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Muhammad Ridwan
Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Social Sciences Transportation Other

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Journal : Polit Journal

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Corruption Factors and Discretion of the Law Enforcement Agency Vladimir Valentinovich Kozhevnikov; Muhammad Ridwan
Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics Vol 5 No 4 (2025): Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics, November
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/polit.v5i4.1402

Abstract

The article analyzes the corruption-generating factors enshrined in official legal documents—the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Anti-Corruption Expertise of Regulatory Legal Acts and Draft Regulatory Legal Acts" dated June 17, 2009, and the Methodology for Conducting Anti-Corruption Expertise of Regulatory Legal Acts and Draft Regulatory Legal Acts" approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 26, 2010. Particular attention is paid to such a corruption-generating factor as the wide margin of discretion (breadth of discretionary powers) of the law enforcement agency. In this regard, the discretion of the subjects of the law enforcement process is analyzed, the necessity, significance, as well as both subjective and objective limits of it are argued. With regard to the former, it is substantiated that the latter should be considered not as the legal consciousness or professional culture of the subjects of law enforcement, but their professional culture. Objective limits are determined by optional legal norms containing evaluative concepts. As an example, several provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation are cited, which necessarily presuppose the discretion of law enforcement agencies in the law enforcement sphere.
Modeling Conflict Resolution in Ethiopian Social Networks (2015–2025): A Statistical Physics Approach to Stability and Equilibrium Dynamics Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics Vol 5 No 4 (2025): Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics, November
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/polit.v5i4.1430

Abstract

Ethiopia’s social networks from 2015 to 2025 have been marked by ethnic tensions and conflict, necessitating strategies to enhance stability and cohesion. This study aims to identify key factors influencing stability in Ethiopian social networks and propose data-driven strategies for conflict resolution. A small-world network with 100 nodes was simulated using the Ising model at (T = 0.5), with sensitivity analysis varying rewiring probabilities (p = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2) and external influence (h = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3) over 5000 iterations. Simulated empirical data included influence scores and edge weights, reflecting real-world dynamics. High clustering (0.45 at (p = 0.05) correlated with stability, while high (h) (0.3) reduced stability by 12%. Clustering-magnetization correlations ranged from 0.8016 (h = 0.0) to -0.9665 (h = 0.3), and betweenness-magnetization correlations shifted from 0.4639 to -0.7603, highlighting external influence’s disruptive effect. Clustering drives stability, but excessive external influence undermines it, as seen in Ethiopia’s conflict patterns. Policymakers should strengthen local networks and minimize external interventions to enhance cohesion.
Co-Authors Abdurahman Adisaputera Abraham Edeh Adebogun Babatunde Olayinka Aduloju Doyinsola Akhimien Emmanuel Alice Blessing Ogundiya Alikor Queen Nneka Aliyah Balogun-Ibijunle Amaka Yvonne Okafor Ambwa Lokula Junior Amédée Gbatea Kundana Amédée Kundana Gbatea Ange Thijenira Loketo Arifulhak Aceh Armand Endowa Doikasiye Aurel Vlad Aymard Papy Bembiade Babatunde Covenant Olugbenga Barsha Biswal Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Journal Bembi Bosso Benjamin Zoawe Gbolo Benjamin Zoawe Gbolo Bikila Merga Deresa Bikram Biswas Bondombe Gorges-Willy Bright Kelechi Uzoji Briki C. Kakesa Charles K. Moywaywa Clarisse Falanga Mawi Colette Masengo Ashande Colette Masengo Ashande Damas Boboy Manzongo Damien Sha Tshibey Tshibangu Deborah Adedeji Dike Harcourt White Dorothée Tshilanda Dinangayi Duol Dak Maluel Ekpali Joseph Saint Eliane Griep Gomes Bitencourt Emmanuel Blessing Oyiza Emmanuel Kitete Mulongo Emmanuel Moke Lengbiye Eric Msughter Aondover Eser Demir Falguni Roy Ferdi T. Güçyetmez Florin Skutnik Francis Mosala Gabriel Lola Oriloye Gédéon Ngiala Bongo Gédéon Ngiala Bongo Godfrey Alinaitwe Hadiza Abubakar Ahmad Hauwa Kawo Mohammed Hossein Shahri Ibrahim Abdulkadir Idikodingo Anzinzoniwa Faustin Jacqueline Kangu Kobe Jacquie Kangu Kobe Jammy Seigha Guanah Javaid Ahmad Andrabi JB Zanyako Bosanza Jeff Iteku Bekomo John Likolo Baya Jonas Mbaya Kusagba Jonas Nagahuedi Mbongu Sodi Josiah Adewale Apalowo Josiah Adewale Apalowo Joy Collins-Dike JP Mokombe Magbukudua Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Lettiah Gumbo Litucha Bakokola Joseph Loveth Okowa-Nwaebi M. Yoserizal Saragih Majeed Mohamed Fareed Majeed Marcus Garvey ORJI Marcus Garvey Orji Mark Angelo C. Reotutar Masengo Ashande Colette Masens Da-Musa Y.B. Mauricio Bueno da Rosa Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal Mihai Pichler Modeste Ndaba Modeawi Modeste Ndaba Modeawi Moein Mirani Ahangar Kolaei Mohammad Nur Ullah Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi Molongo Mokondande Médard Molongo Mokondande Médard Monde-Te-Kazangba Godefroid Mostafa Toranji Muhammad Danjuma Abubakar Navaneeta Rath Ngalakpa Héritier Ngbolua Koto-te-Nyiwa Jean-Paul Njoku C. Justice Norie T. Tactay Nweke Pearl Iheoma Obodoeze Chekwube Josephine Ojetola Adetola Afolabi Oke Edward Edherue Okungo Lotokola Albert Olayinka Babatunde Adebogun Ololade Olatunji Ololade Olatunji Lateef Olusola Oladapo Makinde Omolara Akin-Odukoya Omolara Akin-Odukoya Omolara Oluwabusayo Akin-Odukoya Omotola Ogunbola Omotola Ogunbola Onaopepo Ibrahim Bamidele Paulos Manedo Hafebo Perpetua Ogechi Vitalis Philippe Ebuma Dongo Pius T. Mpiana Placide Makwa Mbulola Precious Awosanya Oreoluwa Precious Dube Ramlan Richard N. Amadi Robijaona Rahelivololoniaina Baholy Rokeeb Tunde Afeez Ruphin Djolu Djoza Ruphin Djolu Djoza Sajib Kumar Roy Shittu Lukman Olayinka Solomon Zerihun Songbo Kwedugbu Médard Subulola Etimiri Supper Roland Okijie Sylvester Ojenagbon Tadashi Adino Taffouo Victor Désiré Timothy Ekeledirichukwu Onyejelem Tolga Constantinou Toyosi Khadijat Owoyale Tunmise Daramola Ubong Edem Effiong Uzoji Bright Kelechi Vladimir Valentinovich Kozhevnikov Vladimir Valentinovich Kozhevnikov Zubair Shaib Bashir