Teguh Iman Santoso
Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

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Several Physiological Changes of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Response to Vascular Streak Dieback Diseases Teguh Iman Santoso; Fakhrusy Zakariyya
AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 41, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Faculty of Agriculture University of Brawijaya in collaboration with PERAGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17503/agrivita.v41i1.1668

Abstract

The physiological response of cocoa plants under VSD infections is still limited because there is no method in artificial inoculation since Oncobasidium theobromae was reported as parasitic obligates. The investigation of correlation between cocoa responses and VSD attack becomes important information to figure out the effect of decreased productivity as the consequences of the physiological damages. The objective of this research was to describe the pathogen infection and the symptom of VSD through fungal staining method and to asses the changes of some physiological aspects (chlorophyll and gass exchange character) under VSD pathogen infection. This study was conducted in Kaliwining experimental station, ICCRI, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. The result of the study indicated that late infection stage caused chlorophyll degradation, decreasing transpiration rate, and increasing temperature in both tolerant clone (Scavina 6) and susceptible clone (TSH 858). The rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and concentration of CO2 in susceptible clone (TSH 858) showed a drastic decrease when infected by VSD pathogen than that of in healthy plants. In resistant clone (Scavina 6), photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and concentration of CO2 showed no significant decrease when infected by VSD pathogen compared to that non-infected condition.
Study of Seed Germination by Soaking Methode of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Sulistyani Pancaningtyas; Teguh Iman Santoso; Sudarsianto .
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 30 No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i3.32

Abstract

Study of germination methods conduct to get information about seed viability based on germination rate, percentage of germination and vigority. Germination methods was studied to get the efficiency and effectivity of germination, easy to handle, low costs with high vigority. Sand and gunny sack methods  for germination, need extensive place  and 3-4 days germination period after planting. This research will study the alternative of germination method with soaking. This method can be accelerating  germination rate and effectively place usage without decreasing the quality of cacao seedling.The research was done at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institue. This research consist of two experiment was arranged based on factorial completely random design. First experiment will observed to compared germination rate and the second experiment will observed seedling quality between soaking and wet gunny sack germination method.The results showed that length of radicel on soaking method longer than wet gunny sack method. Growth of radicel started from 2 hours after soaking, moreover length of radicel at 4 hours after soaking have significant different value with gunny sack method. On 24 hours after soaking have 3,69 mm and 0,681 mm on wet gunny sack treatment. Except lengt of hipocotyl, there is not different condition between seedling that out came  from soaking and wet gunny sack method. Length of hipocotyl on 36 hours after soaking have 9,15 cm and significant different between wet gunny sack germination method that have 5,40 cm. Keywords : seed germination, soaking method, Theobroma cacao L., cocoa seedlings
Distribution of Soil Fertility of Smallholding Arabica Coffee Farms at Ijen-Raung Highland Areas Based on Altitude and Shade Trees Niken Puspita sari; Teguh Iman Santoso; Surip Mawardi
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 29 No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v29i2.57

Abstract

Soil fertility is one of the most important factors influencing plant growth and productivity and it depends on the availability and quantity of nutrients in the soil. To study soil fertility status of an area, a study on soil chemistry and physics has to be conducted. The aim of this study was to investigate soil fertility status of smallholding Arabica coffee farms based on altitude and shades trees utilization. This research was carried out in April-August 2012 at IjenRaung highland areas by field survey. The results showed that the soil contained high content of organic carbon, nitrogen total, and C/N ratio; low available phosphorus; moderate to high cation exchange capacity, and low base cation of calcium, magnesium, and potassium; as well as slightly low pH. Higher altitude tended to have higher C organic and N total content, C/N ratio as well as pH. In contrast, in lower altitude tended to have lower available P, base saturation, as well as Ca, Mg, and K content. The dominant shade trees for coffee farming at the Ijen-Raung highland areas were suren (Toona sureni) , dadap (Erythrina sp.), kayumanis (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), pinus (Pinus mercusii), and kayu putih (Eucalyptus globulus). Different shade tree species resulted in different of soil fertility. Shade trees tended to influence cation exchange capacity from moderate to high, pH slightly acid, high base saturation, and low P available. Suren tree influenced better base cation than that of other trees but dadap tree was better in increasing soil fertility. Key word: Soil fertility, arabica coffee, andisol, shade trees, smallholding
Packaging of Post Acclimatized Somatic Embryogenesis Cocoa Plantlet (Theobroma cacao L.) Soedarsianto Soedarsianto; Teguh Iman Santoso
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 25 No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v25i1.110

Abstract

Clonal plants that produced by somatic embryogenesis technique is one of the best choice to produce supperior clonal cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) planting materials. The somatic embryogenesis technique is a possible way for massive propagation, the outcome is true to type plants, the architecture similarity that the seedlings but there is not segregation like seedlings plants. At present mass production started of plantlets production until post-acclimatized plantlets of somatic embryogenesis cocoa was done at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Distribution system of the planting materials to whole areas in form of as up-rooted post-acclimatized plantlet. Some problems identified to reduce probability of decreasing viability of up-rooted post-acclimatized plantlets and one of them is extreme internal water deficit. This research investigate of the influece storage condition (air tight and non-air tight) and box storage (mica plastic and cardboardbox). The first experiment result show, there is no significant different between mica plastic and cardboard box usage for storage of post-acclimatized cocoa pantlet. Viability of up-rooted post acclimatized cocoa plantlet influenced exactly by air tight and non-air tight storage condition. Air tight storage condition have better viability of up-rooted post acclimatised (81,58%) than non-air tight storage condition (65,00%). Leaf sanasence on air tight storage condition (10,33%) lower than non-air tight storage (32,58%). There is not significantly on volume storage per plantlet between 4.416 cm3 and 12.600 cm3. Relationship between fallen leaves and cocoa planlet viability follow negative linear correlation y = -1,4719x + 104,88 (R2 = 0,9772). The second experiment treatment showed that maximal storage periode of post cclimatized cocoa plantlet just until 6 days stored (97%) and not significant with 3 days one. Viability of post acclimatized cocoa plantlet decreased after 6 days storage period.Key words : Somatic embryogenesis, post acclimatized cacao plantlet, storage condition, box storage, volume storage, storage period and viability.
Viability of post acclimatized plantlets of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) after storage Teguh Iman Santoso; Pudji Rahardjo
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 27 No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v27i2.148

Abstract

This research related to the storage method of planting materials in the form of post acclimatized plantlets of Robusta coffee multiplied by somatic embryogenesis using plastic film that wraped the whole of plantlets. This information is important to support the delivery of clonal planting materials to distribution points, especially Robusta coffee plantlets viability based on condition of the container, storage period and density of plantlets. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, located at 45 m asl. D rainfall type (Schmidt—Ferguson classification). The first experiment determind the effect of container condition and storage duration on viability of Robusta coffee plantlets. Each experimental unit contained 100 plantlets and each treatment was repeated three times with completely randomized design in factorial. The first factor was condition of storage container, i.e. airtight and non air tight. The second factor was storage period levels: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. The storage container was cardboard volume 11 dm3. The second experiment was conducted for the optimization of storage volume and storage period. Each treatment using 100 plantlets was repeated three times in completly randomized design with factorial. The first factor was storage volume of 7 dm3 and 11 dm3, the second factor was storage period levels: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. The results indicated that the maximum store period was obtained in an airtight storage treatment with 10 days, 96.3% plantlets viability, 1% fallen leaves, 3.3% water loss and not significantly different to control. For packing 100 plantlets with height 8—10 cm and leaf number 4—6 can use the volume of container store up to 7 dm3, which showed no significant difference to container volume 11 dm3 in the percentage of viability, the percentage of fallen leaves, loss of water. Key words : Robusta coffee, plantlets, storage, condition, period, viability.
Cocoa Canopy Replacement to Increase Productivity and Plant Resistance to Vascular Streak Dieback Teguh Iman Santoso; Adi Prawoto; Sudarsianto Sudarsianto
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 29 No 1 (2013)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v29i1.188

Abstract

Canopy  replacement  with  vascular  streak dieback  (VSD) resistant  clones is  expected  to  reduce  VSD  infestation  by  reducing  space  of  Oncobasidiumtheobromae infection,  and  to  increase  cocoa  yield.  This  experiment  was carried  out  in  endemic  areas  of  VSD  in  Kaliwining  Experimental  Station  of ICCRI  and  Kendenglembu  estate.  Canopy  replacement  technique  in  Kendenglembu  was  done  by  side  cleft  grafting  on  primary  branches  and  top  grafting on  plagiotropic  branches  of  primary  branches.  Number  of  grafted  shoots per  plant,  i.e.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5  and  6  was  used  as  treatments  using  Sca  6  and Sulawesi  1.  The  12  treatments  were  arranged  in  randomized  complate  block design,  each  treatment  replicated  6  times  and  10  plants  per  treatment.  Growth of  shoot,  canopy  coverage  and  development  of  VSD  incidence  were  the  main variables.  In  Kaliwining,  side  cleft  grafting  was  applied  at  1.5  m  above  soilsurface  using  Sulawesi  1  and  Sca  6  clones  as  the  scion  and  TSH  858  and ICS  60  clones  as  rootstocks.  VSD  intensity  was  observed  by  scoring  method. Cocoa  yield  was  the  main  variable.  The  result  showed  that  both  techniques caused  similar  growth  rate  of  the  shoots.  The  rate  of  canopy  covering  by resistant  clones  reduced  VSD  infestation  following  Y  =  -0.7848X  +  69.324 (R²  =  0.995)  equation.  Three  resistant  shoots  per  tree  was  effective  in  reducing  VSD  infestation.  Four  years  after  grafting  were  bean  yield  by  using Sulawesi  1  was  434%  over  control  while  360%  yield  for  Sca  6  compared  to average  control  of  ungrafted  plants  of  ICS  60  and  TSH  858.  Polyphenol content of both resistant clones was higher than that on susceptible ones, however transfer  mechanism  of  that  substance  to  the  susceptible  stocks  is  still  unknown. It  is  concluded  that  canopy  replacement  using  productive  and  resistant  clones is  considered  to  be  an  effective  method  to  overcome  VSD  problem  and  to improve  cocoa  yield. Key words:Theobroma cacao, vascular streak dieback, canopy replacement, yield.
Application of Copper Fungicide and Row Covers to Control Phytophthora Seedling Blight Disease on Cocoa Febrilia Nur Aini; Teguh Iman Santoso; Sudarsianto Sudarsianto
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 32 No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i2.221

Abstract

Phytophthora seedling blight disease is one of the important diseases in cocoa. The disease is caused by the fungus of Phytophthora palmivora belongs to class Oomycetes. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the use of row covers and copper oxide fungicide applications to control seedling blight Phytophthora. Covering treatment was to place cocoa seedlings inside bamboo frame covered by transparent plastic in order to avoid from rainfall effect. The research was conducted in the Kaliwining Experimental Station at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI). Experiments were carried out four treatments and repeated 6 times. Each treatment consists of 100 seedlings planted in polybags and placed in the nursery area with a protective paranet. The treatment consisted of (1) row covers, (2) spraying of copper oxide 0.2%, (3) a combination of row covers and copper oxide 0.2% and (4) control (no covers and spray). Observations made 7 days after treatment with an interval of 7 days for 10 weeks. The results showed that row covers able to prolong the incubation period of the disease for 14 days, while the application of row covers + copper oxide 0.2% was able to save cocoa seedlings by 96.2%.
Analysis of Secondary Metabolites as Potential Phytoalexins, Their Secretion Sites and Proposed Resistance Markers to Vascular Streak Dieback in Theobroma cacao L. Teguh Iman Santoso; Muhammad Miftahudin; Yohana C Sulistyaningsih; Suryo Wiyono
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 33 No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v33i1.250

Abstract

Study on resistance mechanism to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is limited due to the lack of fungal spores for artificial inoculation. This research was conducted to study the production of secondary metabolites that appear to be evidence of defense signaling in resistant clone of Sca 6 and susceptible clone of TSH 858 to Ceratobasidium theobromae natural infection. A fungal staining method was employed to detect C. theobromae hyphae at early infection stages, before VSD symptoms appear. Metabolite profiling was analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) at pre-, early and late stages of C. theobromae infection. Histochemical and anatomical characteristics of both healthy and infected leaves were also observed to identify the accumulation sites of secondary metabolites on and in cocoa leaf tissues. The results confirmed that fungal staining using trypan blue can detect early stages of C. theobromae infection; at the 14th week (on susceptible seedlings) and the 18th week (on resistant clones), following placement of the seedlings under infected cacao plants. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, environmental information processing signal transduction pathways, and aromatic biodegradation were detected as important metabolite pathways during defense mechanism. I-limonene (terpenoid), p-ethylguaiacol (phenols) and 2.3 dihidrobenzofuran (heterocyclic compounds) were proposed as an active defense produced by the host after infected by pathogen mainly on late infection of C. theobromae. Terpenoid and phenol compounds were accumulated on the glandular trichomes, idioblast of upper and bottom epidermis, phloem vessel and cortex idioblast of cacao leaves. Epidermis thickness of resistant clone was significantly greater than that of susceptible clone on both surfaces. Leaf epidermis tissue and the accumulated compounds in epidermis idioblast may act as the physical and biochemical markers of cocoa resistance to VSD.
Role of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and Benzoic Acid Applications to Vascular Streak Dieback Disease Attack on Cocoa Seedlings Fakhrusy Zakariyya; Agung Wahyu Susilo; Teguh Iman Santoso; Hardian Susilo Addy; Sulistyani Pancaningtyas
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 34 No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i1.305

Abstract

Currently, vascular streak dieback (VSD) attacks have widespread in areas ofthe center of cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) production, especially inSulawesi. Salicylic acid and benzoic acid are part of phenol compounds reportedlyacts as bioimmunoregulator in increasing of plant resistance to that pathogen. The objec-tiveof this research was to investigate effect of exogenous salicylic acid and benzoic acid applications to VSD disease attack on cocoa seedlings.  The research was conducted at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute,Jember, East Java.  This experiment designed using randomized completely block  design with three replications. The treatments included concentrations of salicylic  acid in 0.5 mMol, 1 mMol, 2 mMol; benzoic acid with concentration 0.5 mMol, 1 mMol,2 mMol; and control (water spray). Observations were based on the incidence and severity damage  of disease, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, stelate trichome, chlorophyll, width and length of stomatal apperture, and number of stomata. Exogenoussalicylic acid and benzoic acid as phytohormone can reduce disease insidence and severity of VSD. In conclusion, our results indicated that exogenous salicylic acid and benzoic promoted stomatal closure in cocoa leaf by decreasing width-stomatal closure. Salicylic and benzoic acid had no effect to plant height, stem  diameter, number of leaves, length of stomatal apperture, number of stomata, and number of stelate trichome.
Effect of ascorbic acid on chemical content and viability of cocoa seed after storage. Willy Arnold Daniel Sekewael; Endang Pudjihartati; Teguh Iman Santoso
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol 35 No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i2.377

Abstract

Storage of oily seeds will give the seeds deteriorated faster due to oil auto-oxidation. It will changes the biochemical and physiological of the seeds. Reducing sugar, protein and fat are biochemical compound those support the seeds during germination. Auto-oxidation of fat can produce free fatty acids whichcause seeds to lose viability and vigor during storage. Application of antioxidant can prevent the activity of auto-oxidation. This research aimed to study the effect of ascorbic acid to minimize the deterioration by observing the chemical content and viability of Theobroma cacao L. seeds. It was conducted at KaliwiningExperimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java and at Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Central Java. The research used completely randomized design and T-test analysis. The treatments consisted of four ascorbic acid concentrations, i.e. 0 ppm as control, 250 ppm, 300 ppm, and 350 ppm. The treated cacao seeds were stored for two shelf life i.e. 1 week and 2 weeks. Each treatment was repeated with seven replications. Data analysis used SAS 9.0. The results showed that application 250 and 300 ppm of ascorbic acid increased reducing sugar, protein content decreased fat and free fatty acid content of cocoa seeds. Application of 350 ppm of ascorbic acid decreased reducing sugar, protein, fat content and increased free fatty acid content of cocoa seeds. Application of ascorbic acid with concentration of 250 ppm and 300 ppm could maintain cocoa seeds viability upto 2 weeks of shelf life.