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All Journal Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) Prosiding Semnastek ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia Energi & Kelistrikan Jurnal Teknik Elektro dan Komputasi (ELKOM) International Journal of Computer and Information System (IJCIS) Automotive Experiences CITIZEN: Jurnal Ilmiah Mulitidisiplin Indonesia Andalas Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Journal of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline (JATM) International Journal of Engineering Continuity Leuser Journal of Environmental Studies International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering (IJECBE) International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Iwa Garniwa
Department Of Electrical Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
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Journal : International Journal of Renewable Energy Development

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Environmental impact on electric vehicle: A cradle-to-cradle approach for various vehicle technologies toward sustainable transportation Idris, Muhammad; Garniwa, Iwa; Soesilo, Tri Edhi Budhi; Utomo, Suyud Warno
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61174

Abstract

The transition to sustainable transportation is critical to global efforts to mitigate climate change and reduce environmental degradation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental impacts of various vehicle technologies throughout their entire life cycle. Numerous studies have applied cradle-to-gate, cradle-to-wheel, and cradle-to-grave approaches. However, increasing material waste from vehicles and batteries is expected to become a significant environmental challenge due to intensive mining and resource extraction activities. To address this issue, the cradle-to-cradle approach is proposed to mitigate environmental impacts during the end-of-life phase through material recycling and recovery. This study examines manufacturing, operational, and end-of-life phases across various vehicle technologies. Unlike traditional cradle-to-grave assessments, the cradle-to-cradle approach promotes resource circularity by integrating material reuse and recycling into the evaluation process, thereby minimizing waste and optimizing resource efficiency. The analysis identifies critical indicators, including energy consumption, air quality, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although electric vehicles (EVs) significantly reduce operational emissions, they present challenges related to battery material extraction and end-of-life management. By incorporating cradle-to-cradle principles, this study highlights strategies to enhance material recovery and reusability, particularly for battery components and lightweight materials. Furthermore, this research underscores the importance of adopting renewable energy sources and circular economy principles in the transportation sector to achieve sustainability goals. Policy recommendations include strengthening recycling infrastructure, incentivizing eco-friendly vehicle design, and fostering cross-sector collaboration. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable vehicle technology pathways and provide a framework for reducing environmental impacts while meeting growing transportation demands.
Co-Authors Abdul Multi Abdul Multi Agus Sugiyono Ahmudi, Ali Andi Amar Thahara Aritenang, Wendy Arumbinang, Nimas Ayu Aulia, Hilmi Zaky Azhar, Fakhrudin Budi Sudiarto CHRISTIONO CHRISTIONO Citra Candranurani Daulay, Andini Dwi Khairunnisa Efendi, Juwani Femy Sanana Sanvia Fikri, Miftahul Frederick Sakaja Ginting Hanafi Anis Alamri Harahap, Saskia Saraswati Hudaya, Chairul Jufri, Fauzan Hanif Krishananto, Thomas Puri Monika, Ratih Muhammad Idris Muhammad Pinandhito Adi Dharma Nainggolan, J M Novi Indriani Oh, Seongmun Purba, Kevin Pangestu Putra, Kharisma Darmawan Putranugraha, Derry Raharjo, A Raldi Hendro Koestoer, Raldi Hendro Samual, Muhammad Gillfran SAPUTRA, DWI CAHYA AGUNG Semedi, Jarot Mulyo Sidqi, M. Ahsin Sikumbang, Supriyanto Soesilo, Tri Edhi Budhi Suwargono, Son Suyud Warno Utomo Uno Sudibyo Widya Astriyani Widya Faisal Wahyudi Widyantara, Dwitiya Bagus Yumnaristya, Syefiara Hania Z Day, Faizatul Hasanah