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Challenges and Opportunities of the Establishment ASEAN Open Skies Policy Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto; Yaries Mahardika Putro
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 6, No 3 (2019): PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Open skies policy is a concept of free market of airline industry. It eliminates single government’s influence in regulation and management of aviation industry. As implemented by the ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASEAN-SAM) per 2015, the open skies policy aims to increase regional connectivity and regional economic growth by permitting airline industries from each ASEAN member states to fly above the Southeast Asian region without any barriers or restrictions. This policy has raised pros and cons from each ASEAN member state. Indonesia and some other states are still reluctant to adopt the open skies policy. By entering into commercial agreement to open their airspace, each member states will challenge their state sovereignty over the airspace above a state’s territory. This study argues that regional open skies policy provides greater economic advantages for the consumers of airline industry. However, this policy does not parallel to the basic principles of ASEAN. State sovereignty must be preserved in the liberalization that open skies represents. ASEAN Way, though inflexible, assigns member states with full sovereignty, which does not limit open skies policy implementation. This study, then, proposed legal framework through model of regional agreement to compromise between the state sovereignty principles and the regional open skies policy.Tantangan dan Peluang dalam Pembentukan Kebijakan Ruang Udara Terbuka ASEANAbstrakKebijakan Udara Terbuka adalah konsep pasar bebas untuk industri penerbangan. Kebijakan ini menghilangkan pengaruh pemerintah dalam mengatur dan mengelola industri penerbangan. Seperti yang diterapkan oleh Pasar Penerbangan Tunggal ASEAN (ASEAN-SAM) pada 2015, Kebijakan Udara Terbuka ditujukan untuk meningkatkan konektivitas regional dan ekonomi regional dengan mengizinkan industri penerbangan dari anggota ASEAN untuk terbang bebas di kawasan Asia tenggara tanpa hambatan. Kebijakan ini telah menimbulkan pro dan kontra dari masing-masing negara anggota ASEAN di mana Indonesia dan beberapa negara masih enggan untuk sepenuhnya mengadopsi Kebijakan Udara Terbuka. Dengan mengadakan perjanjian komersial untuk membuka wilayah udara mereka, setiap negara anggota akan menyerahkan kedaulatan di wilayah udara mereka. Studi ini berpendapat bahwa Kebijakan Udara Terbuka regional memberikan keuntungan ekonomi khususnya bagi konsumen industri penerbangan. Namun, kebijakan ini tidak sejalan dengan prinsip dasar ASEAN. Selain itu, berkurangnya kedaulatan di wilayah udara demi liberalisasi akan merugikan negara. ASEAN Way, meskipun tidak fleksibel, memberikan kedaulatan penuh kepada negara anggota untuk menguasai wilayahnya sehingga tidak memberikan peluang sekecil apa pun untuk mengimplementasikan Kebijakan Udara Terbuka regional. Studi ini mengusulkan suatu kerangka hukum melalui model perjanjian untuk mencari titik temu antara prinsip kedaulatan negara dengan Kebijakan Udara Terbuka.Kata kunci: ASEAN, Kebijakan Udara Terbuka, Kedaulatan Negara.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a3

Artificial Intelligence in Indo-Pacific Putro, Yaries Mahardika; Tarigan, Muhammad Insan; Al Asyari, Haekal
Lentera Hukum Vol 10 No 3 (2023)
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/ejlh.v10i3.43449

The use of Artificial Intelligence in the military is like two sides of a coin. It can provide convenience and aid in military operations but has the potential to hinder military operations. Dangerous and potentially catastrophic for humanity will be inevitable as no restrictions on its use. The United States, China, Australia, Japan, and India are examples of nations whose militaries have developed artificial intelligence technology. Geographically, Southeast Asia, which is located in the middle of these nations, will experience a significant impact due to its tight maritime borders if there is no international consensus on the military application of artificial intelligence technology. An autonomous or autonomous system to operate this technology will reduce the amount of human control and allow it to operate without any human intervention. It will be a threat to the application of the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law, such as the distinction principle, and proportionality principle. Where these principles are tightly intertwined with human command and control in making decisions regarding the execution of attacks. The article employs normative legal methodology. Furthermore, this paper endeavours to assess the pertinence of principles in international humanitarian law during the era of the artificial intelligence arms race. It also delves into the contribution of ASEAN in upholding stability, peace, and security in the Southeast Asia region, thereby reinforcing the importance of this research. This research emphasises the importance of aligning the progress of artificial intelligence in military contexts with core principles of international humanitarian law. It underscores the need for ASEAN to safeguard regional peace and security by establishing a novel regulatory framework that outlines restrictions on the development and deployment of artificial intelligence for military objectives.Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, International Law, Peace and Security, Southeast Asia.

Satellite Mega Constellations: Conflict between Freedom of Exploration and Unsustainable Outer Space Activities Putro, Yaries Mahardika; Andriani, Popy; Salsabila, Gusti; Al Asyari, Haekal
Brawijaya Law Journal Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023): The Discourse of Civil and Political Rights in Theory and Practice
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.blj.2023.010.01.06

In the era of space commercialization, the State is no longer the sole actor in international space activities; private companies such as SpaceX and OneWeb are now playing huge roles in these endeavors. The Mega constellation of satellites is devised by these private companies to provide low‐cost and low‐latency internet services to remote areas. This large-scale deployment is a network of a large number of satellites. Even though this connectivity venture is guaranteed under the freedom of exploration principle of the law of outer space, it is potentially hazardous in terms of problems connected with the accumulation of space debris and interference with astronomy research. Additionally, the legal vacuum concerning these issues is an area of great concern. This research has employed normative juridical research methods along with statutory and conceptual approaches. This study will examine the limits and scope of the principle of freedom of exploration and assess the urgency of ensuring the sustainability of mega constellation satellite projects. Through these examinations, the research aims to present the case for a robust space governance as a part of sustainable development practices.

Indonesia-Singapore Realignment Agreement 2022: Quo Vadis Indonesia’s Air Sovereignty, Defense and Security? Putro, Yaries Mahardika; Felix Alexander Kurniawan; Britney Nathania Lielien Putrajaya; Sherren Laurencia
Prophetic Law Review Vol. 6 No. 2 December 2024
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/PLR.vol6.iss2.art2

In 2022, after a 76-year wait, Indonesia finally witnessed the fruition of the Agreement on the Realignment of the Jakarta Flight Information Region and the Singapore Flight Information Region. However, President Jokowi's statements created ambiguity, leading to widespread misconceptions that Indonesia's airspace sovereignty over the Riau Islands and Natuna was only established during his tenure through the FIR agreement in 2022. This research aims to evaluate the impact of the airspace adjustment agreement ratified in 2022 between Indonesia and Singapore on Indonesia's air sovereignty and explore potential legal remedies. The research methodology encompasses normative legal analysis, including statutory, conceptual, and historical approaches. From a sovereignty standpoint, the FIR agreement in 2022 has implications for violating Indonesia's airspace sovereignty. Past sovereignty violations resulting from the 1995 FIR agreement could resurface post-2022. Civil-military cooperation in air traffic management is needed to restore Indonesia's compromised airspace sovereignty fully. Moreover, the agreement's 25-year duration conflicts with Law Number 1 of 2009 on Aviation. To rectify this, a crucial legal step involves establishing a takeover agreement, rather than a mere realignment, of the FIR from Singapore, followed by ratification through legislation. The public can engage in a judicial review of Presidential Regulation No. 109 of 2022 at the Supreme Court. Additionally, it is imperative to advocate for creating an Airspace Management Bill to address these complex airspace sovereignty concerns.

Mars Colonization Plan: The Possibility And Scheme For Appropriation On Mars Putro, Yaries Mahardika
Prophetic Law Review Vol. 2 No. 2 December 2020
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/PLR.vol2.iss2.art2

In the dawn of space era, State-driven and monopolized the space activities. This was exacerbated by high cost, military interference and the uncertain possibilities of civilian use. Nevertheless, as space technology grew, the enormous benefits created by space activities gradually motivated private companies to spend more capital and to use space for commercial purposes. Recently, two major of private space firms, SpaceX and Mars One reportedly has released their mission to Mars in order to conducted Mars Colonization Plan. On the other hand, the Outer Space Treaty and the rest of Corpus Juris Spatialis clearly prohibits to do appropriation on the Moon and the other Celestial Bodies, including Mars. It will be a new challenge for all legal actors, especially in the sense of the outer space regime, to explore this concept. This study applies normative legal research methodology. This study found: the current Outer Space Treaty particularly related to the non-appropriation principle is not relevant to the development of space technology and activities. Then, in this study the non-appropriation principle will be revisited based on the customary international law mechanism. Second, this study found the suitable scheme of appropriation during Mars Colonization Plan by establishing an Independent entity which authorize and organize the activities and also by implementing several stages in appropriating the Martian areas. Third, this study then proposed legal framework through amending and modernizing the Outer Space Treaty in order to compromise between the non-appropriation principle and the development of space commercialization.Keywords: Corpus Juris Spatialis; Mars Colonization; Non-AppropriationRencana Kolonisasi Mars: Kemungkinan Dan Skema Pengambilalihan Di MarsAbstrakDi awal era keantariksaan, kegiatan keantariksaan digerakkan dan dimonopoli oleh negara. Ini diperburuk dengan adanya biaya tinggi, campur tangan militer, dan kemungkinan penggunaan oleh sipil yang tidak pasti. Namun, seiring dengan berkembangnya teknologi ruang angkasa, manfaat besar yang diciptakan oleh aktivitas keantariksaan secara bertahap memotivasi perusahaan swasta untuk menghabiskan lebih banyak modal dan menggunakan ruang tersebut untuk tujuan komersial. Baru-baru ini, dua perusahaan keantariksaan besar swasta, SpaceX dan Mars One, dikabarkan telah merilis misi mereka ke Mars dalam rangka melakukan Rencana Kolonosasi Mars (Mars Colonization Plan). Di sisi lain, Outer Space Treaty dan Corpus Juris Spatialis lainnya secara jelas melarang untuk melakukan perampasan di Bulan dan Benda-benda Langit lainnya, termasuk Mars. Ini akan menjadi tantangan baru bagi semua aktor hukum, terutama dalam arti rezim keantariksaan, untuk mendalami konsep ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian hukum normatif. Studi ini menemukan: Traktat Luar Angkasa saat ini khususnya terkait dengan prinsip non-apropriasi tidak relevan dengan perkembangan teknologi dan kegiatan keantariksaan. Kemudian, dalam penelitian ini, prinsip non-apropriasi ditinjau kembali berdasarkan mekanisme hukum kebiasaan internasional. Studi ini juga menemukan, skema apropriasi yang sesuai selama Rencana Kolonisasi Mars adalah dengan membentuk entitas Independen yang menguasai dan mengatur kegiatan dan juga dengan menerapkan beberapa tahap dalam mengambil alih wilayah Mars. Studi ini kemudian mengusulkan kerangka hukum melalui amandemen dan modernisasi Traktat Luar Angkasa untuk mengompromikan antara prinsip non-apropriasi dan pengembangan komersialisasi ruang angkasa.Kata kunci: Corpus Juris Spasialis, Kolonisasi Mars, non-Apropriasi.

The Conundrum to Wear Religious Uniform in Indonesia: International Human Rights Law and Islamic Law Perspective Sefriani, Sefriani; Putro, Yaries Mahardika; Putra, Jaya Indra Santoso; Monteiro, Seguito
Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024): Navigating Legal Landscapes: Exploring Justice Development in Indonesia and the
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jils.vol9i1.4532

This study aims to analyze the annulment of the Joint 3 (three) Ministerial Decree concerning School Uniforms for Students, Educators, and School Personnel by the Indonesian Supreme Court and to examine the Supreme Court’s decision under international human rights law and Islamic law. In the annulment of the Joint 3 (Three) Ministerial Decree on School Uniforms for Students, Educators, and School Personnel by the Indonesian Supreme Court, the legal reasoning follows a meticulous analysis rooted in normative legal research. The study employs statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach to unravel the complexities surrounding the decree. Through the descriptive analysis, it is established that the decree runs afoul of the educational values enshrined in the National Education System Act, particularly the imperative to foster religious spiritual strength in students. Moreover, the National Education System Act also mandated that the Indonesian National Education must also be rooted in religious values. The Supreme Court’s decision to annul the Joint 3 (Three) Ministerial Decrees grounded in the rationale that the decree conflicts with the higher law, specifically the National Education System Act. The annulment also aligns with international human rights law and the values of Islamic law. Indonesia has a margin of appreciation in the regulation of religious freedom as practiced in the European Court of Human Rights, adjusting to the condition that Indonesia is not a secular country but also not a religious country. Indonesia is based on Belief in the one and only God and upholds pluralism.

Legal Reform in Space: Navigating the Future of Cosmic Mining Regulations Putro, Yaries Mahardika; Tarigan, Muhammad Insan; Al Asyari, Haekal
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 6 No. 4 (2025): October, 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v6i4.21166

The rapid advancement of space technology and the increasing demand for natural resources have heightened interest in extraterrestrial resource extraction, particularly Helium-3 from the Moon. However, space mining is contentious in international law, as only a few nations currently have the capability to extract these resources. This raises concerns among emerging space actors, like Indonesia, about equitable benefit-sharing as outlined in the Outer Space Treaty (OST). The Moon Agreement aimed to create a legal framework for lunar resource utilization, but its effectiveness is limited due to the lack of ratification by major spacefaring nations. This situation has sparked international debate on whether current space law adequately governs space mining or if legal reform is needed to ensure fair access and sustainable development. The absence of a universally recognized regulatory regime, akin to the seabed mining framework under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), complicates the issue further. This paper uses a normative juridical method to explore the legal challenges of space mining, especially from the perspective of emerging space actors. Without a comprehensive regulatory framework, unchecked exploitation of lunar resources could lead to severe environmental consequences and exacerbate disparities in access to space resources. Legal reforms are necessary to promote sustainability and equitable participation, limiting the dominance of spacefaring nations and protecting the rights of emerging space actors in the expanding space economy.

Geostationary Orbit Slot Reconceptualization In Accommodating the South Putro, Yaries Mahardika; Nugraha, Ridha Aditya; Nugraha, Taufik Rachmat
Indonesian Journal of International Law Vol. 19, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Geostationary Orbit (GSO) located above the equator is deemed as limited resources with strategic position for satellites in outer space. As today, the majority who possess GSO slots are non-equatorial states, in this context developed countries. The distribution of orbital slots in the GSO has been discussed among scholars from the developing states for decades. In the past, the developing states ever formed the “Bogota Declaration” aimed to ensure the developing states possess special rights over the GSO slot. The declaration arose from the distribution of the GSO slot by unequal treatment and dissatisfaction to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in global governance context. Concurrently the distribution of the GSO slot is based on a first-come-first-serve basis, recalling satellite technology development in the developing states is crawling; in contrast with developed states in which their satellite technologies are snowballing. This fact commonly disadvantages the developing states in many ways, they have an enormous risk of potential satellite re-entry as an accident for the developing states, equatorial states, and they have limited access to put their satellite above their skies. This article strives to provide recommendation that GSO slot distribution should lead to an unorthodox approach, namely to ensure developing countries have equal rights to GSO. The findings of this study argue that the current international space law regime is excessively “western-centric” and fails in accommodating developing countries’ interests. The special and differential treatment principle could serve as a basis for granting special rights to developing countries to utilize the GSO.

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