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All Journal Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan JURNAL TEKNOLOGI LINGKUNGAN Elkawnie Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA (JPPIPA) ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Jurnal Hilirisasi IPTEKS (JHI) Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Warta Pengabdian Andalas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengembangan Dan Penerapan Ipteks Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Horizon: Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Journal Serambi Engineering (JSE) Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini
Departemen Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Andalas, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Dentistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Public Health Social Sciences Veterinary Other

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Effect of Electrode Distance, Stirring Speed and Contact Time on Removal of Polyethylene Microplastics (Microbeads) Using Electrocoagulation Method Fadhila Fadhila; Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini; Amir Husin; Ferdy Ashari Syawal
Elkawnie Vol. 10 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v10i1.22195

Abstract

Abstract: Daily use of personal care products containing microbeads causes severe problems for the aquatic environment. Greywater is a pathway for microbeads to enter domestic waste and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from personal care products. Their tiny size and hydrophobic nature allow microbeads to escape from WWTPs and end up in surface water. Therefore, processing efforts are needed to remove microbeads, one of which is using the electrocoagulation method with aluminum (Al) electrodes. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the electrocoagulation process using Al electrodes arranged in a monopolar configuration in a batch reactor to see the effect of variations in distance between electrodes of 1, 2.5, and 3.5 cm, stirring speed of 150, 200, and 250 rpm; with the contact time 60, 120, and 180 minutes in removing microbeads from artificial wastewater. This research shows that the best efficiency value of 99.30% occurs in operating conditions with a distance between electrodes of 2.5 cm, a stirring speed of 150 rpm, and a contact time of 180 minutes. ANOVA results showed that distance between electrodes, stirring speed, and contact time significantly affected microbead removal efficiency (p<0.05). The results of this research can be a reference for alternative tertiary processing at WWTPs.Abstrak: Penggunaan produk perawatan pribadi sehari-hari yang mengandung microbeads menyebabkan masalah serius bagi lingkungan perairan. Greywater merupakan jalur masuknya microbeads ke dalam limbah domestik dan instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) dari produk perawatan pribadi. Ukurannya yang sangat kecil dan sifat hidrofobiknya memungkinkan microbeads keluar dari IPAL dan berakhir ke air permukaan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan upaya pengolahan untuk menyisihkan microbeads, salah satunya dengan menggunakan metode elektrokoagulasi dengan elektroda aluminium (Al). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja proses elektrokoagulasi menggunakan elektroda Al yang disusun dalam konfigurasi monopolar dalam reaktor batch untuk melihat pengaruh variasi jarak antar elektroda 1, 2,5, dan 3,5 cm, kecepatan pengadukan 150, 200, dan 250 rpm, dan waktu kontak 60, 120, dan 180 menit dalam menyisihkan microbeads dari air limbah artifisial. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai efisiensi terbaik sebesar 99,30% terjadi pada kondisi operasi dengan jarak antar elektroda 2,5 cm, kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm, dan waktu kontak 180 menit. Hasil ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa jarak antar elektroda, kecepatan pengadukan, dan waktu kontak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi penyisihan microbead (p<0,05). Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi referensi alternatif pengolahan tersier di IPAL.
Analysis of The Effect of Aluminum Electrode Geometry on The Removal of Polyethylene Microbeads Using The Electrocoagulation Method in Greywater Ferdy Ashari Syawal; Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini; Shinta Indah; Fadhila Fadhila
Elkawnie Vol. 10 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v10i1.22307

Abstract

Abstract: The increasing use of cosmetics and personal care products containing small-sized and low-density microbeads will disrupt the aquatic environment because they are difficult to remove in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Electrocoagulation (EC) is an effective technology for removing microbeads from greywater. This research aims to develop an effective cylindrical electrode geometry design in the EC process to reduce electrode passivation, as evidenced by the removal of polyethylene (PE) microbeads from greywater, reduced energy consumption, and the analysis of the EC kinetics model. Experiments were carried out on batch and continuous systems using artificial greywater with an initial concentration of 0.5 g/L. Variations made in the batch system are the geometry of the cylindrical electrode without holes (ESTB), a cylindrical electrode with holes (ESB), a cylindrical electrode with anode with holes, and a cathode with no holes (ESB-A), a cylindrical electrode with cathode, with holes and anode with no holes (ESB-K), and plate electrode (EP). The variations carried out in the continuous system were flow rates of 60, 70, 80, and 90 mL/minute using the best electrode geometry design obtained from the batch system. The best removal efficiency of PE microbeads in a batch system was 98.44% in ESB-K geometry and saved 75% energy consumption compared to EP. The best removal efficiency of PE microbeads in a continuous system was 79.76% at a flow rate of 60 mL/minute. The kinetic model of the EC reaction which corresponds to the removal process of PE microbeads is a first-order reaction. Future research should focus on optimizing the design of continuous reactors so that they can be applied to tertiary processing in domestic WWTPs and industrial WWTPs.Abstrak: Meningkatnya penggunaan kosmetik dan produk perawatan pribadi (CPCP) yang mengandung microbeads berukuran kecil dan berkepadatan rendah akan mengganggu lingkungan perairan karena sulit disisihkan di instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL). Elektrokoagulasi adalah teknologi yang efektif untuk menyisihkan microbeads dari greywater. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan desain geometri elektroda silinder yang efektif pada proses elektrokoagulasi untuk mengurangi pasivasi elektroda yang dibuktikan dari penyisihan microbeads polyethylene dari greywater dan pengurangan konsumsi energi yang digunakan dan menganalisis model kinetika elektrokoagukasi. Eksperimen dilakukan pada sistem batch dan kontinu menggunakan greywater artifisial dengan konsentrasi awal 0,5 g/L. Variasi yang dilakukan pada sistem batch adalah geometri elektroda silinder tidak berlubang (ESTB), elektroda  silinder  berlubang (ESB), elektroda silinder anoda berlubang dan katoda  tidak  berlubang (ESB-A), elektroda  silinder  katoda  berlubang  dan  anoda  tidak  berlubang (ESB-K), dan elektroda pelat (EP). Variasi yang dilakukan pada sistem kontinu adalah laju alir 60, 70, 80, dan 90 mL/menit menggunakan desain geometri elektroda terbaik yang diperoleh dari sistem batch. Efisiensi penyisihan microbeads polyethylene terbaik pada sistem batch sebesar 98,44% pada geometri ESB-K dan menghemat 75% konsumsi energi dibandingkan EP. Efisiensi penyisihan microbeads polyethylene terbaik pada sistem kontinu sebesar 79,76% pada laju alir 60 mL/menit. Model kinetika reaksi elektrokoagulasi yang sesuai dengan proses penyisihan microbeads polyethylene adalah reaksi orde satu. Penelitian selanjutnya harus berfokus pada optimalisasi desain reaktor kontinu, sehingga dapat diterapkan pada pengolahan tersier di IPAL domestik maupun IPAL industri.
Kemampuan Filter Biochar Susunan Seri dalam Menyisihkan Detergen dan Fosfat dari Air Limbah Tivany Edwin; Puti Sri Komala; Budhi Primasari; Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini; Farida Hannum Nasution; Fauzia Arionanda
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 23, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jil.23.5.1237-1242

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi filter biochar susunan seri dalam menyisihkan detergen dan fosfat dari air limbah artifisial. Filter yang digunakan terdiri atas media biochar dan busa poliuretan dengan perbandingan volume 2:1, disusun dalam dua kolom seri masing-masing setebal 40 cm. Proses filtrasi berlangsung selama 14 hari, dengan konsentrasi awal detergen sebesar 0,701 mg/L dan fosfat sebesar 1,303 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi detergen pada efluen kolom seri 1 dan 2 masing-masing berkisar 0,21-0,43 mg/L dan 0,19–0,33 mg/L, dengan efisiensi penyisihan 39–70% dan 53–72%. Sementara itu, konsentrasi fosfat pada efluen kolom seri 1 berkisar 0,33–0,84 mg/L dengan efisiensi 35–74%, dan pada kolom seri 2 sebesar 0,14–0,66 mg/L dengan efisiensi 49–89%. Penyisihan yang lebih tinggi setelah melewati kolom seri 2 menunjukkan bahwa waktu retensi aliran berperan penting dalam meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan kontaminan. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa filter berbasis biochar berpotensi sebagai media ramah lingkungan untuk pengolahan air limbah yang mengandung detergen dan fosfat.
Composition of Environmental Parameters in Aquatic Sediments in West Sumatra Suci Handayani; Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini; Puti Sri Komala
Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA Vol 10 No 8 (2024): August
Publisher : Postgraduate, University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.7579

Abstract

This study aims to identify the factors influencing environmental parameters in water and sediment and evaluate their impacts on ecosystems and biota, thereby providing a scientific basis for effective and sustainable water resource management. Measurements were conducted at 10 natural ecosystem locations comprising rivers, beaches, estuaries, and lakes in West Sumatra. The parameters measured in the water were temperature, pH, DO, and salinity, while in the sediment, pH, TOC, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate were measured. The results of the environmental parameter analysis in the water were Temperature (26.3 ± 0.65°C), pH (7.62 ± 0.43), DO (4.5 ± 0.81 mg/L), and Salinity (13.78 ± 13.95 ppt). In the sediment, the results were pH (6.74 ± 0.86), TOC (1.49 ± 0.29%), Ammonium (12.95 ± 5.34 mg/L), Nitrite (76.33 ± 34.26 mg/L), Nitrate (31.60 ± 5.25 mg/L), Phosphate (29.5 ± 20.37 mg/L), and Sulfate (29.46 ± 8.23 mg/L). Overall, the factors affecting water and sediment parameters are biological activity, land input, and anthropogenic contaminants. The ability of sediment to accumulate and absorb particles and chemicals is one of the factors causing the high concentration of environmental parameters in sediment
Penyisihan Nitrogen dengan Proses Anammox Menggunakan Lumpur Muara Penjalinan Kota Padang sebagai Inokulum Faldi Lulrahman; Shinta Silvia; Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini
Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Vol. 23 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : BRIN Publishing (Penerbit BRIN)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze nitrogen removal by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process using sludge from Muara Penjalinan Padang as an inoculum in a filter bioreactor (FtBR). The configuration of FtBR consisted of a housing filter with an effective volume of 1,500 mL and a string wound filter cartridge of 0.5 µm as a carrier for the growth of anammox bacteria. The artificial wastewater was made using seawater containing ammonium and nitrite with a concentration of 70 mg-N/L, which was delivered to the reactor continuously with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 hours. Influent and effluent samples were collected once-twice a week to analyze the concentration of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate, based on Nessler, spectrophotometry, and UV screening methods. Process anammox takes place in FtBR based on the average ratio of ?NO2--N/?NH4+-N and ?NO3--N / ?NH4+-N of 0.986 dan 0.239. The nitrogen removal performance was calculated based on the ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE), nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE), nitrogen loading rate (NLR), and nitrogen removal rate (NRR). After operating the reactor for 143 days, the nitrogen removal of ACE, NRE, and NRR were 20.268%, 16. 872%, and 0.026 kg-N/m3·d at NLR 0.1804 kg-N/m3·d.
Recovery Nutrien dari Efluen Digester Anaerobik Air Limbah Tahu dengan Presipitasi Struvite Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini; Fenisa Fauziyah Marshal; Puti Sri Komala; Aufa Aniq Rumzi; Dewi Nilawati; Widyarani Widyarani; Diana Rahayuning Wulan; Neni Sintawardani; Nicolaus Nezha Nunez Mahasti
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 21, No 2 (2025): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.93205.198-223

Abstract

Efluen dari digester anaerobik multistages fixed-bed reactor pengolahan air limbah industri tahu di Desa Giriharja, Kabupaten Sumedang, memerlukan pengolahan lanjut karena masih mengandung nutrien amonium dan fosfor yang melebihi standar baku mutu untuk badan air. Presipitasi struvite merupakan presipitasi kimia yang memungkinkan untuk memperoleh kembali (recovery) amonium dan fosfat dari air limbah dengan cara penambahan magnesium. Air laut dapat digunakan sebagai sumber magnesium untuk proses presipitasi untuk mengurangi biaya operasional. Presipitasi struvite dipengaruhi oleh pH, ion-ion penting, suhu, dan zat-zat asing. Nilai pH yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan dan recovery P dan N, akan tetapi dapat meningkatkan presipitasi magnesium dan kalsium fosfat sehingga mengurangi kualitas kristal struvite yang terbentuk. Tingkat kejenuhan struvite berbanding lurus dengan logaritma konsentrasi ionik dalam kristal. Tingkat pertumbuhan, jenis dan ukuran kristal dipengaruhi oleh tinggi suhu. Tingginya konsentrasi zat asing pada larutan dapat mengakibatkan terhalangnya pertumbuhan kristal struvite. Penggunaan air laut sebagai sumber magnesium dalam presipitasi struvite dapat mengurangi biaya produksi, transportasi, serta menggantikan penggunaan bahan kimia.Nutrient Recovery from Tofu Wastewater Anaerobic Digester using Struvite Precipitation. Effluent from a multistage anaerobic digestion fixed-bed reactor for tofu industrial wastewater treatment in Giriharja Village, Sumedang Regency, requires further treatment because it still contains nutrients of ammonium and phosphorus that exceed the water quality standards. Struvite precipitation is a chemical precipitation process that allows for the recovery of ammonium and phosphate from wastewater by adding magnesium. Seawater can be used as a source of magnesium for the precipitation process to reduce operational costs. Struvite precipitation is affected by pH, essential ions, temperature, and foreign substances. A high pH value can increase the efficiency of P and N removal and recovery, but it can also increase the precipitation of magnesium and calcium phosphate, thereby reducing the quality of the struvite crystals formed. The level of struvite saturation is directly proportional to the logarithm of the ionic concentration in the crystals. The growth rate, type, and size of crystals are affected by temperature. High concentrations of foreign substances in the solution can inhibit struvite crystal growth. Using seawater as a source of magnesium in struvite precipitation can reduce production and transportation costs and replace the use of chemicals.
Start-up Proses Parsial Nitritasi-Anammox pada Filter Bioreactor Dwi Desmawita; Shinta Silvia; Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 24, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jil.24.2.243-251

Abstract

Amonium pada air limbah dapat dihilangkan melalui proses parsial nitritasi-anammox (PN/A). Penelitian PN/A di Indonesia masih terbatas, khususnya pada penggunaan lumpur lokal sebagai inokulum dalam sistem biofilm. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi start-up proses PN/A menggunakan filter bioreactor (FtBR) termodifikasi dengan dua kompartemen aerob-anaerob untuk mengurangi clogging dan mendukung pembentukan biofilm. Lumpur dari Telaga Koto Baru digunakan sebagai sumber bakteri anammox dan lumpur dari Muaro Panjalinan sebagai sumber ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Reaktor dioperasikan secara kontinu selama 53 hari menggunakan limbah artifisial dengan konsentrasi amonium 150 mg-N/L, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 12 jam, dan dissolved oxygen (DO) <2,3 mg/L. Kinerja sistem dievaluasi berdasarkan ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE), nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE), dan nitrogen removal rate (NRR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai maksimum ACE, NRE, dan NRR masing-masing sebesar 34,20%, 31,22%, dan 0,023 kg-N/m3.hari. Rendahnya konsentrasi nitrit dan nitrat efluen menunjukkan berlangsungnya proses parsial nitritasi dan anammox secara simultan serta tertekannya pertumbuhan nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Meskipun kinerja reaktor masih lebih rendah dibandingkan penelitian sebelumnya yang menggunakan inokulum teraklimatisasi, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lumpur lokal berpotensi digunakan sebagai sumber inokulum awal untuk pengembangan sistem PN/A di Indonesia.
APLIKASI PEMBUATAN KOMPOSTER SEDERHANA DI KELURAHAN TELUK KABUNG TENGAH KOTA PADANG DAN KELURAHAN RENGAS CONDONG KABUPATEN BATANG HARI JAMBI Fitri Yuranda; Amalia Viviani; Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini
Jurnal Hilirisasi IPTEKS Vol. 5 No. 4 (2022)
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/jhi.v5i4.619

Abstract

Garbage is something useless that arises as a result of human activities. The waste problem is a difficult thing to solve, due to the increasing population, the volume of household organic waste will also increase in urban areas, which is not accompanied by management, management systems, and public awareness of waste management. One of the appropriate technologies that can overcome waste problems is processing household organic waste using the composting method using a composter based on community empowerment and development programs. The community empowerment and development program for the application of simple composter production was carried out in two locations, namely Teluk Kabung Tengah Village, Bungus Teluk Kabung District, Padang City, West Sumatra Province and RT 032 RW 005 Rengas Condong Village, Muara Bulian District, Batang Hari Regency, Jambi. This community empowerment and development program aims to empower the community and develop community knowledge about processing household organic waste using the composting method using a simple composter. From this activity the community has gained increased knowledge from the community empowerment and skills development program in processing household organic waste into compost using the composting method using a composter as well as motivating the surrounding community in an effort to reduce organic waste in the environment around the activity site. Utilization of organic waste into compost can reduce environmental pollution, has economic value, sells value, and can provide nutrients to plants.
PENERAPAN FILTER AIR SEDERHANA SEBAGAI SOLUSI PENGOLAHAN AIR SUMUR DI SUNGAI MENGKUANG KABUPATEN BUNGO DAN KELURAHAN KAMPUNG BARU KOTA MEDAN Ferdy Ashari Syawal; Fadhila Fadhila; Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini
Jurnal Hilirisasi IPTEKS Vol. 5 No. 4 (2022)
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/jhi.v5i4.629

Abstract

This activity aims to provide a solution for the people of Al-Madina Housing RT 016 Sungai Mengkuang Village, Rimbo Tengah District, Bungo Regency, to treat well water that is cloudy and smells of rust into clean water with a cheap budget and a longer lifespan for use for hygiene purposes. Sanitation. The well water is cloudy and smells of rust, indicating that it contains suspended solids and metal iron (Fe). The activity method used is counseling and training in making simple water filters with cheap and easy-to-find materials. The result of the activity was that the community was enthusiastic about this activity, as evidenced by the number of residents who attended, as many as 21 people, and the number of questions asked. The results of the healthy water treatment at the activity site look clearer, and the rust smell in the water is less than before processing. This is because the filter media used in the form of activated carbon, poor sand, and dacron (filter cotton) can hold suspended solids and adsorb iron metal (Fe) in well water. By carrying out this activity, the community has become aware of the importance of clean water that complies with standard hygiene and sanitation requirements and is encouraged to make simple water filters independently. From the results of the activity, it can be concluded that: (1) the community/partners have gained an understanding of the importance of clean water by standards for sanitary hygiene requirements, (2) the community can make simple water filters independently with cheap and easy-to-obtain materials, (3) The results well water treatment in both locations look clearer and the smell of rust in the water is less than before processing.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PERTANIAN TONGKOL JAGUNG SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN BRIKET DI NAGARI BUKIK SIKUMPA KABUPATEN LIMA PULUH KOTA Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini; Khasman Khasman; Chyntia Dhiya Ulhaq
Jurnal Hilirisasi IPTEKS Vol. 6 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/jhi.v6i3.689

Abstract

This activity aims to provide a solution for the people of Nagari Bukik Sikumpa, Lareh Sago Halaban Sub-district, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, in dealing with the abundance of corn cobs resulting from agricultural waste. These cobs can be raw materials to produce briquette charcoal, which has commercial value and is an eco-friendly alternative energy source. The methodology employed was to conduct a socialization effort that introduced the concept of briquette charcoal, accompanied by a demonstration of briquette charcoal production. The aim was to utilize agricultural waste, specifically corn cob, and turn it into an environmentally friendly and commercially viable product. Additionally, posters were put up to support information dissemination relating to briquettes within the community of Nagari Bukik Sikumpa. Based on the conducted socialization activities, the community's enthusiasm was evident through the attendance of 160 people and numerous questions asked during the event. The outcome of this activity is in the form of briquette charcoal that can sustain flame for approximately 1 hour and 7 minutes per piece of briquette without emitting carbon during the burning process. With the implementation of this activity, it can be concluded that the community has understood how to process agricultural waste from corn cobs, which are typically discarded as they are, into briquettes that have commercial value and serve as an eco-friendly alternative energy source. Corn cob briquettes could provide a promising business opportunity for the local community due to the abundance of agricultural waste in the form of corn cobs, which is not utilized in the local region. Corn cob briquettes have gained significant interest among the locals as they can be made from easily obtainable materials.
Co-Authors . Gusmini Ad'hani, Calysta Deli Ahmad Fauzan Amalia Viviani Amalia Viviani Amir Husin Annisa Aulia Rasyidah Aufa Aniq Rumzi Bayu Muhammad Ilham Bayu Muhammad Ilham Berlinda Vaniake Wemas Calysta Deli Ad'hani Calysta Deli Ad'hani Chyntia Dhiya Ulhaq Chyntia Dhiya Ulhaq Desto Jumeno Dewi Nilawati Diana Rahayuning Wulan Dwi Desmawita Eka Faradilla Hasanah ELMI NURHAIDAH ZAINUDDIN Elva Gusmeri Ermaliza, Wina Fadhila Fadhila Fadhila Fadhila Fadhila Fadhila Faldi Lulrahman Faldi Lulrahman Farida Hannum Nasution Fauzia Arionanda Febi Yulia Hapsari Fenisa Fauziyah Marshal Ferdy Ashari Syawal Ferdy Ashari Syawal Fitri Yuranda Fitri Yuranda GUNO GUMELAR Iing Surya Marlis Irfan Suliansyah Khasman Khasman Khasman Khasman Kiki Ervina Kiki Ervina M Teguh Imam Wijaya Mega Rianes MIA MIRANTI RUSTAMA Mustika Harefa Neni Sintawardani Nicolaus Nezha Nunez Mahasti Nugraha, Fadil Ikhsan Nur, Ansiha Nur, Ansiha Primasari, Budhi Puti Sri Komala Putra, Ilham Hagi Putra, Randi Permana Reri Afrianita Restu Maulida Azhari Ridwan Ridwan Rika Putri Rinda Andhita Regia Roselyn Indah Kurniati SHAHRUL ISMAIL Shinta Indah Shinta Silvia Shinta Silvia Shinta Silvia Silvia, Shinta Suci Handayani Suci Handayani, Suci Suci Rahmadani Sufitri, Yumita Syafrimen Yasin Taufiq Ihsan Tivany Edwin Tivany Edwin Ummi, Sodaya Widyarani Widyarani Wina Ermaliza Wina Ermaliza Yuranda, Fitri