palm industry. The problem in using waste from oil palm is the high extractive content that can decrease adhesive properties in panel production using thermoplastic adhesive, cement or thermosetting adhesive. The problem can be solved by special treatment to oil palm waste to decrease the extractives content. The objective of this research is to observe the influence of some treatments of EFB, density and adhesive content on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard using phenol formaldehyde adhesive. Adhesive content used were 8%, 10% and 12% from oven dry weight of particles, while density was varied at 0.6 g/cm3, 0.7 g/cm3, and 0.8 g/cm3. Pre-treatment for EFB particles were cold water soaking for 24 hours, hot water boiling for 2 hours, Ca(OH)2 1 % solvent boiling for 2 hours and NaOH 1 % solvent boiling for 2 hours.The results showed that cold water soaking treatment for 24 hours and hot water boiling for 2 hours was the optimum treatment. The optimum content of adhesive was 10% with minimum density of 0.7 g/cm3. Thickness swelling for all type of EFB particleboards were not met the JIS A-5908, while internal bond, screw withdrawal and modulus of rupture (MOR) were met the type 8 of JIS A-5908 (1994).

PEMANFAATAN LANGSUNG SERBUK KULIT KAYU AKASIA SEBAGAI PEREKAT PAPAN PARTIKEL Direct Utilization of Acacia Bark Powder as Adhesive for Particleboard Subyakto Subyakto; Bambang prasetya
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 1, No 1 (2003): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Many studies have been done on the utilization of tannin from acacia bark obtained through extraction process for wood composites adhesive. In this experiment, powder of acacia bark was used directly for particleboard adhesive without extraction process to save cost and production-processing time. Acacia (Acacia mangium) bark was powdered into 60 mesh and mixed with wood particles of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) with size of 15 mesh. The compositions of wood particles: bark was varied as follows 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20. Water and paraformaldehyde were added to the mixture. The matt was hot pressed at 180ºC at pressure of 10 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes. The panels were tested for their physical and mechanical properties in accordance with JIS A 5908.The results shown that some physical and mechanical properties of the board with composition of 60 : 40 were met the JIS A 5908 standard. Further studies are needed to improve all the particleboard properties to meet the standard

Tinjauan Penelitian Terkini tentang Pemanfaatan Komposit Serat Alam untuk Komponen Otomotif Review on Current Research on Utilization of Natural Fiber Composites for Automotive Components Subyakto Subyakto; Mohamad Gopar
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 7, No 2 (2009): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Automotive industries now are targeting their components to become “green composites” which are environmentally friendly, renewable, biodegradable, recyclable, light, and strong. Natural fibers have potential to use as substitute for material composites traditionally used by automotive industries such as fiber glass, carbon fiber and aramid that are non renewable, non degradable and non recyclable. Therefore the use of synthetic fibers should be reduced. European End of Live program required that in 2015 all new cars should be recyclable. Composites reinforced with natural fibers will play important role as automotive materials. Some advantages of natural fibers compare to synthetic fibers are renewable, biodegradable, recyclable, non toxic to human and environment, low density, better specific mechanical properties, non abrasive to tools, and lower cost. Utilization of natural fibers can reduced car weight up to 30%, and energy to produce natural fibers is lower compare to glass fibers.Natural fiber resource, their characteristics and current research on their utilization for automotive components were reviewed. Hopefully it will stimulate and raise the research on utilization of natural fibers in Indonesia, especially for high value products such as automotive components

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