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ANALYSIS OF SAR MAIN PARAMETERS FOR SAR SENSOR DESIGN ON LSA Muchammad Soleh; Rahmat Arief
International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) Vol 11, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (LAPAN)

LAPAN plans to conduct a flight test of LSA (LAPAN Surveillance Aircraft). LSA STEMME-S15 is capable of carrying sensor payloads up to 160 kg that are mounted on both sides of the wings with altitude between 400-2000 m. LSA can be designed to perform imaging by using optical sensors and SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar). Compared to imaging using optical sensors, SAR sensor has advantages such as it can operate all day and night, able to penetrate clouds, and able to see objects from side looking, while optical sensors generally see the object perpendicular to the ground. Therefore the use of SAR imaging technology can complement optical imaging technology. To design SAR system imagers on LSA, it is necessary to simulate the primary parameters SAR i.e. altitude and look angle of sensor, speed of LSA, SAR frequency and signals power shot to object to calculate the resolution of azimuth and ground range values that can be obtained. This SAR parameters simulation used MATLAB which have been designed with two approaches; the first approach where the SAR sensor is ideal and in which all the fundamental parameters (such as polarization, frequency, etc.) are used to generate the desired sensitivity and resolution of azimuth and ground range, and the second approach is where SAR sensor is designed in a limited antenna size (constraint case), with the assumption that the dimensions of the antenna and the average available power are fixed. The data used in this simulation is a pseudo-data obtained from LSA technical spesification and SAR sensor. The simulation results with the first approach shows that if LSA is flying at an altitude of 1000 m, with speed of 36.11 m/s, and SAR frequency of 5.3 GHz, then to get resolution of azimuth, slant range and ground range of 1 m, 1.2 m and 3 m, it is necessary to design the length and width of SAR antenna at 2 m and 13.5 cm, with look angle of 23.5 degrees. While the result of second approach simulation is that if LSA is flying on the same altitude and speed, on the same look angle and SAR frequency, with a particular design of antenna length and width of 2 m and 13.5 cm, then azimuth, slant range and ground range resolution of 1 m, 1.87 and 4.79 m will be obtained. Form both simulations, it can be concluded that limited SAR system on LSA, especially on the technical aspects of mounting and space as in the simulation with the second approach, will produce slightly lower slant range and ground range resolution when compared with SAR system in the first simulation. This shows that space limitation on LSA will affect decrease the value of spatial ground range resolution. The simulation results are expected to be inputs on designing SAR imaging system on LSA.

TECHNIQUE TO RECONSTRUCT BAND 6 REFLECTANCE INFORMATION OF AQUA MODIS Andy Indradjad; Noriandini Dewi Salyasari; Rahmat Arief
International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) Vol 13, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (LAPAN)

Remote sensing data could experience damage due to sensor failure or atmospheric condition. Reconstruction technique to retrieve the missing information had been widely developed in the past few years. This writing aimed to provide a technique to recover reflectance information of Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Band 6. Since Band 6 Aqua MODIS experienced sensor failure, lots of information would be missing. There were three kinds of methods used in repairing such damage. Two of which were categorized as spatial-based methods, i.e. NaN interpolation method and tensor completion method. Whereas, another method was a spectral-based one. NaN was an interpolation method to reconstruct missing value; while tensor completion method utilized low rank approximation, and spectral method used correlation between Band 6 and Band 7 which had near wavelength. Implementation of these methods was resulted in reconstruction of Aqua Modis Band 6 data which was damaged due to detector disfunction on Aqua Satellite. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) value of this method was 41 dB, meaning that reconstruction technique provided positive impacts for data improvement.

DEVELOPMENT OF PUSHBROOM AIRBORNE CAMERA SYSTEM USING MULTISPECTRUM LINE SCAN INDUSTRIAL CAMERA Ahmad Maryanto; Nugroho Widijatmiko; Wismu Sunarmodo; Muhammad Soleh; Rahmat Arief
International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) Vol 13, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (LAPAN)

One of the steps on mastery the remote sensing technology (inderaja) for satellite was the development of aerial camera prototype that could be an alternative for LAPAN light cargo aircraft mission (LAPAN Surveillance Aircraft, LSA-01). This system was expected could be operated to fulfill the emptiness or change the remote sensing data of optical satellite as the observer of vegetation covered by cloud. On this research, it was developed a prototype of pushbroom airborne camera 4-channels spectrum with very high resolution that worked on wavelength range seem near infra-red/ NIR used simple components that were available in the commercial market (commercial off-the-shelf/ COTS components). This research also developed georeference imagery software module used method of direct georeference rigorous model that had been applied on SPOT satellite. For this one, it was installed supported sensory for GPS and IMU as the writer of location coordinate and camera behavior while doing the imagery exposure or acquisition. The testing result gave confirmation that COTS components, such as industry camera LQ-200CL, and lower class GPS and IMU could be integrated became a cheaper remote sensing system, which its imagery product could be corrected systematically. The corrected data product showed images with GSD 0.4m still had positioning mistakes on average 157m (400 pixel) from the original position on GoogleEarth. On spectro-radiomatic aspect, the used camera had much higher sensitivity of NIR channel than the looked-channel so it caused bored faster. On the future, this system needed to be fixed by increasing the rate of GPS/ IMU data updates, and increased enough time resolution system so that the synchronization process and the availability supported data for completing more accurate georeference process. Besides, the sensitivity of NIR channel needed to be lower down to make it balance to the looked-channel.

The Potential of Remote Sensing Data for Oil and Gas Exploration in Indonesia: a Review Tri Muji Susantoro; Suliantara; Agung Budi Harto; Herru Lastiadi Setiawan; Gatot Nugroho; Danang Surya Candra; Adis Jayati; Sayidah Sulma; M Rokhis Khomarudin; Rahmat Arief; Ahmat Maryanto; Yohanes Fridolin Hestrio; Kurdianto
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol. 46 No. 1 (2023): SCOG
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/scog.46.1.317

Oil and gas are important commodities in Indonesia and remain the main source for energy in various sectors. Therefore, the government aim to produce 1 million barrels of oil per day (BOPD) by 2030. To achieve this goal, exploration work is needed to discover new reserves and maintain production in existing fields. This study reviews the experience of oil and gas exploration in Indonesia using remote sensing data and the potential of using remote sensing data for oil and gas exploration through surface anomalies. Surface anomalies are changes or deviations that occur on the surface as the result of the presence of oil and gas underneath. These anomalies included vegetation growing stunted, yellowing or dying, changes in the quantity and composition of clay minerals, iron oxide, increased concentrations of hydrocarbons, helium, radon, carbon dioxide, microbes, and the presence of paraffin dirt formation, as well as geomorphological changes. This study aims to assess and explain the capabilities of remote sensing data in Indonesia for oil and gas exploration. The results show that remote sensing can be used for the initial exploration of oil and gas by delineating areas of potential oil and gas traps based on topographical anomalies and geological mapping integrated with gravity data and increasing confidence in the presence of oil and gas in the subsurface based on surface anomalies. These results are expected that the usefulness of remote sensing can be used to support oil and gas exploration in Indonesia and can be recognized and used for oil and gas activities by utilizing existing methods and discovering methods for data processing and their applications.

DETECTING DEFORMATION DUE TO THE 2018 MERAPI VOLCANO ERUPTION USING INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) FROM SENTINEL-1 TOPS Suwarsono; Indah Prasasti; Jalu Tejo Nugroho; Jansen Sitorus; Rahmat Arief; Khalifah Insan Nur Rahmi; Djoko Triyono
International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences Vol. 16 No. 1 (2019)
Publisher : BRIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30536/j.ijreses.2019.v16.a3145

This paper describes the application of Sentinel-1 TOPS (Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans), the latest generation of SAR satellite imagery, to detect displacement of the Merapi volcano due to the Mayâ€“June 2018 eruption. Deformation was detected by measuring the vertical displacement of the surface topography around the eruption centre. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique was used to measure the vertical displacement. Furthermore, several Landsat-8 Thermal Infra Red Sensor (TIRS) imageries were used to confirm that the displacement was generated by the volcanic eruption. The increasing temperature of the crater was the main parameter derived using the Landsat-8 TIRS, in order to determine the increase in volcanic activity. To understand this phenomenon, we used Landsat-8 TIRS acquisition dates before, during and after the eruption. The results show that the eruption in the Mayâ€“June 2018 period led to a small negative vertical displacement. This vertical displacement occurred in the peak of volcano range from -0.260 to -0.063 m. The crater, centre of eruption and upper slope of the volcano experienced negative vertical displacement. The results of the analysis from Landsat-8 TIRS in the form of an increase in temperature during the 2018 eruption confirmed that the displacement detected by Sentinel-1 TOPS SAR was due to the impact of volcanic activity. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be seen that the integration of SAR and thermal optical data can be very useful in understanding whether deformation is certain to have been caused by volcanic activity.

TECHNIQUE TO RECONSTRUCT BAND 6 REFLECTANCE INFORMATION OF AQUA MODIS Andy Indradjad; Noriandini Dewi Salyasari; Rahmat Arief
International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences Vol. 13 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : BRIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30536/j.ijreses.2016.v13.a2449

Remote sensing data could experience damage due to sensor failure or atmospheric condition. Reconstruction technique to retrieve the missing information had been widely developed in the past few years. This writing aimed to provide a technique to recover reflectance information of Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Band 6. Since Band 6 Aqua MODIS experienced sensor failure, lots of information would be missing. There were three kinds of methods used in repairing such damage. Two of which were categorized as spatial-based methods, i.e. NaN interpolation method and tensor completion method. Whereas, another method was a spectral-based one. NaN was an interpolation method to reconstruct missing value; while tensor completion method utilized low rank approximation, and spectral method used correlation between Band 6 and Band 7 which had near wavelength. Implementation of these methods was resulted in reconstruction of Aqua Modis Band 6 data which was damaged due to detector disfunction on Aqua Satellite. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) value of this method was 41 dB, meaning that reconstruction technique provided positive impacts for data improvement.

DEVELOPMENT OF PUSHBROOM AIRBORNE CAMERA SYSTEM USING MULTISPECTRUM LINE SCAN INDUSTRIAL CAMERA Ahmad Maryanto; Nugroho Widijatmiko; Wismu Sunarmodo; Muhammad Soleh; Rahmat Arief
International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences Vol. 13 No. 1 (2016)
Publisher : BRIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30536/j.ijreses.2016.v13.a2701

One of the steps on mastery the remote sensing technology (inderaja) for satellite was the development of aerial camera prototype that could be an alternative for LAPAN light cargo aircraft mission (LAPAN Surveillance Aircraft, LSA-01). This system was expected could be operated to fulfill the emptiness or change the remote sensing data of optical satellite as the observer of vegetation covered by cloud. On this research, it was developed a prototype of pushbroom airborne camera 4-channels spectrum with very high resolution that worked on wavelength range seem near infra-red/ NIR used simple components that were available in the commercial market (commercial off-the-shelf/ COTS components). This research also developed georeference imagery software module used method of direct georeference rigorous model that had been applied on SPOT satellite. For this one, it was installed supported sensory for GPS and IMU as the writer of location coordinate and camera behavior while doing the imagery exposure or acquisition. The testing result gave confirmation that COTS components, such as industry camera LQ-200CL, and lower class GPS and IMU could be integrated became a cheaper remote sensing system, which its imagery product could be corrected systematically. The corrected data product showed images with GSD 0.4m still had positioning mistakes on average 157m (400 pixel) from the original position on GoogleEarth. On spectro-radiomatic aspect, the used camera had much higher sensitivity of NIR channel than the looked-channel so it caused bored faster. On the future, this system needed to be fixed by increasing the rate of GPS/ IMU data updates, and increased enough time resolution system so that the synchronization process and the availability supported data for completing more accurate georeference process. Besides, the sensitivity of NIR channel needed to be lower down to make it balance to the looked-channel.

ANALYSIS OF SAR MAIN PARAMETERS FOR SAR SENSOR DESIGN ON LSA Muchammad Soleh; Rahmat Arief
International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences Vol. 11 No. 2 (2014)
Publisher : BRIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30536/j.ijreses.2014.v11.a2606

LAPAN plans to conduct a flight test of LSA (LAPAN Surveillance Aircraft). LSA STEMME-S15 is capable of carrying sensor payloads up to 160 kg that are mounted on both sides of the wings with altitude between 400-2000 m. LSA can be designed to perform imaging by using optical sensors and SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar). Compared to imaging using optical sensors, SAR sensor has advantages such as it can operate all day and night, able to penetrate clouds, and able to see objects from side looking, while optical sensors generally see the object perpendicular to the ground. Therefore the use of SAR imaging technology can complement optical imaging technology. To design SAR system imagers on LSA, it is necessary to simulate the primary parameters SAR i.e. altitude and look angle of sensor, speed of LSA, SAR frequency and signals power shot to object to calculate the resolution of azimuth and ground range values that can be obtained. This SAR parameters simulation used MATLAB which have been designed with two approaches; the first approach where the SAR sensor is ideal and in which all the fundamental parameters (such as polarization, frequency, etc.) are used to generate the desired sensitivity and resolution of azimuth and ground range, and the second approach is where SAR sensor is designed in a limited antenna size (constraint case), with the assumption that the dimensions of the antenna and the average available power are fixed. The data used in this simulation is a pseudo-data obtained from LSA technical spesification and SAR sensor. The simulation results with the first approach shows that if LSA is flying at an altitude of 1000 m, with speed of 36.11 m/s, and SAR frequency of 5.3 GHz, then to get resolution of azimuth, slant range and ground range of 1 m, 1.2 m and 3 m, it is necessary to design the length and width of SAR antenna at 2 m and 13.5 cm, with look angle of 23.5 degrees. While the result of second approach simulation is that if LSA is flying on the same altitude and speed, on the same look angle and SAR frequency, with a particular design of antenna length and width of 2 m and 13.5 cm, then azimuth, slant range and ground range resolution of 1 m, 1.87 and 4.79 m will be obtained. Form both simulations, it can be concluded that limited SAR system on LSA, especially on the technical aspects of mounting and space as in the simulation with the second approach, will produce slightly lower slant range and ground range resolution when compared with SAR system in the first simulation. This shows that space limitation on LSA will affect decrease the value of spatial ground range resolution. The simulation results are expected to be inputs on designing SAR imaging system on LSA.

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